Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

Development of a Method of Analysing TNT and its Derivatives in the Trichoptera Larvae of the Genus Hydropsyche Angustipennis, Curtis 1834, Selected as a Bioaccumulation Indicator for the Detection of Aquatic Environment Pollution with Explosive Residues

Mazur Izabela, Baran Piotr A., Kasprzak Piotr M., Tszydel Mariusz, Błońska Dagmara

Problemy Mechatroniki : uzbrojenie, lotnictwo, inżynieria bezpieczeństwa

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2023

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Vol. 14, Nr 3 (53)

77--94

EN

Threats associated with the production, storage and use of warfare agents containing high explosives against the backdrop of political and social events emerging in the 21st century present new challenges for specialized laboratories involved in detecting contamination and identifying its source. A common analytical problem in studies conducted in the ecosystem is the low concentration of the test substance - below the detection limit of the instrument. Helpful in solving this dilemma are accumulation bio-markers, which appear to be an excellent tool for detecting contamination in, for example, flowing water. Such biomarkers make it possible to determine the presence of specific chemical agents at the same time they are a sensitive indicator of the ecosystem's response to contamination. The presented chromatographic method allows quantitative and qualitative determination of 2,6-diamino-4-nitrotoluene, 2,4-diamino-6- nitrotoluene, 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene, trinitrotoluene, 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene, 4-amino-2,6- dinitrotoluene and tetryl in the biological matrix. The effects of accumulation in the tissue of crustaceans on TNT test solutions were studied from 1 to 24 hours. The saturation effect was observed and the concentration of TNT derivatives was measured. The observed effects confirmed the usefulness of the selected larva as a bio-indicator of TNT contaminant accumulation in the ecosystem.

PL

agrożenia związane z produkcją, przechowywaniem oraz użyciem środków bojowych zawierających kruszące materiały wybuchowe na tle wydarzeń politycznych i społecznych pojawiających się w XXI wieku stanowią nowe wyzwania dla specjalizowanych laboratoriów zajmujących się wykrywaniem skażeń oraz identyfikowaniem źródła jego pochodzenia. Częstym problemem analitycznym w badaniach prowadzonych w ekosystemie jest niskie stężenie badanej substancji – poniżej limitu detekcji urządzenia. Pomocne w rozwiązaniu tego dylematu są biowskaźnik kumulacji, które wydają się doskonałym narzędziem do wykrywania zanieczyszczeń np. wody płynącej. Biomarkery takie umożliwiają stwierdzenie obecności określonych czynników chemicznych jednocześnie są czułym wskaźnikiem reakcji ekosystemu na skażenie. Przedstawiona metoda chromatograficzna pozwala ilościowo i jakościowo oznaczyć 2,6-diamino-4-nitrotoluen, 2,4-diamino-6-nitrotoluen, 1,3,5-trinitrobenzen, trinitrotoluen, 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluen, 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluen oraz tetryl w matrycy biologicznej. Badano efekty kumulacji w tkance chruścików na roztworach testowych trotylu w czasie od 1 do 24h. Zaobserwowano efekt wysycenia oraz zmierzono stężenie pochodnych trotylu. Zaobserwowane efekty potwierdziły użyteczność wytypowanej larwy jako biowskaźnika akumulacji zanieczyszczeń trotylu w ekosystemie. Zaobserwowane efekty potwierdziły użyteczność wytypowanej larwy jako biowskaźnika akumulacji zanieczyszczeń trotylu w ekosystemie.

2

Field test on the effects of explosively generated plasma on aerial depth bombs PLAB- 250-120

Miszczak M., Warchoł R., Gędziorowski M., Piecuch M., Grzeczka G.

