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1

Diet of adult eagle uwl during breeding season in Northwestern Türkiye

Gözütok Serdar

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2023

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Vol. 71, nr 1

27--36

EN

Published studies on the diet of the Eurasian eagle owl (Bubo bubo) in Türkiye are limited to the eastern and central parts of the country. This study presents the diet composition of a single pair of eagle owl in the breeding season in Northwestern Türkiye. In total, 91 pellets of B. bubo were collected in Bolu Province. They contained 949 prey items of 18 prey species belonging to the orders Rodentia, Eulipotyphla, and Carnivora, class Mammalia and eight species belonging to the order Passeriformes, class Aves. The owl's diet was mostly composed of rodents (94.62%). Microtus hartingi, Microtus subterraneus, and Sciurus anomalus were detected in the diet of Bubo bubo in Türkiye for the first time. In addition, a specimen of Mustela nivalis was recorded in Bubo bubo pellets for the first time in Northwestern Türkiye. Niche breadth, Shannon-Wiener, and Simpson indices were calculated and found to be 6.69, 2.23, and 0.85 respectively. The estimated species richness (Chao1) of eagle owl prey was 30.9. The average prey number per pellet was 10.42 ± 5.76. The predominant species in the diet of Bubo bubo were Microtus mystacinus, Cricetulus migratorius, and Microtus subterraneus. Detailed comparison with other eagle owl prey data collected across Türkiye is also presented.

2

Estimation of zooplankton density with artificial neural networks (a new statistical approach) method, Elazığ-Türkiye

Bulut Hilal

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2023

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Vol. 52, No. 4

502--515

EN

This study was carried out to predict the zooplankton density in the Cip reservoir (Elazığ) with an artificial neural network, using some water quality parameters. The plankton samples were collected monthly from Cip Reservoir in 2021- 2022, using a standard plankton net from three stations. Water temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, electrical conductivity, secchi disk, alkalinity, total nitrogen and total phosphorus were measured. The actual values of zooplankton density and results obtained from the artificial neural networks were compared. Mean absolute percent error (MAPE) values were calculated with actual values and ANNs values. ANNs values were determined to be close to the real data. MAPE percentage value at the first station was determined as 1.143 for Rotifer, 0.118 for Cladocera, and 0.141 for Copepoda. The MAPE percentage value at the second station was determined as 0.941 for Rotifer, 0.377 for Cladocera, and 0.185 for Copepoda. The MAPE percentage value at the third station was determined as 0.342 for Rotifer, 0.557 for Cladocera, and 0.301 for Copepoda. In the present study, it has been seen that artificial neural networks with a learning feature are successful in predicting zooplankton densities in an aquatic environment. It can be concluded from the study that ANNs are a powerful tool for understanding their relationships with the environment.

3

Derinkuyu dry bean irrigation planning in semi-arid climate by utilising crop water stress index values

Uçak Ali B., Atılgan Atılgan, Korytowski Mariusz, Kocięcka Joanna, Liberacki Daniel, Stachowski Piotr, Saltuk Burak, Rolbiecki Roman

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2023

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no. 59

145--152

EN

This study was conducted to determine crop water stress index (CWSI) values and irrigation timing in the case of Derinkuyu dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). In 2017, dry beans were grown as the main crop according to the field design consisting of plots divided into randomised blocks. Irrigation treatment comprised full irrigation (I100) and irrigation issues with three different levels of water stress (I66, I33, I0). This study applied 602 mm of water under the I100 irrigation. The yield of Derinkuyu dry beans was equal to 3576.6 kg∙ha-1 in I100 irrigation. The lower limit (LL) value, which is not necessary for the determination of CWSI, was obtained as the canopy-air temperature difference (Tc - Ta) versus the air vapour pressure deficit (VPD). The upper limit (UL) value, at which the dry beans were wholly exposed to water stress, was obtained at a constant temperature. The threshold CWSI value at which the grain yield of dry beans started to decrease was determined as 0.33 from the measurements made with an infrared thermometer before irrigation in I66 irrigation treatment. As a result, it can be suggested that irrigation should be applied when the CWSI value is 0.33 in dry beans. Furthermore, the correlation analysis revealed a negative correlation between grain yield and crop water stress index and a positive correlation between yield and chlorophyll content. According to variance analysis, significant relationships were found between the analysed parameters at p ≤ 0.01 and p ≤ 0.05.

