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1

Influence of elevated temperature on the engineering properties of ultra-high-performance fiber-reinforced concrete

Abadel Aref A., Khan M. Iqbal, Masmoudi Radhouane

Materials Science Poland

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2023

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Vol. 41, No. 1

140--160

EN

This paper investigates the effect of high temperatures on the compressive strength, flexural strength, and splitting tensile strength of ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC), and ultra-high-performance, fiber-reinforced concrete (UHPFRC). The experimental variables in this study were fiber type, fiber content, and high-temperature exposure levels. Three different types of fibers were evaluated, including steel fibers, polypropylene (PP), and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fibers. Six concrete mixes were prepared with and without different combinations of fibers. One mix was made with no fibers. Others were made with either steel fibers alone; a hybrid of steel fibers and PVA; and a hybrid system of steel, PP, and PVA fibers. These mixes were tested under a range of temperatures and compared for strength. The UHPC and UHPFRC were exposed to high temperatures at 100°C, 300°C, 400°C, and 500°C for 3 hours. The results showed that UHPFRC did not exhibit any significant degradation when exposed to 100°C. However, reductions of approximately 18% to 25%, 12% to 22%, and 14% to 25% in the compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and flexural strength were observed when the UHPFRC was exposed to 400°C. UHPFRC made of steel fibers showed higher mechanical properties after exposure to 400°C compared to UHPFRC made of PP and PVA fibers. The results also demonstrate the use of PVA and/or PP fibers, along with steel fiber, to withstand the effects of highly elevated temperature and prevent spalling of UHPC after exposure to elevated temperature. The observed spalling was a direct result of the melting and evaporation of PVA and/or PP fibers when exposed to high temperature, an effect that was confirmed using scanning electron microscopy.

2

Stress–strain relationship of ductile materials and flexural behavior of ductile over-reinforced concrete beams

Duhaim Hussein M., Mashrei Mohammed A.

Przegląd Naukowy Inżynieria i Kształtowanie Środowiska

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2022

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Vol. 31, No. 4

225--237

EN

This paper aimed to investigate the effect of using ductile materials in the compression zone on the flexural performance of over-reinforced concrete beams. In order to avoid brittle compression failure, partial replacement of concrete with ductile materials layer in the compression zone was used. Four over-reinforced concrete beams of size 120 × 180 × 1,300 mm were cast and tested under three-point loading conditions. The steel fibers reinforced concrete (SFRC), slurry infiltrated fiber concrete (SIFCON), and ultra-high performance fiber reinforced concrete (UHPFRC) were used as ductile materials. The flexural capacity of the beams, failure modes, crack patterns, load-deflection relationships, ductility index, and toughness were investigated. The results showed that using ductile materials in the compression zone is an effective technique to increase the ultimate load, ductility, and toughness by up to 52.46, 84.78 and 279.93%, respectively, compared to the reference beam. In addition, the failure mode changed from brittle to ductile failure. Noting that the use of SFRC layer enhanced the ductility of over-reinforced concrete beams more than using UHPFRC and SIFCON layers. Also, one of the main advantages of this technique is led to increase the tensile reinforcement ratio up to 8.548% without needing the compressive reinforcement. Thus, ductile composite beams with a high flexural capacity were generated using an economical amount of ductile materials.

3

Confinement effectiveness of CFRP strengthened ultra-high performance concrete cylinders exposed to elevated temperatures

Abadel Aref A., Alharbi Yousef R.

Materials Science Poland

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2021

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Vol. 39, No. 4

478--490

EN

Fire-related damage is an alarming concern to reinforced concrete (RC) structures throughout their service lives. When exposed to extreme temperatures, concrete can endure severe damage. Given that a complete replacement and/or demolition of fire-damaged structures can be an economic waste, a more viable option for extending the service life of the damaged structures involves repairing or strengthening the damaged members. Due to its more efficient qualities over conventional concrete, the use of concrete, such as ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) in the building industry, has dramatically grown in recent years. However, limited information is available about the confinement behavior of the unheated and heated UHPC members, particularly when wrapped with fiber-reinforced polymers (FRP). This paper investigates the effect of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheet strengthening on the compressive strength of both UHPC and ultra-high-performance fiber reinforced concrete (UHPFRC). In this study, strengthening has been considered for the UHPC cylinders before and after they were subject to an elevated temperature of 400°C, and they were left to cool by air cooling. Six UHPC mixes, which were made without the use of fibers, steel fibers (SF) alone, a hybrid system of SF and polyethylene alcohol (PVA), in addition to a hybrid system of steel, PVA, and polypropylene (PP) fibers were tested. Regarding the plain and various fiber-reinforced UHPC both at room temperature and after being exposed to 400°C, the ultimate compressive strength of CFRP-confined concrete has shown an increase by 25% to 33% and 52% to 61%, respectively compared with the unheated specimens.

4

Problemy napraw i wzmocnień żelbetowych podpór mostowych

Jarominiak Andrzej

Inżynieria i Budownictwo

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2020

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R. 76, nr 12

580--590

PL

Omówiono rezultaty ankiety przeprowadzonej w USA na temat problemów utrzymania podpór mostów. Przedstawiono uszkodzenia i niektóre metody naprawy podpór żelbetowych, w tym stosowanie ultrazapraw cementowych z włóknami węglowymi lub szklanymi (UHPFRC) oraz omawia przyczyny małej trwałości napraw i metody jej zwiększenia: ekstrakcję chlorków, ochronę katodową zasilaną prądem ze źródła zewnętrznego i ochronę systemami anod galwanicznych.