Polish Hyperbaric Research

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2023

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nr 3(84)

27--40

EN

In order to gain access to the booster and main explosive charges of PLAB-250-120 aerial depth bombs, i.e. the TNT charge and the TGAF-5M explosive composition of TNT, hexogen (RDX), aluminum powder and phlegmatizing agent respectively, Explosively Generated Plasma (EGP) devices were used to perforate their steel bodies. EGP devices were made in two versions. The first used a cylindrical TNT charge, while the second used a cylindrical charge shaped from SEMTEX PW4 plastic explosive. The explosive charges were supported by waveguides with conical cavities tapering towards the bomb. The structural components of the EGP devices, i.e. the bodies housing the explosive charges and the waveguides, were made of plastic by 3D printing. The effects of the EGP on the bomb were studied depending on the explosive material used, its mass and the distance of the EGP device waveguide from the side surface of the bomb. Simultaneous firing of an array of two EGP devices inserted with SEMTEX PW4 explosive, contacted their waveguides with the bomb, resulted in its detonation, while simultaneous firing of the analogous array of the same type two EGP devices inserted with SEMTEX PW4 explosive, with their waveguides at a distance of 10 mm from the bomb, resulted in perforation of two circular through-holes in the bomb body. Firing single EGP device inserted with TNT, being in contact through its waveguide with the body of the bomb, resulted in local rupture of the bomb body with crushing the bomb explosive charges, so allowing easy access to bomb explosive charges and sampling them.

3

Estimating the Size of a Crater after an Underwater Explosion

Kiciński Radosław

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2023

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Vol. 17, no 5

187--194

EN

There have been terrorist attacks in the Baltic region that used explosives to destroy underwater infrastructure, including the Nord Stream 1 and 2 gas pipelines. Data from the Danish National Seismic Network indicate that two explosions occurred on 26 Sept 2022, causing gas leaks from pipelines. While examining the data from 26 Sept, two disturbing events were observed in the Baltic Sea, which caused tremors of magnitude 2.3 and 2.1 on the Richter scale. Both events had high wave energy, indicating an explosion, not an earthquake. Based on the above data, it was decided to analyze the potential effects of underwater explosions in the area of the Nord Stream gas pipelines. From the point of view of ecology, the volume of material torn up from the bottom is essential. For this purpose, empirical formulas for explosions on land were used, and then the crater's size was estimated per the physics of the underwater explosion phenomenon. Calculations indicate that the explosion of 750 kg of TNT will raise about 20 m3 of the bottom volume into the water column. Because of the explosion, a gas bubble will form directly at the bottom, and it will suck the sand and the impurities contained in it and particles of dead organisms, bringing them to the surface and dispersing them in the water column. These attacks pose a severe environmental and safety risk as gas leaks from pipelines can cause harmful effects on marine ecosystems and people. It also violates international law and international agreements, including the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and the Convention on the Protection of the Marine Environment in the Baltic Sea Region.

4

Explosion effects in the vicinity of the Nord Stream 2 pipeline on the environment : theoretical analysis

Szturomski Bogdan, Kiciński Radosław

Polish Hyperbaric Research

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2022

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nr 4(81)

53--68

EN

The study analyzes the effects of an underwater explosion recorded in the Baltic Sea on September 26, 2022, with coordinates: 54.675 North and 15.574 East at a depth of 76.2 m. Based on data from the seismic monitoring system, the detonated charges were estimated at 750 kg of TNT. Then, the empirical equations of R. H. Cole and Warren D. Reid were used to calculate water pressure distribution and determine the danger zones for marine technology, ships, people, and sea fauna. The results are presented in graphical and tabular form. Based on the calculations, the explosion impact area was determined at over 6,700 m from the epicenter.

5

Persistance of TNT Traces in the Presence of Compounds from Battery Cells

Pawłowski Wojciech, Karpińska Monika, Razarenkow-Pawłowska Katarzyna

Central European Journal of Energetic Materials

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2020

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Vol. 17, no. 2

280--295

EN

Nowadays, laboratory forensic examinations are based on elaborated and verified protocols, allowing for quite precise identification of the type of explosive used in post blast residues. Non-degraded explosives persist in trace quantities mainly on the broken components of explosive devices. Due to this, special care must be taken in order to prevent destruction of minute quantities of explosive material during examination. Apparently quite a big problem is caused by components of electrical cells being the source of reactive chemical compounds that affect the level of identified traces of explosives. The present paper describes the influence of substances present in alkaline batteries cells and Leclanché cells on the decomposition of trace amounts of TNT. Reaction of TNT with battery components was conducted in solution at room as well as the temperature of boiling methanol. Quantitative analysis of the decrease in TNT levels in methanol extracts was carried out by means of GC/MS.

