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PL
Spór o Morskie Oko pierwotnie był konfliktem granicznym pomiędzy właścicielami rozległych posiadłości w Dolinie Białki w Tatrach. Na skutek utożsamiania przebiegu prywatnej granicy dóbr z granicą państwową spór z końcem XIX w. zaczął nabierać charakteru politycznego, przeradzając się w konflikt pomiędzy Galicją i Węgrami, a ostatecznie między obiema częściami składowymi Austro – Węgier. Zaangażowanie i emocje z obu stron konfliktu stopniowo narastały, a w końcu okazało się, że żaden urząd ani sąd nie był władny do rozstrzygnięcia sporu pomiędzy węgierską i austriacką częścią monarchii. Mógł to zrobić jedynie Franciszek Józef I – cesarz Austrii i król Węgier, lecz nie podjął się tego. Obawiając się trudnych do przewidzenia i zagrażających spoistości monarchii konsekwencji politycznych, zaproponował rozstrzygnięcie sporu przez międzynarodowy trybunał rozjemczy. Sąd rozjemczy, któremu przewodniczył dr Johann Winkler, prezydent szwajcarskiego trybunału związkowego rozpoczął swoją działalność 21 sierpnia 1902 roku. Na miejsce obrad wyznaczono Graz w Styrii. Dzięki licznym wcześniejszym informacjom i artykułom prasowym, zainteresowanie procesem w kraju było olbrzymie. W trakcie procesu pojawiła się konieczność posłużenia się opinią biegłego geodety. Został nim szwajcarski topograf prof. Fridolin Becker, który odegrał kluczową rolę podczas wizji lokalnej nad Morskim Okiem. 13 września 1902 roku, został ogłoszony wyrok. Trybunał rozjemczy przyznał Galicji 97% spornego obszaru. Zwycięstwo w sporze o Morskie Oko nastąpiło 107 lat po trzecim rozbiorze Polski, w czasie, gdy sprawa polska wydawała się pogrzebana na zawsze. Wykorzystując możliwości, jakie dawała autonomia Galicji, udało się obronić skrawek polskiej ziemi o dużym znaczeniu symbolicznym dla społeczeństwa trzech zaborów. Było to pierwsze polskie zwycięstwo terytorialne na drodze do Niepodległej w XX w.
EN
The conflict over ”Morskie Oko” was originally between the owners of extensive properties in the Białka Valley in the Tatras. As a result of identifying the course of the boundaries of private properties with that of national boundaries at the end of the XIX century, the conflict began to acquire a political character becoming a conflict between Galicia and Hungary, and finally between the two sides which were both component parts of Austria-Hungary. The engagement and emotions of both sides steadily increased, and in the end it turned out that no authority nor judge had the power to resolve the conflict between the Hungarian and Austrian parts of the empire. This could be achieved only by Franz-Jozef I, emperor of Austria and king of Hungary, and he did not undertake this. Afraid of the political consequences of such action which were difficult to foresee and which endangered the unity of the monarchy, he proposed to leave the resolution of the matter in the hands of an international tribunal. The president of this tribunal was Dr. Johann Winkler, president of the Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland, who began his work on 21st august 1902. The tribunal was located in Graz, in Styria. The early profusion of information and articles in the press aroused enormous interest in the proceedings. The process required the opinion of an experienced geodesist, and this was produced by Swiss topographer Prof. Fridolin Becker who played a key role at the visual inspection of Morskie Oko. The sentence was made public on 13th august of 1902. The tribunal assigned 97% of the area under dispute to Galicia. The solution in the dispute over Morskie Oko was established 107 years after the third dismemberment of Poland at a time when it seemed that the matter of Poland was buried forever. Taking advantage of the possibilities available under the autonomy of Galicia, it became possible to defend a scrap of Polish land of enormous symbolic importance to the population of the three separated territories. It was the first Polish territorial victory in the XX century.