4

Investigation of Transition Possibilities between Drought Classifications Using Standardized Precipitation Index for Wet and Dry Periods – Lower Seyhan Plain, Türkiye Case

Şimşek Serin Değerli, Çapar Ömer Faruk, Turhan Evren

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 5

201--209

EN

In this study, the Karaisalı region of Türkiye, which has a semi-arid climate and is known to contain the extensive plains and rich water resources of the Seyhan Basin, was preferred as a study area for investigating wet and drought periods for a long timescale. Forty-one years of total precipitation data, between 1980 and 2020, belonging to the closest precipitation observation station located in the Karaisalı region were used. By using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), which is one of the frequently used meteorological drought indices, drought classification probabilities, expected first transition period and residence time in each drought severity class values were calculated for the 12-month time scale. As a result of the study, it was determined that the most drought period took place in 2012 according to the examined time duration. In addition, the most wet period was observed in 2001. When various time scales were considered, SPI-3 and SPI-6 have Near Normal Wet periods, while SPI-9 and SPI-12 have Near Normal Drought periods. Extremely Wet periods were more numerous, while Extremely Drought periods lasted longer. In addition, 3 months after the end of the drought categories, it can be seen that the Wet and Drought periods change into Near Normal Wet and Near Normal Drought periods.

5

Coevolution of Paleo-Tethys and Rheic: New tectonic constraints from Iran and Turkey

Chu Yang, Wan Bo, Lin Wei, Allen Mark B., Talebian Morteza, Uysal Ibrahim, Xin Guangyao

Geotourism / Geoturystyka

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2023

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nr 1-2 (72-73)

15--15

EN

In the Paleozoic, one large ocean once separated the Eurasia of the north and the Gondwana of the south, but it has two names, Paleo-Tethys and Rheic, suggesting different tectonic history. The Paleo-Tethys represent the ocean from east Asia to Middle East regions and vanished in Early Mesozoic, while the Rheic existed across the Europe and finally closed in Carboniferous. The two oceans coevolved for a long time, but the interaction and mutual effect at subduction and collision stages are not well understood. Initiation processes of ocean spreading, subduction and collision are crucial in plate tectonics, so resolving the timing for these turning points may greatly enhanced the precision and accuracy of reconstruction of the two oceans, especially for the western Paleo-Tethys. In NE Iran, we find that all the Paleozoic clastic rocks record two major zircon U-Pb age groups peaked at ~800 Ma and ~600 Ma. Consistency in age patterns show a dominant provenance from Neoproterozoic basement of the north Gondwana and a long-lasting passive margin sedimentation after the spreading of the Paleo-Tethys. This environment was interrupted by initial collision between the Turan (Eurasia) and Central Iran (Gondwana) Blocks with massive coarse clastic deposition, i.e. the protolith of the Mashhad Phyllite, in a peripheral foreland basin on the Paleozoic passive margin. The Mashhad Phyllite yields a striking provenance change from passive margin to active margin. The Paleozoic ages reveal a long-lived subduction zone at the south Turan Block initiated since the latest Ordovician. More importantly, the provenance shift better constrains the initial collision timing with the maximum deposition age of the Mashhad Phyllite (~228 Ma) refining the evolution history of Paleo-Tethys. Based on our new results and previous data, we compare the tectonic history of the Paleo-Tethys in its western segment with eastern Rheic, and further discuss the interaction between the Rheic and Paleo-Tethys. We find existence of a lateral subduction zone plays a crucial rule in initiating new subduction zone after an old oceanic plate vanishes and two continents collides, while a lateral collision can also result into shallowing of subducted slab and preservation of coeval compressional structures. These new insights help us to better interpret the emplacement of high-pressure metamorphic rocks during subduction and subduction zone jump when the Rheic and Paleo-Tethys coevolved.