6

Melt-cast Energetic Matrices with 3-Nitro-1,2,4-triazole Derivatives for Composite Explosives

Komarova Marina, Vakutin Aleksey, Kazutin Maxim, Kozyrev Nikolai, Sukhanov Gennady

Central European Journal of Energetic Materials

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2020

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Vol. 17, no. 3

344--361

EN

Safety requirements for the manufacture, use and storage of high-energy materials and explosive substances necessitate a search for new insensitive components of fusible energetic matrices (propellant matrices) in order to completely or partially replace 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT). 3-Nitro-1,2,4-triazole derivatives and their melt-casts with TNT may be proposed as such replacements. Differential scanning calorimetry was employed to characterize the thermal behaviour of 1-methyl-3-nitro-1,2,4-triazole, 1-ethoxymethyl-3-nitro-1,2,4-triazole, t-butyl-3-nitro-1,2,4-triazole and their melt-casts with TNT. This study showed that 1-methyl-3-nitro-1,2,4-triazole and its melt-casts with TNT was the best for explosive systems based on 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-1,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW), 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetraazacyclooctane (HMX) and guanylurea dinitramide (GUDN). The present article also presents data for the mechanical sensitivity of these explosives and their calculated detonation characteristics. The composite explosive based on HMX with 1-methyl-3-nitro-1,2,4-triazole has a calculated detonation velocity the same as HMX with TNT, but the sensitivity of HMX/TNT is 1.3-1.7 times higher.

7

Materiały wybuchowe i ich wpływ na środowisko

Flasińska P., Maranda A., Kukfisz B.

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2018

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T. 97, nr 11

1957--1961

PL

Przedstawiono wpływ materiałów wybuchowych (MW) na środowisko, ich właściwości toksyczne i ekotoksyczne, a także wskazano znaczenie perspektywy LCA (life cycle assessment) dla oceny obciążeń środowiska wywołanych produkcją, użyciem i utylizacją MW. Przez wiele lat problemy środowiskowe i toksykologiczne nie były uwzględniane, pomimo negatywnych skutków środowiskowych związanych z różnymi fazami cyklu życia MW. Materiały te przedostają się do środowiska najczęściej poprzez spalanie i detonację na otwartej przestrzeni. Powodują zanieczyszczenie środowiska i stwarzają zagrożenie toksyczne dla fauny i flory. Na całym świecie gleby są zanieczyszczone przez pozostałości MW i amunicji po procesach produkcyjnych, działaniach wojennych i operacjach szkoleniowych. Podano różnice w skażeniu gleby i wody gruntowej na podstawie zdeponowanego MW po detonacji metodą high-order i metodą low- order. Przytoczono dane dotyczące rejestracji najbardziej rozpowszechnionych MW (RDX, HMX, TNT), uznawanych za stwarzające zagrożenie dla zdrowia, a także podano możliwość wykorzystania LCA dla kilku MW.

EN

A review, with 33 refs., of toxic properties of explosives during their prodn., use and utilization.

8

Investigation on Stripping-down TNT from Waste Munitions by Supercritical CO2 Fluid Extraction under Low Temperature Conditions

Yang T.-M., Li J.-S., Su C.-S., Lu K.-T., Yeh T.-F.