PL
Turystom zwiedzającym Tatry góry jawią się jako królestwo pierwotnej i dzikiej przyrody. Tymczasem w Tatrach już kilkaset lat temu obecne były górnictwo, hutnictwo, gospodarka leśna i pasterstwo wysokogórskie.Sołtysi z podhalańskich wsi na podstawie przywilejów królewskich otrzymywali prawa do korzystania z pastwisk na tatrzańskich halach. Autor wykorzystując archiwalne dokumenty katastralne i sądowe ustalił granice i obszar hali Jaworzyna Rusinowa, opisał użytkowanie gruntów i przemiany własnościowe na jej terenie w XIX i XX wieku. Udało się określić obszar objęty dawnymi uprawnieniami serwitutowymi zniesionymi w drugiej poowie XIX w. Dokonane wtedy rozstrzygnięcia nigdy nie zostały zaakceptowane przez właścicieli hali i stały się powodem sporów ciągnących się przez kilka pokoleń. Autor prześledził również proces likwidacji własności prywatnej na badanym terenie zakończony wywłaszczeniem w 1969 r. Zastosowanie nowoczesnychb technik kartograficznych i narzędzi GIS zwiększyło efektywność wykorzystania informacji zawartych w operacie katastru austriackiego oraz umożliwiło łatwe odszukanie śladów przeszlości w terenie. Życie na halach było kolebką i sercem podhalańskiej kultury. Poznanie historii własności sołtysiej pozwala lepiej zrozumieć źródła góralskiej tożsamości oraz uwarunkowania w jakich ona się kształtowala. Walka o prawo do korzystania z hal, polan i lasów była ważnym, a w literaturze historycznej często niedocenianym składnikiem goralskiej tożsamości.
EN
For tourists visiting the Tatras, the mountains appear as a kingdom of primeval and wild nature. Meanwhile, mining, metallurgy, forestry and high-mountain pastoralism were present in the Tatra Mountains several hundred years ago. On the basis of royal privileges, sołtyses from Podhale villages received the right to use pastures in the Tatra pastures. The author, using archival cadastral and court documents, determined the boundaries and area of the Jaworzyna Rusinowa, described the changes of land use and ownership in its area in the 19th and 20th centuries. It was possible to determine the area covered by the old servitude rights which were abolished in the second half of the 19th century. The decisions made at that time were never accepted by the owners of the pastures and became the cause of disputes lasting for several generations. The author also traced the process of liquidation of private property in the area of study, which ended with expropriation in 1969. The use of modern cartographic techniques and GIS tools increased the efficiency of the use of information contained in the Austrian cadastre report and made it possible to easily find traces of the past in the current situation. The pastures were the cradle and heart of Podhale culture. Getting to know the history of the property of the sołtys allows us to better understand the sources of the highlander identity and the conditions in which it was shaped. The fight for the right to use pastures, glades and forests was an important, and in the historical literature often underestimated, component of highlander identity.
EN
The results of rainwater chemistry monitoring in the Tatra Mountains, Poland, during the periods 1993–1994 and 2002–2019 were used to determine long-term trends and the factors influencing rainwater chemistry in the last two decades. In the early 1990’s, the study area was characterized by prominent acid rains with a pH of 4.4 that affected surface water, meadows, and forest ecosystems. A rising pH temporal trend has been observed during the following years, indicating improving air quality. This trend has also been observed in measured ionic concentrations and reduced wet deposition loads of sulfur- and nitrogen-containing acid-forming compounds. The neutralization capacity of rainwater in Kasprowy Wierch increased over the last twenty years and has mostly been dominated by NH4 + . The ammonium availability index has been steadily increasing between years 2002 and 2019 but remains less than 1. This statistically significant relationship also indicates that a portion of neutralization occurs in the lower part of the atmosphere due to ammonium-related neutralization processes. The acidic potential (AP) and the ratio AP/NP (acidic potential/neutralization potential) have been declining during the same time. The stated trends in rainwater chemistry reflect the transformation to more environmentally sustainable economies in the region. Similar changes have been observed in neighboring countries in the region, including Slovakia, the Czech Republic, and Lithuania.
EN
Herein are presented the results of detailed bio - (calcareous dinocysts, calpionellids, foraminifers, saccocomids) and chemostratigraphic (δ13C) studies combined with high-resolution microfacies, rock magnetic and gamma-ray spectrometry (GRS) investigations performed on the upper Kimmeridgian-upper Valanginian carbonates of the Giewont succession (Tatricum, Giewont and Mały Giewont sections, Western Tatra Mountains, Poland). The interval studied covers the contact between the Raptawicka Turnia Limestone (RTL) Fm. and the Wysoka Turnia Limestone (WTL) Fm. Their sedimentary sequence is composed of micrites, pseudonodular limestones, cyanoid packstones, lithoclastic packstone and encrinites. A precise correlation with the previously published Mały Giewont section is ensured by biostratigraphy, rock magnetic and GRS logs. The methodology adopted has enabled the recognition of two stratigraphic discontinuities, approximated here as corresponding to the latest Tithonian-early (late?) Berriasian and the early Valanginian. The hiatuses are evidenced by biostratigraphic data and the microfacies succession as well as by perturbations in isotopic compositions and rock magnetic logs; they are thought to result from a conjunction of tectonic activity and eustatic changes. A modified lithostratigraphic scheme for the Giewont and the Osobita High-Tatric successions is proposed. The top of the RTL Fm. falls in the upper Tithonian, where cyanoid packstones disappear. At the base of the WTL Fm. a new Giewont Member is defined as consisting of a basal lithoclastic packstone and following encrinites.