6

Wstrząs w ogóle i szczególe

Królikowski Jerzy

Geodeta : magazyn geoinformacyjny

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2023

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nr 3

8--9

7

Investigating recent changes in the wind speed trends over Turkey

Gumus Veysel, Simsek Oguz, Seaid Mohammed

Acta Geophysica

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2023

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Vol. 71, no. 3

1305--1319

EN

The wind has considerable effects on the ecosystem and evaporation as an essential parameter of the hydrological cycle. Therefore, determining historical changes in the wind will help to specify these effect levels. Although there are studies on the determination of wind speed trends by several researchers in Turkey, it is necessary to investigate the changes in the trend structure with recent data. For this purpose, the trends of monthly surface wind speed data from 1970 to 2021 belonging to 199 meteorology observation stations in Turkey are determined in the present study. The nonparametric Mann–Kendall test and Sen’s slope method are used in the trend analysis accounting for serial correlation effects. The trend analysis results of wind speed data are evaluated temporally and spatially for seven geographical regions within Turkey. As a result of this study, a prominent part of stations in Turkey shows a decrease or significant decrease trend. In addition, as a result of comparisons made with previous studies, it is determined that the trend structure of the wind speed in the country has changed. In the annual and monthly wind speeds, it is observed that the number of stations has a "significant trend" decreased considerably.

8

Developing numerical equality to regional intensity-duration-frequency curves using evolutionary algorithms and multi-gene genetic programming

Citakoglu Hatice, Demir Vahdettin

Acta Geophysica

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2023

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Vol. 71, no. 1

469--488

EN

This study aims to carry out regional intensity−duration−frequency (IDF) equality using the relationship with IDF obtained from point frequency analysis. Eleven empirical equations used in the literature for seven climate regions of Turkey were calibrated using particle swarm optimization (PSO) and genetic algorithm (GA) optimization techniques and the obtained results were compared. In addition, in this study, new regional IDF equations were obtained for each region utilizing Multi-Gene Genetic Programming (MGGP) method. Finally, Kruskal–Wallis (KW) test was applied to the IDF values obtained from the methods and the observed values. As a result of the study, it was observed that the coefficients of 11 empirical equations calibrated with PSO, and GA techniques were different from each other. The mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute relative error (MARE), coefficient of determination (R2 ), and Taylor diagram were used to evaluate the performances of PSO, GA, and MGGP techniques. According to the performance criteria, it has been determined that the IDF equations obtained by the MGGP method for the Eastern Anatolia, Aegean, Southeastern Anatolia, and Central Anatolia regions are more successful than the empirical equations calibrated with the PSO and GA method. The empirical IDF equations produced with PSO and the IDF equations acquired with MGGP have similar findings in the Mediterranean, Black Sea, and Marmara. In addition, the KW test results showed that the data of all models were from the same population.

9

Energy generation, transition and sustainable growth in Turkey

Pashaev Ibragim

Polityka Energetyczna

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2022

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T. 25, z. 1

23--38

EN

The structural economic problems of Turkey have led to the significant challenges for the development of the country, especially in the postcoronavirus economy. One of such challenges is the achievement of the sustainable development imperatives in combination with the preservation of the competitive advantages of the Turkish economy. The loss of the major drivers of the economy of the country, including tourism and logistics, in complex with the economic deterioration of the monetary system of the country are the major components of the current crisis. This controversy is analyzed in the paper along with the search for the best options of the energy sphere development in Turkey. This search covers economic aspects of the current situation in the country. The authors put forward and prove a hypothesis that Turkey energy system can be more influential on its economic development. This proof is based on the energy mix analysis and on the thorough review of the potential of the country for the green energy development and its economic effectiveness for the country. The key findings of the article include the proof that the sustainable development and the green energy development in Turkey are quite different processes, which are on intention divided by political measures, the proof that Turkey has serious issues in development of the energy sector due to its low influence on the economic development in its current state, the developed recommendations for the better structuring of the energy sector development.