Central European Journal of Energetic Materials

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2018

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Vol. 15, no. 1

191--205

EN

The traditional methods of waste munitions treatment are expensive and also have potential risks during the treatment process. The supercritical fluid extraction technique has been a rapidly developing technique in the chemical industry in recent years. CO2 is used as the solvent, which has some advantages, such as low pollution, low cost, good chemical stability and can be operated under low temperature conditions. This research explored the feasibility of reclaiming TNT from waste munitions by supercritical CO2 fluid extraction. It was found interestingly that the melting point of TNT can be lowered in supercritical CO2 fluid. Therefore, the melting process of TNT was observed under different temperature and pressure conditions to determine the best operating conditions for stripping-down TNT from waste munitions. Afterwards, simulated warheads with weight loadings of 60 g, 500 g and 1 kg of TNT were prepared and stripping-down tests from the simulated warheads were carried out using supercritical CO2 fluid at temperatures lower than the normal melting point of TNT. The results showed that TNT could be completely removed from the simulated warheads and the optimum operating conditions were determined as 55 °C and 25 MPa. This study will contribute to the feasibility evaluation of stripping-down TNT-based high explosives.

9

Studies on NTO-, FOX-7- and DNAN-based Melt Cast Formulations

Mishra V. S., Vadali S. R., Bhagat A. L., Garg R. K., Kugaonkar V. M., Raman S., Sinha R. K., Asthana S.

Central European Journal of Energetic Materials

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2017

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Vol. 14, no. 2

403--417

EN

In the present paper, 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN) has been evaluated as a melt cast explosive in comparison to the widely used 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT). The detonation failure diameter of a bare DNAN charge is greater than 100 mm and about 44 mm with 1.5 mm steel confinement. Comparative studies of two sets of formulations were carried out. The first set comprised formulations containing 60% of NTO, FOX-7, HMX or RDX and 40% of DNAN or TNT. The second set comprised formulations containing 30% of NTO, FOX-7, TATB or RDX and 70% of DNAN or TNT. The studies were mainly concentrated on characterization of the formulations, which included determination of the sensitivity parameters and the velocity of detonation (VOD). The study confirmed that DNAN and DNAN-based formulations are relatively insensitive compared to TNT and the analogous TNT-based formulations respectively. The rate of the detonation reaction of DNAN is enhanced in the presence of the high energy ingredients RDX, HMX, FOX-7 and NTO to varying degrees. The VODs of the FOX-7/TNT and RDX/TNT formulations match closely with the proportions of FOX-7 and RDX under study. The VOD and shock sensitivity of the FOX-7/DNAN formulations decrease rapidly compared to the RDX/DNAN formulations, with increases in the proportion of FOX-7 or RDX. The combinations of NTO with TNT, and NTO with DNAN, are more shock insensitive than TNT or DNAN alone. NTO-based compositions are more insensitive than FOX-7-based compositions.

10

Rapid and simple analysis of trace levels of three explosives in soil by liquid chromatography - tandem mass spektrometry

Yenel G. F., Anilanmert B., Cengiz S.

Acta Chromatographica

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2017

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Vol. 29, no. 1

45--56

EN

The analysis of trace levels of explosives in post-blast debris is critical in homeland security, environmental analysis, and crime scene forensic investigations. A fast and a selective determination method with high recovery was developed for the common explosives 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), 3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazacyclohexane (RDX), and octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) in soil, using liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). An easy and practical sample preparation method was developed using 4.00 mL acidified acetone with 0.25% HCl. After the easy evaporation of acetone extract, 10 min LC-MS/MS analysis provided a clear separation in column. Short duration of the whole procedure allows the use of this method in routine analysis. As a result of the analysis performed in spiked soils in 50.0, 100.0, and 250.0 ng g -1 concentrations, high recoveries such as 100.4 (±8.8)% for RDX, 96.9 (±10.5)% for HMX, and 97.6 (±13.9)% for TNT were obtained. Limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) values obtained from the analysis of the spiked soils were 4.3 ng g -1 and 7.00 ng g -1 for RDX, 6.8 ng g -1 and 10.0 ng g -1 for HMX, and 18.9 ng g -1 and 38.0 ng g -1 for TNT, respectively. The Horwitz Ratio (HorRat) calculation was used to evaluate if the inter-day and inter-analyst precisions were in the acceptable limits. The method was successfully applied to three artificial explosion samples for detection of explosives.

11

Badania nad zastąpieniem toluenu o-nitrotoluenem w przemysłowej metodzie otrzymywania trotylu

Matys Z., Powała D., Orzechowski A.

