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1

Post-processing in multi-material 3D printing

Brancewicz-Steinmetz E., Sawicki J.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 117, nr 1

5--14

EN

Purpose: This study aims to investigate the adhesion of combining two materials with different properties (PLA-TPU and TPU-PLA) printed in FFF (fused filament fabrication) with post-processing treatments. Design/methodology/approach: The scope of the study includes making variants of samples and subjecting them to three different post-printing treatments. After processes, shear tests were conducted to determine the adhesion. Findings: The post-printing treatment results in a stronger inter-material bond and increased adhesion strength; the best average shear strength results were achieved for annealing without acetone and for PLA/TPU samples for treatment in cold acetone vapour. Research limitations/implications: In the study, adhesion was considered in the circular pattern of surface development. Practical implications: Reinforcement of the biopolymer broadens the possibilities of using polylactide. Examples of applications include personalised printing items, where the elastomer will strengthen the polylactide. Originality/value: These studies aim to promote the use and expand the possibilities of using PLA biopolymer. The strength properties of printouts from different materials are often insufficient, hence the proposal to use post-printing processing.

2

Study of the adhesion between TPU and PLA in multi-material 3D printing

Brancewicz-Steinmetz E., Valverde Vergara R., Buzalski V. H., Sawicki J.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 115, nr 2

49--56

EN

Purpose: In the Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF/FDM) technology, the multi-material manufacturing additive method is achieved by a single nozzle or multiple nozzles working simultaneously with different materials. However, the adhesion between different materials at the boundary interface in FDM multi-material printing is a limiting factor. These studies are concerned with improving and study the adhesion between two polymers. Design/methodology/approach: Due to the numerous applications and possibilities of 3D printed objects, combining different materials has become a subject of interest. PLA is an alternative to the use of petrochemical-based polymers. Thermoplastic Polyurethane is a flexible material that can achieve different characteristics when combined with a rigid filament, such as PLA. To improve the adhesion between PLA and TPU in multi-material FFF/FDM, we propose the comparison of different processes: post-processing with acetone immersion, surface activation during printing with Acetone, surface activation during printing with tetrahydrofuran, post-processing annealing, and connection of printed parts with tetrahydrofuran. Findings: Modifying the 3D printing process improved the quality of the adhesive bond between the two different polymers. Activation of the surface with THF is the treatment method recommended by the authors due to the low impact on the deformation/degradation of the object. Research limitations/implications: In the study, adhesion was considered in relation to the circular pattern of surface development. Further analysis should include other surface development patterns and changes in printing parameters, e.g. process temperatures and layer application speed. Practical implications: 3D printing with multi-materials, such as PLA biopolymer and thermoplastic polyurethane, allows for the creation of flexible connections. The strengthening of the biopolymer broadens the possibilities of using polylactide. Examples of applications include: automotive (elements, where flexible TPU absorbs vibrations and protects PLA from cracking), medicine (prostheses with flexible elements ensuring mobility in the joints). Originality/value: Multi-material printing is a new trend in 3D printing research, and this research is aimed at promoting the use and expanding the possibilities of using PLA biopolymer.

3

Thermoplastic Polyurethane Based on the 3d Printing Fashion Clothing- Conceptual Model of The Fashion Industry

Hossen Muhammad Ilias, Wang Chaoxia

Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe

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2022

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Vol. 30, no. 6

1--11

EN

The application of 3D printing technology has been relatively slow in the fashion industry. Both in the fashion industry and in 3D printing, the material used plays a very important role. In this direction, thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) is one material that has started to grab the attention of researchers, producers, and customers. While many have studied 3D printing technology using thermoplastic polyurethane material in the fashion industry from different perspectives, fewer researchers have addressed the actual adoption of thermoplastic polyurethane based 3D printing in the fashion industry. Thus, the present research has been focused to propose an adoption model for thermoplastic polyurethane based 3D-printed fashion clothes. Factor analysis was conducted to find and analyse the most relevant factors. Further exploratory factor analysis was conducted to test the proposed model. The study proposed a model for adoption based on four factors: motivation to buy, customer attitude, and the challenges and benefits associated with the adoption of thermoplastic polyurethane based 3-D printed fashion clothes.

4

Prototyping of an Individualized Multi-Material Wrist Orthosis Using Fused Deposition Modelling

Górski Filip, Kuczko Wiesław, Weiss Weronika, Wichniarek Radosław, Żukowska Magdalena

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2019

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Vol. 13, no 4

39--47

EN

The paper presents the design and manufacturing process of an individualized wrist orthosis. The patient’s upper limb was 3D scanned and the orthosis was designed using a CAD system. Each part of the orthosis consists of two different materials that fulfill different functions. By using the double-head Fused Deposition Modelling machine it was possible to produce these parts in a single process without the need for additional assembly operations. The orthosis has been tested for mutual fit of parts, strength and comfort of use.