PL

Strukturalne problemy gospodarcze Turcji doprowadziły do poważnych wyzwań dla rozwoju kraju, zwłaszcza w gospodarce po pandemii koronawirusa. Jednym z takich wyzwań jest osiągnięcie założeń zrównoważonego rozwoju w połączeniu z zachowaniem przewag konkurencyjnych tureckiej gospodarki. Utrata głównych sił napędowych gospodarki kraju, w tym turystyki i logistyki, w połączeniu z pogorszeniem się sytuacji gospodarczej systemu monetarnego kraju to główne elementy obecnego kryzysu. Kontrowersje te są analizowane w artykule wraz z poszukiwaniem najlepszych opcji rozwoju energetyki w Turcji. Poszukiwanie to obejmuje ekonomiczne aspekty aktualnej sytuacji w kraju. Autorzy stawiają i udowadniają hipotezę, że system energetyczny Turcji może mieć większy wpływ na jej rozwój gospodarczy. Dowód ten opiera się na analizie miksu energetycznego oraz na wnikliwym przeglądzie potencjału kraju dla rozwoju zielonej energii i jej efektywności ekonomicznej. Kluczowe wnioski z artykułu są takie, że zrównoważony rozwój i rozwój zielonej energii w Turcji to zupełnie różne procesy, które celowo dzieli się środkami politycznymi, powodując, że Turcja ma poważne problemy z rozwojem energetyki, ponieważ w obecnym stanie ma ona niewielki wpływ na rozwój gospodarczy. Zostały wypracowane rekomendacje, których realizacja pozwoli na lepsze ustrukturyzowanie rozwoju energetyki.

10

First record of economically important big-scale sand smelt (Atherina boyeri Risso, 1810, Pisces: Atherinidae) with some biological parameters from Reyhanlı Dam Lake, Türkiye

Şimşek Emrah

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2022

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Vol. 51, No. 4

337--343

EN

This paper is the first report on the occurrence of Atherina boyeri in this region. A total of 103 individuals of A. boyeri were caught with fyke-nets (mesh size: 5 mm, polyamide) in May and June 2022. The length and weight of the sampled fish ranged from 6.52 to 8.57 cm and 1.44 to 3.46 g, respectively. The exponent b of length/weight ratio was calculated as 3.091 indicating that species presented an isometric growth. The mean value of the relative condition factor Kn was calculated as 1.106 ± 0.011. In conclusion, this study provides the first and valuable information about the spatial distribution of A. boyeri and the biodiversity of the new habitat of Reyhanlı Dam Lake. Within the scope of the traceability of a newly formed ecosystem, it would be beneficial to more extensively investigate this species in terms of the food web, population dynamics, etc. Therefore, more studies should be carried out to determine the aquatic biodiversity and population dynamics of the fishery resources in the lake. The results of this study should be considered by local fishery management authorities and decision-makers to ensure the sustainability of fishery resources and to implement appropriate fishery management approaches.

11

Evaluation of Water Storage Changes in Southeastern Anatolia, Turkey, using GRACE and GLDAS

Öztürk Emel Zeray

Meteorology Hydrology and Water Management. Research and Operational Applications

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2022

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Vol. 10, Iss. 1

47--59

EN

With climatic changes, access to freshwater resources becomes more limited. Correspondingly, water monitoring methods in sensitive or critical areas in terms of groundwater amount are becoming increasingly important. The monitoring of the water levels in these regions, using appropriate methods and data sets, is highly effective in preventing possible future water crises. This paper aims estimated water storage changes with available tools and data in southeastern Anatolia, Turkey, where hydroclimatological studies are scarce due to limited observations. Data obtained from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment satellite mission and the Global Land Data Assimilation System were used for the analysis of water storage changes in the study area. The results demonstrate that water storage shows a downward trend in all subareas, particularly in high-elevation regions. In addition, climatic changes have both short- and long-term impacts on water storage. Climatic variables (increasing temperature and decreasing precipitation) showed the highest correlation with water storage at 2-month lags. The monitoring of water storage is crucial for the region, and our results confirm the major role of such monitoring in decision-making processes and water resource management.