Chemik

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2016

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Vol. 70, nr 3

158--160

PL

Przeprowadzono próby modelowe nitrowania o-nitrotoluenu w warunkach odpowiadających warunkom panującym w przemysłowej instalacji otrzymywania trotylu. Przeprowadzone prace wykazały, że trotyl otrzymany z o-nitrotoluenu spełnia główne wymaganie jakościowe stawiane przez normę – temperaturę krzepnięcia nie niższą niż 80,2°C, bez konieczności prowadzenia procesu siarczynowania. Otrzymano produkt o zawartości izomeru 2,4,6-TNT powyżej 99%.

12

The Reinforcement of the TNT System by a Newly-designed GAP-based Polyurethane-Urea: a Molecular Simulation Investigation

Qian W., Shu Y., Ma Q., Li H., Wang S., Chen X.

Central European Journal of Energetic Materials

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2016

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Vol. 13, no. 2

411--426

EN

A glycidyl azide (GAP)-based polyurethane-urea (PUU) modifier used in the 1,3,5-trinitrotoluene (TNT)-based composite explosive was investigated by molecular simulation. Inter-molecular interactions were investigated using quantum chemistry calculation on the dimer of TNT and GAP-PUU, and attractive forces were found between the two molecules. The cohesive energy densities and the solubility parameters were obtained through molecular dynamics simulations combined with thermodynamic calculations on the TNT and GAP-PUU amorphous cell models, and the miscibility of the modifier in molten TNT was predicted to be good. The interaction energies and the mechanical properties were then obtained by molecular simulations and mechanical calculations on the solid-phase models of the GAP-PUU with TNT along three crystalline directions, and an improvement in the mechanical properties was predicted.

13

Walidacja eksperymentalna symulacji numerycznej oddziaływania fali wybuchu 1,5 kg TNT na płytę stalową

Ciepielewski R., Barnat W., Dybcio P.

Modelowanie Inżynierskie

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2015

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T. 25, nr 56

5--10

PL

W pracy przedstawiono walidację eksperymentalną symulacji komputerowej oddziaływania impulsu ciśnienia pochodzącego od detonacji ładunku wybuchowego o masie 1,5 kg TNT na płytę. Przedmiotem badań była płyta stalowa o grubości 6 mm i wymiarach 500 mm x 500 mm wykonana ze stali S235JR. Badania eksperymentalne polegały na obciążeniu płyty oddziaływaniem dynamicznym wybuchu 1,5 kg TNT w odległości 400 mm od środka płyty. Głównym odniesieniem do wyników badań eksperymentalnych była trwała deformacja tylnej płaszczyzny płyty mierzona za pomocą naręcznego laserowego skanera. Model numeryczny wykorzystany do symulacji dynamicznej oddziaływania impulsu ciśnienia na płytę przygotowano w środowisku LS-Dyna. Płytę modelowano za pomocą elementów bryłowych/powłokowych. Oddziaływanie impulsu ciśnienia modelowano na dwa sposoby. W pierwszym przypadku zastosowano sprzężenie ALE (Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian). Taki sposób modelowania umożliwia interakcję pomiędzy ośrodkiem gazowym a badaną strukturą. Drugim sposobem modelowania było użycie funkcji CONWEP zaimplementowanej w środowisku LS-Dyna. W artykule porównano wyniki otrzymane obydwiema metodami z wartościami otrzymanymi eksperymentalnie. Uzyskano zadowalającą zgodność wyników analizy numerycznej z badaniami eksperymentalnymi.

EN

The paper presents experimental validation of computer simulation of impact pulse pressure from detonation of 1.5 kilograms of TNT on the flat face. Subject of the research was 6 mm thick and 500 mm x 500 mm steel plate made of S235JR. During experiment a dynamic impact load was applied to plate by explosion of 1.5 kg TNT at a distance of 400 mm from the center of the front face. Deformation of the plate’s back face was measured using a handheld laser scanner. The numerical model used to simulate the dynamic impact of the pulse pressure to the plate was prepared in LS-Dyna software. The plate was modeled with solid or shell elements. The impact of the pressure pulse was simulated in two ways. In the first case, the coupling ALE (Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian) was used. This way of modeling can be used to take into account the interaction between the fluid medium and the test structure. The second way was the CONWEP modeling functions implemented in LS-Dyna software. The article compared the results obtained by both methods with values obtained experimentally. Good agreement with the results of numerical analysis and experimental research was obtained.