5

Thermoplastic elastomer filaments and their application in 3D printing

Przybytek A., Kucińska-Lipka J., Janik H.

Elastomery

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2016

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T. 20, nr 4

32--39

EN

The paper provides an overview on the materials used in the 3D printing technology (the Polish and foreign market) with a particular focus on flexible filaments and their possible application in the industry. There are described the techniques of 3D printing and modern filaments available on the market. There is observed the increase of interest in the production of products from filaments based on thermoplastic elastomers (TPE), including the applications in the electronics and medicine, especially in tissue engineering. Ability to modify the physical and mechanical properties of thermoplastic elastomers, combined with their unique elastic and processability properties, opens new possibilities for engineers, designers and bio-engineers. The possibility to use new materials in 3D printing can contribute to faster development of research and accelerates implementation of innovative products.

PL

Praca stanowi przegląd dostępnych na rynku krajowym i zagranicznym materiałów używanych w technologii druku 3D. Szczególną uwagę poświęcono elastycznym włóknom (ang. flexible filaments) oraz ich potencjalnemu zastosowaniu w przemyśle. Przedstawiono i oceniono stosowane technologie druku 3D. Scharakteryzowano nowoczesne włókna kompozytowe, ich właściwości i zastosowanie. Opisano także najnowsze doniesienia literaturowe związane z otrzymywaniem nowoczesnych termoplastycznych elastomerów (TPE) do wykorzystania w technologii druku 3D. Na podstawie przeanalizowanych publikacji zauważono ogromny wzrost zainteresowania wykorzystaniem termoplastycznych poliuretanów (TPU) w przemyśle elektronicznym, medycznym oraz obuwniczym. Dostępne na rynku nowoczesne produkty wykonane przy użyciu drukarek 3D z wykorzystaniem TPU, potwierdzają te doniesienia. Interesujące jest wykorzystanie wodnych dyspersji TPU z możliwą kontrolą bioaktywności do zastosowań w inżynierii tkankowej. Dodatek do wodnych dyspersji TPU, biopolimerów lub poli(tlenku etylenu) (PEO) powoduje znaczny wzrost ich lepkości. Pozwala to na użycie tego materiału w drukarkach 3D w technologii niskotemperaturowego drukowania (LFDM). Możliwość kontrolowanej zmiany właściwości fizycznych i mechanicznych, wyjątkowa elastyczność, trwałość oraz łatwość przetwórstwa termoplastycznych elastomerów otwierają nowe możliwości wykorzystania druku 3D. Dzięki temu technologia ta przestaje być narzędziem jedynie do prototypowania – umożliwia ona drukowanie materiałów gotowych do użytku na skalę przemysłową.

6

Inﬂuence of the Shape of the Bottom Rotating Electrode on the Structure of Electrospun Mats

Adomavičiūtė E., Stanys S., Banuškevičiūtė A., Milašius R.

Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe

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2010

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Vol. 18, no. 6 (83)

49--53

EN

In this study nanofibres from poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) polymers solutions were manufactured using the electrospinning method (NanospiderTM). During the electrospinning process, three different bottom rotating electrodes were used (spinning head):a plain cylindrical electrode and two different electrodes with tines. During the experiments, mats were manufactured from PVA nanofibres using all three types of electrodes. The structure of the electrospun PVA mats varied with a change of spin electrode. During the experiments, porous mats from TPU nanofibres were formed only using electrodes with tines (it was not possible to form TPU nanofibres using a plain cylindrical electrode). The shape of the bottom rotating electrodes does not have an inﬂuence on the diameter of electrospun PVA or TPU nanofibres.

PL

Badania prowadzono dla włókien z polialkoholu winylu (PVA) i termoplastycznego poliuretanu (TPU). Nanowłókna otrzymywano metodą elektroprzędzenia przy zastosowaniu urządzenia NanospiderTM. W procesie elektroprzędzenia stosowano trzy różne dolne elektrody wirujące: gładką elektrodę cylindryczną i dwie różne elektrody z występami. Struktura runa PVA otrzymanego przez elektroprzędzenie była zróżnicowana wraz ze zmianą elektrody. W badaniach porowate runa z nanowłókien TPU otrzymano jedynie przy zastosowaniu elektrod z występami (otrzymanie runa TPU przy zastosowaniu gładkich elektrod cylindrycznych było niemożliwe). Kształt dolnych elektrod wirujących nie ma wpływu na średnicę nanowłókien PVA ani TPU otrzymanych przez elektroprzędzenie.