PL
Opracowanie ma za zadanie uporządkowanie wiedzy n.t. rozwoju architektury górskiej. Obejmuje okres czasowy, od powstawania pierwszych schronień, powiązany z pionierskimi odkryciami w dziedzinie architektury i krajobrazu gór. W aspekcie tematycznym podjęto zagadnienia turystyki oraz cech naukowych kształtowania obiektów górskich na wybranych przykładach. Również analizie poddano zagadnienia z dziedziny konstrukcji oraz wykorzystania materiałów rodzimych w zależności od lokalizacji, a także takich czynników jak klimat i tradycja miejsca. Podkreślono również znaczenie przyrody oraz próbę odpowiedzi, jak kształtować architekturę górską, nie ingerując w środowisko naturalne oraz wiązać ze sobą przyrodę i budowlę. Wskazano również różnice występujące w formach architektonicznych, a także zakres wpływu odmienności kulturowej i czerpania z wzorców. Podczas analizy tematu autor studiował i zebrał materiały związane bezpośrednio i pośrednio z tematem. Zostały przeanalizowane wymienione w tekście dzieła architektury górskiej, a także ich historia i rozwój dziejowy. Przedstawiono analizę materiału na podstawie problematyki obejmującej przekrój opracowania, a także ważnych zakresów tematycznych, terytorialnych i czasowych charakteryzujących poszczególne etapy rozwoju architektury górskiej od początków istnienia zbadanych budowli górskich ukształtowanych przez kulturę zbieractwa i pasterstwa do analizy szczegółowej opracowanej na podstawie architektury górskiej XIX i XX wieku. Najpierw było drewno, kamienie, ziemia – podstawowe budulce. Architektura górska to obiekty często wymagające, monumentalne o kształcie charakterystycznym dla formy terenu, mniej dla natury regionalnej, chociaż z niej się wywodzące, ale również obiekty tworzące naturę i charakter miejsca tzw. „genius loci”. Poszukiwanie fantazji, a także niepowtarzalnego piękna – wszystko to świadczy, że górska architektura nie jest tylko rzemiosłem o wąsko zakreślonych granicach, ale sztuką lekką, twórczą i nieskrępowaną. W dzisiejszym kształtowaniu architektury krajobrazu górskiego ważne jest oparcie na wiedzy historycznej. W kontraście świadomym bryła poddana jest porządkowi, czyli przeciwieństwu chaosu, zapanowaniu nad ładem na krawędzi w procesie projektowym. W budynkach, które charakteryzuje kontrast w stosunku do otoczenia – geometria i forma, a także struktura jest drogą do nieprzypadkowej architektury w trudnych warunkach. Architektury ukrytej w terenie, introwersyjnej, zamkniętej w świecie uwalniającym odbiorcę od panującego, na co dzień nieporządku. Jest to czysta pionierska twórczość architektów bez architektury tworzących obiekty od naśladownictwa jak np. szałasy oraz typowe schrony górskie oparte o czysty regionalizm. W architekturze górskiej można wymienić trzy zasadnicze odmiany, różniące się pod względem twórczego podejścia: Architektura od naśladownictwa – mimesis – zasada twórczego naśladownictwa Architektura – harmoniczna, nawiązująca, ale niepowtarzająca wzorców Architektura w kontraście świadomym
EN
The study is designed to organize the knowledge on development of mountain architecture. It covers a time period, drawn from pioneering discoveries in the architecture and landscape of the mountains. In the thematic aspect, analized problem in the subject of tourism and shaping mountain facilities on selected examples. Included issues related to construction and the use of native materials depending on the location, as well as factors such as climate and the tradition of the place. The importance of nature and the attempt to answer how to shape architecture without interfering with the natural environment and linking nature and buildings with each other were also emphasized. Changes in architectural forms were also indicated, as well as the scope of the influence of cultural diversity and drawing on patterns. During the analysis of the topic, the author studied and collected materials directly and indirectly related to the topic. The works of mountain architecture mentioned in the text were analyzed, as well as their history and historical development. The point was presented on the basis of issues including development, as well as sections of thematic, territorial and time