14

2,4,6-trinitrotoluen jako źródło nowoczesnych materiałów wybuchowych. Przegląd

Szala M., Sałaciński T.

Materiały Wysokoenergetyczne

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2015

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T. 7

125--143

PL

Omówiono wybrane, mające właściwości wybuchowe lub będące potencjalnie związkami energetycznymi, produkty reakcji w których 2,4,6-trinitrotoluen jest substratem. Opisano między innymi: trinitrobenzen, cyjanotrinitrobenzen, trinitroksylen, amino-trinitrotolueny, trinitro-nitrometylo-benzen, metylenobis(2,4,6-trinitrobenzen), heksanitrostilben, nitro-metylo-difenyloaminy, 4,4’,6,6’-tetranitro2,2’-azoksytoluen oraz pochodne 2,4,6-trinitrobenzylidenoaminy. Dla każdego opisanego związku przedstawiono ścieżkę syntezy oraz dla wybranych materiałów podano parametry detonacyjne.

EN

The review concentrates on some energetic compounds or compounds with potentially energetic properties which can be obtained as products of reactions with 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene. Synthesis and main properties were presented for: trinitrobenzene, cyanotrinitrobenzene, trinitroxylene, aminotrinitrotoluenes, trinitro-nitromethyl-benzene, methylenebis(2,4,6-trinitrobenzene), hexanitrostilbene, nitro-methyl-diphenylamines, 4,4’,6,6’-tetranitro-2,2’-azoxytoluene and 2,4,6-trinitrobenzylideneamine derivatives. For each described compound the synthesis path was described and for selected compounds detonation parameters were presented.

15

Analiza odporności udarowej okrętu podwodnego typu Kobben obciążonego falą ciśnienia od wybuchu miny

Szturomski B., Kiciński R.

Logistyka

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2015

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nr 3

4773--4780, CD 1

PL

W pracy analizowano odporność udarową kadłuba okrętu podwodnego typu Kobben obciążonego falą ciśnienia od niekontaktowego wybuchu miny wykonaną w programie CAE przy zastosowaniu MES. Przedstawiono sposób modelowania i specyfikę zadania szybkozmiennego jakim jest wybuch. W zadaniu uwzględniono umocnienie materiału kadłuba okrętu w funkcji prędkości odkształcenia, który opisano równaniem Johnsona-Cook’a. Falę ciśnienia modelowano w ośrodku akustycznym. W pracy zamieszczono wyniki rozkładu naprężeń w kadłubie okrętu wywołane wybuchem ładunku 100 kg TNT przed dziobem okrętu, za rufą i pod stępką w odległości 15 m.

EN

The paper analyzed impact resistance of the hull of the submarine type Kobbenburdened pressure wave from the non-contact explosion of mines made in the CAE using FEM. The way of modeling high-frequency and specificity of the task which is a blast. The task included the strengthening of the material of the hull of the ship as a function of strain rate, which is described by the equation Johnson-Cook. Pressure wave was modeled using the acoustic center. The paper presents the results of stress distribution in the hull caused the outbreak load 100 kg of TNT in front of the bow, the stern and the keel at a distance of 15 m.

16

Influence of the Shape of an Explosive Charge: Quantification of the Modification of the Pressure Field

Simoens B., Lefebvre M.