12

Reception of modern movement architecture of second half of the XX century in local context comparative analisys method on examples of housing estates in İzmir, Turkey and the Upper Silesia Agglomeration, Poland

Żmudzińska-Nowak Magdalena, Güler Nakip Gizem

Builder

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2022

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R.26, nr 9

50--53

EN

Housing architecture - multi-storey houses, housing estates, and their urban layouts - of the second half of the XX century is a spectacular representation of the transformation process from traditional to modern architecture. Modernism, referred to as the “International Style”, created numerous variations depending on local conditions. The main thesis of this study is to reveal that the reception of the Modern Movement known as “International Style” in local contexts results in differences in the form of apartment buildings and their urban layouts, among others. We study this phenomenon by examining and comparing examples of housing estates. The effects of global Modernism in the local context will be compared with selected examples from Izmir, Turkey and the Upper Silesia Agglomeration, Poland in the second half of the XX century. Analyzing how two different regions adopted modernism under different conditions, their differences and similarities, are an important point of the research problem. The main goal of this article is to present the scientific problem of the study and the methodological approach for further in-depth studies on selected examples. It is advocated that the comparative research method to be applied to local modernism is a convenient approach for understanding the transformation of housing and settlement patterns.

PL

Architektura mieszkaniowa drugiej połowy XX wieku i jej rozwój stanowi spektakularną ilustrację procesu transformacji od architektury tradycyjnej do nowoczesnej. Modernizm, zwany „stylem międzynarodowym”, stworzył wiele odmian w zależności od lokalnych uwarunkowań. Główną tezą badawczą niniejszego opracowania jest wykazanie, że recepcja i adaptacja Modernizmu zwanego „stylem międzynarodowym” w kontekstach lokalnych skutkuje różnicami m.in. w formie budynków mieszkalnych i ich układach urbanistycznych. Proces zostanie zbadany poprzez porównanie wybranych przykładów osiedli z drugiej połowy XX wieku, z terenu Izmiru w Turcji oraz z Aglomeracji Górnośląskiej w aspekcie zgodności z wytycznymi modernizmu oraz lokalnych różnic. Głównym celem artykułu jest przedstawienie problemu oraz zarysu metody analizy porównawczej, która będzie rozwijana w toku dalszych pogłębionych badań na wybranych przykładach.

13

The utilisation of conceptual and data-driven models for hydrological modelling in semi-arid and humid areas of the Antalya basin in Turkey

Sezen Cenk, Partal Turgay

Acta Geophysica

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2022

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Vol. 70, no 2

897--915

EN

Hydrological modelling is essential for improving water management and planning efficiency and sustainability. In this study, lumped conceptual models [i.e., Génie Rural à 4 paramètres Journalier (GR4J), Génie Rural à 6 paramètres Journalier (GR6J)] and wavelet-based data-driven models [Wavelet-Genetic algorithm-Artifcial neural network (WGANN), Wavelet-based support vector regression (WSVR)] were used for daily rainfall-runoff modelling by using three gauging stations, namely Çaydere Eğirdir Göl Giriş, Kargı Ç. Türkler and Naras D. Şişeler, in semi-arid and humid areas of Antalya basin, Turkey. The Nash Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), index of agreement (d) and root mean square error (RMSE) were used to evaluate the model performance. Although conceptual and data-driven models yielded a good performance, data-driven models could be more helpful, especially in semi-arid and small basins, challenging for conceptual models due to nonlinearity and complexity. The best runoff forecasting performance improvement was observed in Çaydere Eğirdir Göl Giriş with the WGANN (NSE=0.96, d=0.99, RMSE=0.5 mm/d), WSVR (NSE=0.95, d=0.99, RMSE=0.6 mm/d) against the GR4J (NSE=0.53, d=0.79, RMSE=1.8 mm/d) and the GR6J (NSE=0.49, d=0.78, RMSE=1.8 mm/d). It was also found that the GR4J and GR6J yielded a similar performance. Data denoising via wavelet transformation and input selection had a significant role in developing performance for the data-driven models. Data-driven models yielded better results for the forecasting of extreme flows. In this regard, using and integrating the useful parts of the conceptual and data-driven models could be more favourable.