ranges, characterizing individual stages of the development of mountain architecture from the beginning of the existence of the studied mountain structures shaped by the culture of gathering and pastoralism to a detailed analysis prepared on the basis of mountain architecture of the 19th and 20th centuries. First, there was wood, stones, earth – the basic building blocks. Mountain architecture is often demanding, monumental with a shape characteristic of the landform, less for a regional nature, although derived from it, but also objects that create the nature and character of the place, the so-called "Genius loci". The search for fantasy as well as unique beauty – all this is an extension of the fact that mountain architecture is not only a craft with narrowly delineated borders, but a light, creative and uninhibited art. In orderly contrast, the shape is subject is to the opposite of chaos, to the control of order at the edge of the design process. In buildings which characterized by a contrast to the surroundings – geometry and form, as well as structure are the way to non-accidental architecture in difficult conditions. Architecture hidden in the field, introverted, closed in the world that frees the recipient from the daily disorder. It is pure pioneering work of architects without architecture creating objects from imitation, such as huts and typical mountain shelters based on pure regionalism. In mountain architecture, you can agree to three basic varieties: Architecture from imitation – mimesis – the principle of creative imitation Architecture - harmonic, unique patterns Architecture in conscious contrast
PL
Pierwsze wzmianki o Zakopanem pochodzą z początku XVII w. Od końca lat 30. XIX w. lecznictwo klimatyczne przyczyniło się do rozwoju Zakopanego jako miejscowości letniskowej i uzdrowiskowej. Przyspieszenie rozwoju nastąpiło w końcu XIX w. dzięki popularyzacji walorów klimatycznych miejscowości. W 1886 r. miejscowość uzyskała status stacji klimatycznej. W tym czasie w Zakopanem rozpowszechniała się architektura w tzw. stylu szwajcarskim, a Stanisław Witkiewicz zapoczątkował batalię o „styl góralski” w miejscowej architekturze. Kolejny „skok cywilizacyjny” nastąpił na początku XX w., po doprowadzeniu kolei do samego Zakopanego. W centrum wsi zaczęły pojawiać się budynki murowane.
EN
The first documented mentions of Zakopane come from the early 17th century. From the late 1830s, climatic medicine contributed to the development of Zakopane as a summer and spa town. Acceleration of development occurred at the end of the 19th century as a result of the popularisation of the town’s climatic values. In 1886, the town obtained the status of climate station. At that time, the Swiss style of architecture was becoming widespread for summer buildings and Stanisław Witkiewicz back to the beginning of the battle for the ‘highlander style’ in local architecture. Another ‘civilisational leap’ occurred at the beginning of the 20th century, after the railway was brought to Zakopane itself. In the centre of the village, brick buildings began to appear.
EN
The reaction of the Tatra’s vaucluse water systems to catastrophic weather events. Prz. Geol., 68: 561-565. Abstract. Long-term observation of the Tatra Mountains have allowed the determination of the degree ofsensitivity of waters circulating in karst vaucluse systems to atmospheric phenomena. The correlation coefficients for r fluctuations in the water table in Tatra vaucluse springs clearly show that during the period from the beginning of the monitoring, in the 1980s, to the mid-2010s (2013), the waters of all Tatra vaucluse springs reacted in a similar way. Disastrous storms that, at the turn of 2013 caused huge damage to the vegetation covering the areas of the Polish part of the Western Tatras, contributed to the intensification of surface erosion processes and, as a consequence, to uncovering outcrops of karst rocks. An analysis of correlation relationships between fluctuations in the water table in the Tatra vaucluse springs in the period after 2013 showed a clear change in the value of the correlation coefficient r in relation to the waters circulating in the Wywierzysko Chochołowskie vaucluse system.