EN

The article informs about the results of the survey conducted in the USA on the problems of maintenance the bridge substructures, lists the damage and informs about some methods of repairing reinforced concrete of these structures, including Ultra-High Performance Fibre Rein-forced Concrete, discusses the reasons for the low durability of repairs and methods of increasing it: chloride extraction, impressed current cathodic and galvanic anodes systems protection.

5

Technologia jako narzędzie doskonalenia właściwości istniejących materiałów budowlanych

Zielonko-Jung K.

Materiały Budowlane

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2009

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nr 4

81-83

6

Continuous bond between glass and steel by means of UHPC

Płóciennik D.

Architecture Civil Engineering Environment

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2008

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Vol. 1, no. 4

99-112

EN

At present the application of structural glass in architecture is usually characterised by structural combinations of steel and glass. The use of point supporting connectors is typical for this kind of mixed building technology. Because brittle materials do not stand up well to stress peaks, the capacity of load transmission via the connector must be improved with elastic interlayers or by a high-quality fit between the glass hole and the connector shaft. Thus the load is transferred along the boundary of the hole as well as via bearing pressure. However, the high in-plane shear capacity of glass panes cannot entirely be exploited by the use of point supporting connectors. This paper presents a new solution based on a linear continuous bond connection between glass and steel. This solution works with a third material between steel and glass. This material transmits shear loads from glass to steel via the bond between both materials. It turns out that Ultra High Performance Fibre Reinforced Concrete (UHPFRC) satisfies the strict requirements for such a bonding material. In order to get a sufficient bonding effect between glass and UHPC, the glass surface in contact is pre-treated in the following way: first enamel paint is mixed with quartz sand, then this mix is brushed onto the glass surface, and finally the glass is annealed. The outcome is a rough surface very similar to abrasive paper. A series of experiments have shown that this method of pre-treatment yields the best bond between glass and UHPC. The bond between UHPC and steel is dealt with in various publications and is considered to be sufficient. The Graz University of Technology is currently completing a project dealing with adhesive bonds between UHPC and construction materials. Glass-steel composite technology offers a wide range of new possibilities for designing modern, transparent and representative steel structures.

PL

Dzisiejsza architektura stosuje szkło konstrukcyjne najczęściej w rozwiązaniach mieszanych, zespolonych. Jako środek łączący wykorzystywane są najczęściej łączniki punktowe. W przypadku materiału tak kruchego jak szkło, miejscowe spiętrzenie naprężeń jest "źle znoszone", a wynika z konieczność przenoszenia sił poprzez krawędzie otworów w szkle. W celu zmniejszenia koncentracji naprężeń otwory wyłożone są gumowymi pierścieniami, pozwalającymi na ich równomierne rozłożenie. W ten sposób siła skupiona w punkcie podparcia przełożona zostaje na obciążenie liniowe (po obwodzie otworu). W przypadku podparć punktowych wysoki potencjał, jaki leży w tarczowej pracy szyb, nie da się w pełni wykorzystać. Celem badań jest poszukiwanie nowych możliwości osiągnięcia połączenia liniowego ciągłego między szklanymi i stalowymi elementami konstrukcji. Cechą takiego sposobu przekazywania sił jest to, że naprężenia w połączeniu nie są bezpośrednio przenoszone ze szklą na stal, lecz pośrednio poprzez medium wypełniające profil stalowy. W wyniku poszukiwań odpowiedniego medium ustalono, że UHPFRC (Ultra High Performance Fibre Reinforced Concrete) spełnia te wysokie wymagania stawiane materiałowi łączącemu. Aby osiągnąć wystarczające zespolenie między szkłem i UHPC, konieczne jest odpowiednie przygotowanie powierzchni szkła w obszarze kontaktu z betonem. W tym celu na powierzchnię niehartownej szyby zostaje naniesiona farba emaliowa zmieszana z piaskiem wysokiej twardości (korundowym, kwarcowym, basaltowym, granatu). Podczas procesu hartowania piasek wtapia się częściowo w powierzchnie szkła, która przybiera wygląd i chropowatość papieru ściernego. Krawędź szkła, przygotowaną w wyżej opisany sposób umieszcza się w formie i zalewa świeżym betonem. Experymenty potwierdzają, że uzyskane w ten sposób zespolenie między szkłem i betonem wypełnia stawiane połączeniu wymagania. Typowe dotychczasowe zastosowania szkła jako elementu nośnego konstrukcji to dźwigary dachowe z pasmami stalowymi i środnikiem ze szkła, przeźroczyste, statycznie nośne poręcze schodów, szklane belki-ściany które są obciążone np. na nich leżącymi płytami stropowymi, mosty-łączniki ze szkła między sąsiednimi budynkami, samonosné szklane wieże wyciągowe dla wind itp. Budownictwo zespolone szklano-stalowe otwiera nowe możliwości projektantom specjalizującym się w architekturze przeźroczystych budowli ze szkła.