14

Spatiotemporal analysis of droughts in Hirfanli Dam basin, Turkey by the Standardised Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI)

Zeybekoglu Utku

Acta Geophysica

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2022

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Vol. 70, no 1

361--371

EN

Drought is generally defined as a disaster affecting vital activities negatively because of water scarcity as a result of precipitation falling below the recorded normal levels. In the present study, the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index was applied for the first time in Hirfanli Dam basin, which has the characteristics of a semiarid climate in Turkey. The annual drought events in the basin between 1968 and 2017 were investigated by using the precipitation and temperature data obtained from Gemerek, Kayseri, Kirsehir, Nevsehir, Sivas, and Zara meteorology observation stations located in Hirfanli Dam basin. The dry and wet years were determined in the basin, and evaluations were made in this respect. The years when the most severe droughts happened in the basin were determined, and drought maps, which showed the spatial distribution of drought, were prepared. In the light of the analyses and maps made, it was found that the most severe drought happened in 2001 in Hirfanlı Dam basin.

15

Turkey and Russia in Syrian war: Hostile friendship

İpek Cemil Doğaç, Güler Mehmet Çağatay

Security and Defence Quarterly

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2021

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Vol. 35, No. 3

77--92

EN

This study considers Russian-Turkish relations within the context of the Syrian war. We elaborate on both Russia’s and Turkey’s strategies and their understanding of the Syrian War, and consider how the two countries have managed to stay on the same page despite conflictual strategies and geopolitical interests in Syria. The current literature does not address this question and does not thoroughly compare their actions and engagements in the field. This article aims to clarify Turkey-Russia relations in the Syria and provides evidence of how they are in conflict and cooperate at the same time. In this regard, it is argued that the available evidence indicates that Turkey-Russia relations in Syria operate on the “compartmentalisation” strategy. In order to test this argument, the qualitative research method based on secondary resources is used while the theoretical framework previously formulated by Onis and Yilmaz (2015) is adopted. They conceptualise Turkey-Russia relations as if they do “compartmentalise economic issues and geopolitical rivalries in order to avoid the negative spillover of certain disagreements into areas of bilateral cooperation.” Furthermore, they claim that compartmentalisation can be hindered if there are deepening security concerns in an area like Syria. However, this article underscores that compartmentalisation does not only work by separating the economic issue from geopolitical rivalries; it also makes Turkey and Russia able to cooperate and conflict in a specific and fundamentally conflictual geopolitical issue such as Syria. The convergences and divergences that occurred in the Syrian field are conceptualised under the strategy of compartmentalisation. In this context, the cooperation – the signed agreements and established mechanisms, conflicts, and clashes in the field, are acknowledged as the consequences of the compartmentalisation strategy in Syria. The compartmentalisation strategy is specifically used in Syria in order to avoid the negative impacts of direct clashes in bilateral cooperation and agreements. It can therefore be concluded that the deepening divergence in security related issue does not necessarily prevent compartmentalisation; on the contrary, compartmentalisation paves the way for stabilisation of such deepening divergence.