PL
W artykule dokonano analizy zróżnicowania gęstości oraz twardości warstw pokrywy śnieżnej w profilu w zależności od przebiegu metamorfozy śniegu. Porównano także ich przebieg sezonowy względem ogłaszanego przez Tatrzańskie Ochotnicze Pogotowie Ratunkowe (TOPR) stopnia zagrożenia lawinowego. Celem analizy jest dokładniejsze poznanie oraz weryfikacja już znanych mechanizmów metamorfozy śniegu, w szczególności w odniesieniu do stabilności pokrywy śnieżnej. Gęstość i twardość są właściwościami fizycznymi pokrywy śnieżnej określanymi w ramach szczegółowych badań pokrywy śnieżnej. Badania te wykonywane są raz w tygodniu na Stacji Badań Niwalnych IMGW-PIB na Hali Gąsienicowej. Bazowy zbiór danych do przeprowadzenia analizy stanowiło 141 szczegółowych badań pokrywy śnieżnej wykonanych w latach 2007/2008 – 2016/2017 wraz z dobowymi danymi meteorologicznymi z tego okresu. Porównanie przebiegu sezonowego dokonano na przykładzie trzech sezonów: 2011/2012, 2012/2013 oraz 2016/2017. Zaproponowana przez Kłapową (1980) granica metamorfozy topnieniowej o wartości 400 kg/m3 przypada na pierwszy kwartyl zbioru gęstości dla topniejącego śniegu (gat. 6), co potwierdza prawidłowość jej określenia. Rozstęp gęstości oraz rozstęp twardości dobrze odzwierciedlają zmienność zagrożenia lawinowego przez większą część sezonu. Ze względu na specyfikę parametru twardości, większe zróżnicowanie wykazuje rozstęp gęstości i to ten parametr w sposób bardziej dokładny potrafi oddać zmiany stabilności pokrywy śnieżnej. Niemniej jednak, w sytuacji małej grubości pokrywy śnieżnej oraz w początkowej fazie akumulacji pokrywy śnieżnej jego stosowalność jest bardzo ograniczona - wówczas pomocną informację o stanie pokrywy śnieżnej niesie ze sobą rozstęp twardości, który uwzględnia także cienkie warstwy pokrywy śnieżnej. Rozstęp twardości może być zatem traktowany jako wielkość uzupełniająca dla rozstępu gęstości. Przedstawione w artykule zależności wyznaczone dla Hali Gąsienicowej mogą być pomocne do lokalnej oceny stabilności pokrywy śnieżnej w terenie lawinowym na obszarze całych Tatr oraz w wyższych partiach Karpat.
EN
In this paper the variability of density and hardness of a snow layer has been analysed in relations to metamorphism stage. Furthermore, a comparison between their variability and the level of avalanche danger announced by Tatra Volunteer Rescue Service has been made. The purpose of the analysis is to get to know better about the rules of snow metamorphosis as well as to verify the already known ones, particularly regarding the stability of a snowpack. Snow density and hardness are physical properties of snow layer specified during detailed snowpack investigations. The investigations are conducted weekly at the Nival Research Station of Institute of Meteorology and Water Management at Hala Gąsienicowa (Tatra Mts). The original data base comprises 141 detailed snowpack investigations conducted in winter seasons 2007/2008 – 2016/2017 as well as meteorological data from that time. The comparison of a seasonal variability was exemplified by presenting three seasons – 2011/2012, 2012/2013 and 2016/2017. A limit of wet snow metamorphism assumed by Kłapowa (1980) to be 400 kg/ m3 falls close to the first quartile of density dataset for melting snow (form 6) what in fact confirms her assumption. Density and hardness range reflect well the variability of avalanche danger during most of a season. Due to a specific nature of hardness parameter, it is density range that shows bigger variability and therefore is able to reflect changes in a snowpack stability more accurately. Nevertheless, in case of poor snow depth as well as at the beginning of snow accumulation its application is limited. In such cases hardness range carries a helpful piece of information about the state of a snow cover as it takes into account also thin layers in a snowpack. Hardness range could be therefore considered a complementary parameter to density range. The relations presented in an article, which has been observed for Hala Gąsienicowa, could be useful for a local evaluation of snowpack stability in an avalanche area in Tatra Mts as well as in higher parts of Carpathian Mts.
9
Content available remote The first Polish cableway Kuźnice - Kasprowy Wierch
EN
The article presents the process of establishing the first Kuźnice-Kasprowy Wierch cableway in Poland until its persecution in March 1936. It was then the first cableway in Poland and the largest of its kind in the world. It was also then the first investment of this type in Poland and the sixties in the world. Despite the passage of 80 years, the cable car still carries passengers.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia proces powstania pierwszej kolei linowej w Polsce Kuźnice-Kasprowy Wierch aż do jej otwarcia w marcu 1936 r . Była to wtedy pierwsza kolej linowa w Polsce i największa tego typu na świecie. Była to również wtedy pierwsza inwestycja tego typu w Polsce i sześćdziesiąta na świecie. Mimo upływu 80 lat wspomniana kolejka linowa wciąż przewozi pasażerów.
EN
Presented study gives an insight into general proportions of the actual geomorphology, subglacial morphology and thickness of the drift (quaternary sediments) particularly well-pronounced glacial morphology in the Tatras and, on the other hand, the general scarcity of the data in this field. Objectives of the geophysical survey in this study were imaging of the morphology of bedrock surface under the drift (glacial and postglacial) sediments and determination of thickness of the drift and its composition. Two methods were applied: Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) and seismic refraction profiling. GPR was used to examine drift sediments due to its high resolution and low depth of penetration. Seismic method with lower resolution but higher penetration depth gave an image of boundary between bedrock and drift. In addition, the results of seismic tomography allowed the velocity field imaging which shows changes inside the postglacial deposits. The results of the two methods used in this research suggest that points of depression exist in the subglacial morphology with a depth of about c.a. 40 below the present-day terrain surface and c.a. 25 m below surrounding subglacial surface. This trough has also been estimated to be about 150 m wide. Its considerable depth and steep slopes show that its origin can be related to erosion of subglacial water during the decay of the last (Würm) glaciation of the Sucha Woda and Panszczyca valleys.