Central European Journal of Energetic Materials

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2015

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Vol. 12, no. 2

195--213

EN

Many scientific articles dealing with the detonation of explosive charges and their effects suppose that the charge is spherical and centrally initiated. Yet, when discussing the blast wave effect, the charge shape and the location of initiation could be as important as the composition or the mass of the considered explosive. Specifically, close to the charge, the shape may cause significant modifications of the pressure field compared to the predictions developed for spherical charges. Experiments have been carried out, using an emulsion explosive, TNT and C4, in order to quantify the shape effect. Unconfined, centrally initiated spherical and cylindrical charges with different length-to-diameter (L/D) ratios have been fired. The pressure in the median plane was recorded for different reduced distances. Results for spherical charges showed excellent agreement with well-known references. The expected change of the pressure field in the median plane of a cylindrical charge was observed, directly linked to the L/D ratio. Peak overpressure magnifications of up to almost 3 have been measured. The dimensions of the zone within which an increase of the blast wave effect is observed, have also been determined. A similar behaviour for TNT and C4 has been demonstrated; but a different behaviour has been observed for the emulsion explosive.

17

Algorytm opisujący rozkład ciśnienia od niekontaktowego wybuchu miny morskiej

Kiciński R., Szturomski B.

Biuletyn Wojskowej Akademii Technicznej

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2014

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Vol. 63, nr 4

101-112

PL

Celem pracy było opracowanie algorytmu obliczeniowego opisującego rozkład ciśnienia fali uderzeniowej w przestrzeni wywołany niekontaktowym wybuchem ładunku TNT oraz wykonanie procedury w języku programowania Fortran, opisującej powyższy rozkład ciśnienia w formie dyskretnej na zwilżonej powierzchni kadłuba okrętu. Symulacje przeprowadzono przy użyciu programu Abaqus. W pracy zaprezentowano również opisy przebiegów ciśnień według różnych ów oraz przedstawiono je na wykresach. Sformułowano także wnioski przemawiające za skutecznością używania algorytmu.

EN

The aim of this study is to develop a computational algorithm, describing the shock wave pressure distribution in the space induced by non-contact TNT explosion. The procedure describes pressure distribution on a damp surface of the hull. Simulations have been carried out using Abaqus/CAE. The study also shows the pressure waveform descriptions provided by various authors and presents them in charts. The formulated conclusions convince efficiency of the algorithm application.

18

Effect of Water Vapor to Explosives and Their Use for Improvised Explosive Devices

Hutov I., Ganev R., Godinyachki G., Grozev V.

Problemy Mechatroniki : uzbrojenie, lotnictwo, inżynieria bezpieczeństwa

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2013

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Vol. 4, Nr 4 (14)

77-83

EN

This report examines the stability of TNT and dinitronaphthalene and their mixtures after their thermal extraction from the shells of artillery munitions by means of water vapor and their use for improvised explosives with high power. The comparison of the baseline explosive mixture with the samples acquired after the water vapor extraction showed no significant differences in their characteristics. Similarly, each of the explosive mixture components (TNT and DNN) after the water vapor extraction, examined separately, did not show significant differences from the original TNT and DNN characteristics.

19

Topliwe mieszaniny wybuchowe z trinitrotoluenem i dinitroanizolem : porównanie właściwości

Cudziło S., Trzciński W. A., Dyjak S., Nita M.

Biuletyn Wojskowej Akademii Technicznej

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2012

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Vol. 61, nr 4

281-292

PL

Porównano wrażliwość na bodźce mechaniczne i termiczne oraz wyznaczono niektóre parametry detonacyjne 2,4-dinitroanizolu (DNAN) i 2,4,6-trinitrotoluenu (TNT). Przygotowano kompozycje zawierające DNAN lub TNT w roli składników topliwych oraz 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-on (NTO) i heksogen (RDX). Przeprowadzono porównawczą analizę właściwości użytkowych tych kompozycji.

EN

Some sensitivity and performance characteristics for pure 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN) and 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) as well as for melt-pour composites containing DNAN or TNT with hexogen (RDX) and 3-nitro-1,2,4-triasole-5-on (NTO) were determined (under the same conditions) and compared.

20

Termodynamiczne właściwości układu dwuskładnikowego nitroceluloza/2,4,6-trinitrotoluen

Wolszakiewicz T.

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2011

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T. 90, nr 8

1545-1550