16

Aiding Syrian refugees in Turkey: International approaches and domestic policies

Gibárti Sára

Security and Defence Quarterly

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2021

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Vol. 33, No. 1

57--72

EN

After the breakout and the escalation of the Syrian civil war and because of its humanitarian consequences, Turkey now hosts the largest refugee community worldwide. This paper attempts to investigate the role of the international community in assisting Syrian refugees in Turkey. Beyond looking at the main elements of the Turkish government policies, this study focuses on the Emergency Social Safety Net Programme of the European Union, the World Food Programme and the Turkish Red Crescent. It also reviews the Turkish aspects of the Regional Refugee and Resilience Plan of the United Nations. The primary purpose of the study is to provide a comparative analysis of the two programmes alongside the main objectives, results and difficulties. Beyond reviewing the essential international literature, the examination of this issue is principally based on data analysis of the reports of relevant international organisations. The Turkish government plays an important role in this crisis and the actions of international organisations complement the country’s domestic policies. Two international aid programmes are compared and a conclusion is reached that the Regional Refugee and Resilience Plan tries to balance urgent humanitarian needs with durable solutions, while the Emergency Social Safety Net Programme is determined by humanitarian aspects. Nonetheless, both initiatives address the challenges to the Turkish host community which are posed by the protracted refugee issue. While acknowledging the remaining gaps, challenges and the obvious complexity of the refugee situation in Turkey, it can be concluded that the aid initiatives discussed have developed innovative solutions to address this protracted crisis.

17

Effects of seasonal changes and environmental factors on bioindicator bacteria levels in Çardak Lagoon, Çanakkale Strait, Turkey

Künili İbrahim Ender, Ateş A Suat

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2021

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Vol. 50, No. 3

299--309

EN

Çardak Lagoon is one of the most important marine environments in the Turkish Strait system, which is home to a variety of organisms. The lagoon is currently under stress and faces the risk of heavy pollution. For this reason, the present state of the lagoon was monitored in this study. During sampling from October 2018 to June 2019, the levels of indicator microorganisms fluctuated up to 4.04 Log10 cfu 100 ml−1 and their presence was found to be higher in warmer seasons. The highest positive correlations were observed for total coliform levels with salinity and chemical oxygen demand, whereas the highest negative correlations were found between the levels of fecal coliforms, pH and temperature. E. coli and fecal streptococci showed moderate correlations with the environmental factors in all seasons. Although nitrite and nitrate (NO2 + NO3) were not significantly correlated with bacteria levels, they were present at elevated levels. Çardak Lagoon showed the lowest microbiological and chemical quality in the summer season, and this situation continued into the autumn season as a possible result of increased wastewater discharge and human activities. The lagoon should therefore be monitored regularly and precautions should be taken to prevent severe ecological deterioration.

18

Distribution of Didymosphenia, Gomphonema and Gomphosphenia diatoms (Bacillariophyta) in Turkish inland waters

Solak Cüneyt Nadir, Wojtal Agata Z., Rybak Mateusz, Yılmaz Elif

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2021

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Vol. 50, No. 2

198--219

EN

In this study, a total of 53 taxa were identified from 13 catchments in Turkey. Gomphonema affine var. rhombicum E.Reichardt, G. angusticephalum E.Reichardt & Lange-Bertalot, G. calcifugum Lange-Bertalot & E.Reichardt, G. elegantissimum E.Reichardt & Lange-Bertalot, G. exilissimum (Grunow) Lange-Bertalot & E.Reichardt, G. graciledictum E.Reichardt, G. italicum var. densistriatum Levkov, Mitic-Kopanja & E.Reichardt, G. linearoides Levkov, G. megolobrebissonii D.A.Chudaev, Kociolek & M.A.Golobova, G. minusculum Krasske, G. minutum f. syriacum Lange-Bertalot & Reichardt, G. reediae Levkov, Mitic-Kopanja & E.Reichardt, G. sarcophagus W.Gregory, G. subcapitatum (Grunow) E.Reichardt & Levkov and Gomphosphenia holmquistii (Foged) Lange-Bertalot were recorded for the first time in Turkey. Of the identified taxa, Didymosphenia geminata (Lyngbye) M.Schmidt, Gomphonema acuminatum Ehrenberg, G. affine Kützing, G. angustatum (Kützing) Rabenhorst, G. augur Ehrenberg, G. micropus Kützing, G. minutum (C.Agardh) C.Agardh, G. olivaceum (Hornemann) Brébisson, G. parvulum (Kützing) Kützing and G. truncatum Ehrenberg are common in the waters. G. angustius E.Reichardt, G. insignaffine Reichardt, G. insigne W.Gregory, G. italicum Kützing, G. laticollum E.Reichardt, G. pumilum var. rigidum E.Reichardt & Lange-Bertalot, G. stonei E.Reichardt, G. supertergestinum E.Reichardt and G. vibrio Ehrenberg have been recently recorded from the Turkish waters. The genus Gomphosphenia in Turkey has so far been represented only by G. grovei (M.Schmidt) Lange-Bertalot.