EN
The purpose of this contribution is to present the geotourist path in the Chochołowska Valley for the disabled with limited mobility, as well as for the elderly. The Chochołowska Valley is the most westward valley in the Polish Tatra Mountains (Western Tatras). It is the longest and largest valley in the Polish Tatra Mountains, with an area of 35 km2 and 10 km in length. The highest peak located in the Chochołowska Valley is the Starorobociański Wierch at 2176 m a.s.l. The altitude at the end of the valley around Siwa Polana, is about 900 m a.s.l. (from 910 m a.s.l. to 920 m a.s.l.). At the Polana Huciska, where the geotoursit path ends, the altitude is about 1000 m a.s.l. The length of the path is 3.5 km, and the altitude difference over this distance is 100 meters. The Chochołowska Valley is developed in sedimentary rocks (limestones, marls, dolomites), belonging to two nappes: Choč Nappe (e.g. Siwiańskie Turnie outcrop) and Križna Nappe (e.g. Niżna Brama Chochołowska Rock Gate). The valley administratively belongs to the Witów village. A green tourist trail was marked through the valley. It start from the Siwa Polana to the mountain hut named after John Paul II on Polana Chochołowska. An asphalt road is from Siwa Polana to the Polana Huciska. The Chochołowska Valley is one of the most beautiful Tatra valleys with numerous rock outcrops and is considered to have a high geotouristic potential. The proposed geotourist path includes selected outcrops, which can be easily accessed by people with limited mobility, including people in wheelchairs. This path runs along a wide asphalt road, and any additional equipment (e.g. a freewheel for wheelchairs) is not required. A large car parking lot is available at the beginning of the proposed path (Siwa Polana), as well as sanitary and catering facilities.
PL
W niniejszym artykule została opisana propozycja trasy geoturystycznej w Dolinie Chochołowskiej dla osób niepełnosprawnych z ograniczonym stopniem poruszania się oraz dla osób starszych. Dolina Chochołowska jest najbardziej na zachód wysuniętą doliną walną w Tatrach Polskich (Tatry Zachodnie). Jest to najdłuższa i największa dolina w Tatrach Polskich. Jej powierzchnia wynosi 35 km2, a długość 10 km. Najwyższym szczytem położonym nad Doliną Chochołowską jest Starorobociański Wierch (2176 m n.p.m.). Wysokość bezwzględna u wylotu doliny, w rejonie Siwej Polany, wynosi około 900 m n.p.m. (od 910 m n.p.m. do 920 m n.p.m.), a na Polanie Huciska około 1000 m n. p. m. Długość naszej ścieżki geoturystycznej wynosi 3,5 km, a różnica wysokości na tej odległości wynosi 100 metrów. Dolina Chochołowska jest wypreparowana w skałach osadowych (wapienie, margle, dolomity) dwóch płaszczowin: choczańskiej (Siwiań- skie Turnie) i kriżniańskiej (Niżna Brama Chochołowska). Dolina ta administracyjnie należy do wsi Witów. Dnem doliny został popro- wadzony zielony szlak turystyczny do górskiego schroniska im. Jana Pawła II na Polanie Chochołowskiej. Do połowy doliny, do Polany Huciska, została doprowadzona droga asfaltowa. Dolina Chochołowska jest jedną z piękniejszych dolin tatrzańskich o wysokim potencjale geoturystycznym w związku ze znajdującymi się tu licznymi odsłonięciami skalnymi. W niniejszym artykule prezentujemy wybrane odsłonięcia łatwo dostępne, do których mogą dostać się bezproblemowo (płaska i szeroka nawierzchnia drogi) osoby z ograniczonym stopniem poruszania się, w tym również na wózkach inwalidzkich. Proponowana ścieżka geoturystyczna przebiega opisywaną drogą asfaltową, co nie wymaga konieczności używania dodatkowych sprzętów (np. freewheel w przypadku wózków). Na początku proponowanej trasy (Siwa Polana) jest duży parking dla samochodów i niezbędna infrastruktura sanitarno-gastronomiczna.
