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The microbiological quality of bathing waters in the city of Tangier

Rhiate-Moufouad Ikram, Guebas Mohamed, Talbi Fatima, Omari Hajar, Belghyti Driss

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

2025

Vol. 26, iss. 1

388--394

In Morocco, 60% of wastewater from coastal cities is discharged into the sea without any prior treatment. These marine discharges pose a threat to human health (swimming, water sports, fishing) and animal health (exploitable marine resources). The present study was conducted to assess the bacteriological quality of bathing waters at Sidi Kacem Beach in Tangier, Morocco. The bacteriological analysis focused on pollution indicator germs, including fecal coliforms (E. coli) and fecal streptococci. The analyses showed that the frequency of exceeding the mandatory limit for Escherichia coli and fecal streptococci was over 100%, indicating poor water quality for swimming, classifying this area as Class D. All nine stations, deemed non-compliant for swimming during this season, are influenced by wastewater discharges and experience a high concentration of swimmers, combined with inadequate hygiene infrastructure. Bathing waters are generally classified into four categories, with categories A and B being compliant, and categories C and D not meeting the standards.

Exploring the Bioactive Potential of Cistus ladanifer Leaves from Northern Morocco (Tangier)

Abdelfattah Bahia, Mrabet Amena, Simou Ayoub, Khaddor Mohamed

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

2024

Vol. 25, iss. 6

316--330

The present research explored the antioxidant capacities and phytochemical profile of Cistus ladanifer collected from North Morocco (Tangier), to identify potential medicinal sources of antioxidants. The antioxidant qualities of the extracts were assessed using a variety of analytical methods, such as 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 2,2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC). Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were employed to examine the chemical constituents present in the plant material. Finally, ICP-AES analysis was performed to characterize the nutritional components of the extract, providing detailed insights into its valuable nutrient content. The findings revealed that the methanolic extract displayed considerable antioxidant potential, as evidenced by its powerful scavenging activities against DPPH, with an IC50 value of 0.115 ± 0.003 mg/ml and IC50 of 0.251 ± 0.006 mg/ml ABTS radicals. Moreover, it displayed a higher reducing power using the FRAP test and excellent ORAC values, with 62.74 ± 0.07 mg/g and 40.21 ± 0.7 mg/g dry weight of extract, respectively. This research also assessed the total phenolic and total flavonoid compounds, while tannins were found in high concentrations in the methanolic extract, with 69.08 ± 1.69 mg of GAE/g dW, 47.86 ± 1.76 mg of QE/g dW, and 354.98 ± 15.29 mg of TAE/g dW, respectively. The presence of phenols, benzene rings, aromatic compounds, ethers, and methylene chains was verified by FTIR analysis. Finally, HPLC-MS and GC-MS analyses revealed a rich profile of bioactive phytochemicals. This study is the first of its kind to be conducted in Tangier, Northern Morocco, shedding light on the unique chemical composition of Cistus ladanifer in this region.