19

Biodiversity of freshwater macroinvertebrates on Gökçeada Island (North Aegean Sea, Turkey)

Odabaşı Serpil

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2021

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Vol. 50, No. 4

421--429

EN

Island ecosystems have attracted the attention of scientists since the early days of science because of their formation and biodiversity. Despite their abundant freshwater resources, data on freshwater diversity of Gökçeada are incomplete, especially for macroinvertebrates. This study was conducted in a wide range of freshwater ecosystems on Gökçeada between May 2016 and September 2018. Sampling of macroinvertebrates was performed using a hand net from 34 pre-selected sampling sites on the island. A total of 78 aquatic macroinvertebrate taxa were found, 46 of which are new records for the island. The most common species during the study were Gammarus komareki and Bythinella gokceadaensis with a frequency of 25.93%, followed by Tubifex tubifex, Gammarus sp. and Caenis sp. with a frequency of 22.22%. Endemic and invasive species on the island were assessed according to their presence and frequency values. Based on the results of the current study and previous data, it can be concluded that Gökçeada is characterized by a remarkable species diversity compared to aquatic macroinvertebrates on other Aegean islands.

20

Rethinking of Turkey’s Geopolitics together with Eastern Mediterranean : Turkish Perspective

Arıboğan Deniz Ülke, Arslan İbrahim

Kwartalnik Bellona

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2021

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Nr 2

45--66

EN

In the studies carried out within the scope of geopolitical discipline, the expression “geography is destiny” is frequently used and it is claimed that geography has unchangeable, irreversible qualities and the policies implemented are shaped through this assumption. This assumption ignores the humanitarian interventions over the geography and makes it difficult to understand the results produced by these interventions at both regional and global level. Similarly, the dynamic nature of international relations reveals new actors in the international system in times of bounce and collapse, and the borders that expand or narrow with each transformation can differentiate the geopolitical view with new sovereign countries. In the historical process, transportation accessibility, trade, search for raw materials, security and alliance relations have caused the same geography to be interpreted differently in different periods. This situation also applies to the geography of Turkey had been the homeland of empires. The developments in the Middle East over the past two decades has created a sensitivity in the relations between Turkey and the West, especially the United States. Competing interests with the EU and the US in the Middle East and the Eastern Mediterranean, has necessitated a reassessment of Turkey’s geography.

PL

Na gruncie nauki o geopolityce często wskazuje się, że geografia jest przeznaczeniem i że charakteryzuje się niezmiennymi cechami. Takie założenie wpływa na kształt i prowadzenie polityki, ignoruje humanitarne interwencje i sprawia, że trudniej jest zrozumieć skutki owych interwencji zarówno na poziomie regionalnym, jak i globalnym. Dynamiczny charakter relacji międzynarodowych sprzyja pojawianiu się nowych aktorów na arenie międzynarodowej, zwłaszcza w okresach koniunktury i dekoniunktury, w wyniku transformacji może dochodzić do zmiany granic, a w związku z tym do zróżnicowania geopolitycznego, powstania nowych suwerennych państw. Z perspektywy procesu historycznego - dostępności transportu, handlu, poszukiwania nowych surowców, a także relacji sojuszniczych czy w dziedzinie bezpieczeństwa - można stwierdzić, że sama interpretacja geografii bywa różna w zależności od okresu rozwojowego. Przykładem - geografia Turcji, ojczyzny wielu imperiów. Rozwój wydarzeń na Bliskim Wschodzie w ostatnich dwóch dekadach spowodował, że relacje między Turcją a Zachodem, szczególnie zaś Stanami Zjednoczonymi, zostały nadszarpnięte. Konkurencyjność interesów z Unią Europejską i Stanami Zjednoczonymi na Bliskim Wschodzie oraz we wschodniej części Morza Śródziemnego zmusza do ponownej oceny geografii Turcji.