EN
Fossil filamentous and non-filamentous bacteria are reported from the Upper Jurassic limestones of the Raptawicka Turnia Limestone Formation in the Mały Giewont sections of the Western Tatra Mountains (Poland). The filamentous bacteria are subdivided into five groups: thin uniseriate, large multi-cell, large spiral, tapering and branched forms. The thin uniseriate filaments are the main microbial component of the peloids and micro-oncoids from the studied formation, mainly in the Upper Kimmeridgian-Tithonian limestones. The presence of the heterocyte-like terminal cells suggests their interpretation as cyanobacteria similar to the modern order Nostocales and perhaps to the family Nostocaceae. The large multi-cell and tapering filaments are uncommon in the studied limestones. The branched filaments found in the Tithonian limestones, although thinner, probably also may be compared with some modern representatives of the order Nostocales. Non-filamentous fossil bacteria found in the studied limestones consist of rod-shaped bacilli, monotrichous bacilli and spirilla; they belong mainly to the phylum Proteobacteria. Some microborings observed in the microfossils occurring in the micro-oncoids remind the ichnotaxon Scolecia filosa Radtke known to be of wide palaeobathymetric range. The thinnest microborings resemble another group of ichnofossils named “Pygmy form”, probably also of bacterial origin. The Upper Kimmeridgian-Tithonian micro-oncoids were formed mainly by filamentous bacteria (Cyanobacteria) that overgrew successively their nuclei with a few to several laminae. Frequent occurrence of pelagic microfossils as nuclei of micro-oncoids does not match a transport of these coated grains from much shallower sedimentary environments. The fossil filamentous bacteria filling up the peloids and micro-oncoids could be adapted to conditions that existed in the sublittoral zone below the wave base.
EN
The Lower Jurassic to Aalenian carbonate-clastic Dudziniec Formation exposed in the autochthonous unit of the Tatra Mountains (Kościeliska Valley) hosts neptunian dykes filled with various deposits. The development of the fissures took place in multiple stages, with the same fractures opening several times, as is indicated by their architecture, occurrence of internal breccias and arrangement of the infilling sediments. Various types of internal deposits were derived in a different manner and from different sources. Fine carbonate sediments, represented by variously coloured pelitic limestones, calcilutites and fine calcarenites, most probably come from uplifted and corroded carbonate massifs (possibly from the allochthonous units of the High-Tatric succession). Products of weathering, both in dissolved form and as small particles, were washed into the sedimentary basin of the autochthonous unit, and redeposited within the dykes. The sandy varieties of the infillings, represented by red, ferruginous calcareous sandstones, come directly from the host rocks or from loose sediments present on the sea bottom at the time of fracturing. The most probable age of the infilling sediments is Sinemurian to Pliensbachian. The occurrence of dykes of this age is yet another feature confirming that the sedimentary development of the Lower Jurassic sandy-carbonate facies in the autochthonous unit was strongly influenced by synsedimentary tectonic activity, such as block-faulting.
14
Content available remote What can we learn from archive records of snow avalanches in the Tatra Mountains?
EN
The aim of studies was to summarize all available published records of snow avalanche events in the Tatra Mountains in a form of a geodatabase and assess the usefulness of compiled information for analyses of long-term changes in snow avalanches characteristics. The systematic study of various sources from Poland and Slovakia resulted in geodatabase including about 3406 avalanche events, of which 2033 were registered in the Polish and 1373 in the Slovakian parts of the Tatra Mountains. The geodatabase comprises information about location, type and size of the avalanche, time of the event, source of the information as well as information about rescue missions, number of injured and fatalities. The snow avalanches causing the accidents are well documented. The rest of the avalanches were registered only as a result of the researches lasting from one up to maximum 11 winters or sporadic observations. In the Polish part of the High Tatra Mountains most of the avalanches were reported (681 events) in the Białka Valley, especially the Mięguszowieckie Szczyty ridge. In the Slovakian part of the Tatra Mountains most of the records came from the Žiarska Valley (222 events), especially the Tri kopy ridge. Although the records are unsystematic, the collected information can be used, if processed with caution, to analyse the certain aspects of the avalanche activities. The geodatabase was designed and developed in the way that allows future improvements by adding new records, either recent or historical ones.
EN
Intense physical weathering engenders formation of scree cones at the foot of slopes dissected by couloirs. Combination of several geomorphic processes operating within the slope results in formation of cones of a polygenetic character (talus-alluvial cones, rockfall talus cones, or – in particular cases, talus-alluvial-avalanche cones). This study was aimed at determination of morphometric parameters characteristic for particular morphogenetic types of the cones in the Rybi Potok Valley in the High Tatra Mountains. For the purpose of the research, knowledge about the terrain and available cartographic materials (geological, geomorphological and topographical maps, LiDAR data) were employed. In the studied valley, 24 cones were selected and for each of them, morphogenetic types and morphometric parameters (surface, minimal and maximal height, roughness coefficient, Topographic Position Index) were determined. The correlations between different parameters enabled establishment and determination of the combination of morphometric parameters typical for the particular types of the cones. The impact of snow avalanches on one of the cones (at the mouth of Żleb Żandarmerii) was identified. This cone has morphometric parameters dissimilar to those of the other cones in the studied valley. It is the only cone in the valley which was classified as the avalanche cone.
16
Content available remote Are there any active rock glaciers in the Tatra Mountains?
EN
Research on rock glaciers have been conducted in the Tatra Mountains for about 100 years. About 30 years ago, there were papers suggesting that part of the Tatra rock glaciers was formed during the Little Ice Age. About 20 years ago, permafrost was discovered in the mountains. This discovery marked the beginning of research on the activity of rock glaciers. Ten years ago, a study was carried out on the rock glacier near the Velké Hincovo Pleso lake, which excluded any activity of this glacier in the last few hundred years, despite the high probability of the existence of permafrost in it. The following paper presents the results of lichenometric dating conducted for the activity of rock glaciers in the Świstówka Roztocka and the Buczynowa valleys.
EN
In the Tatra Mountains (Slovakia) metamorphic complex, kyanite-quartz segregations with biotite-rich selvage occur in mylonitized mica schists. In this paper, the problem of fluid flow and aluminium mobility during the uplift of the crystalline massif, and the position of the segregations in the history of Western Tatra metamorphic complex, is adressed. The reaction Alm + Rt  Ilm + Ky + Qtz is considered to be the result of a pressure drop from above to below 9 kbar. Ti-in-biotite geothermometry shows the temperature range to be 579- 639ºC that is related to heating and decompression associated with granite intrusion. Major-element mass-balance calculations show that Al remained stable in the selvage + segregation system whereas other elements (e.g. Cr, HFSE) were mobilized. The kyanite-quartz segregations formed from local fluids generated during dehydration of the metapelitic rocks during uplift. The main mechanism was likely diffusion-driven mass-transfer into extensionrelated cracks.
18
Content available remote Research history on the Tatra Mountains glaciations
EN
In this paper, we provide a brief history of glacial geomorphologic research in the Tatra Mountains with a special focus on glacial chronologies. We provide critical comments on previously published glacial chronologies and identify relevant gaps in knowledge on Tatra mountain glaciations suggesting future challenges and the focus of scientific research. Distinct differences in applied methodologies, presented conceptions, and research paradigms over 160 years of research enable us to distinguish four phases of scientific research on Tatra mountain glaciation (pioneer phase, mapping phase, geochronological phase and meta-analysis phase). These four phases follow the universal sequence of glacial geomorphologic research history defined by P.D. Hughes et al. (2006) and P.D. Hughes and J.C. Woodward (2016) for Mediterranean mountain areas. In the last two phases, the glacial chronology was substantially supported with radiometric dating of landforms and sediments as well as paleobotanical data obtained from intra-moraine sites. The current meta-analysis phase of research provides dating techniques using terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide (TCN) exposure ages and glacier-climate modeling. The present-day TCN dataset for the Tatra Mountains includes 300 individual ages (10Be and 36Cl together). We underscore the fact that this dataset has substantially verified many key issues in the glacier geochronology of the Tatra Mountains. This is particularly true of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) – the Lateglacial chronology for which abundant datings are currently available and their number is still increasing. However, it is challenging to evidence the chronology and extent of the most extensive glaciation(s) (MEG).
EN
Studies on the dynamics of geomorphologic processes occurring in the Tatras began in the 1950s and continue to pique the interest of researchers. The history of the study of Tatra relief morphodynamic changes is marked by certain breakthrough stages associated with the emergence of key works yielding multiplier effects. These works identified new directions and sparked new trends in geomorphologic research as well as inspired deeper analysis of the study area. A significant acceleration of geomorphologic research in the Tatras has occurred in the most recent decade. This resulted mostly from the use of complex monitoring of key dynamic geomorphologic processes and the use of lichenometric and dendrogeomorphologic methods, which enable the identification of complete event chronologies. The present study reviews the most important quantitative studies on the evolution and rate of contemporary geomorphologic processes in the Tatras as well as novel research data produced in the last several years. The authors note principal research directions and the discuss relevant works on the identification of contemporary and relict periglacial relief along with papers on the dynamics of slope and fluvial processes and anthropogenic erosion. The paper also describes certain tendencies observed recently in the realm of morphogenetic processes associated with ongoing climate change.
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