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1

Biodiesel Production from Crude Palm Oil Using Kapok Skin KOH (Ceiba Pentandra) Catalyst as Solid Green Catalyst

Jalaluddin, Ginting Zainuddin, Maliki Syariful, Setiawan Arif, Zulfa

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 5

286--292

EN

Biodiesel is one type of renewable alternative energy that has great potential to be developed. Biodiesel is a fuel consisting of a mixture of mono-alkyl esters of long-chain fatty acids made from renewable sources, such as vegetable oils or animal fats, one of which is crude palm oil (CPO). Crude palm oil contains free fatty acids in high levels, so treatment is needed to reduce free fatty acids by a reaction known as the esterification reaction. Then, the transesterification process is carried out to produce biodiesel (methyl ester). The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of catalyst mass, a mole ratio of CPO to moles of methanol and the effect of adding THF co-solvent to biodiesel purity. The catalyst used is a heterogeneous catalyst from kapok fruit peel waste. Kapok fruit rind was calcined at 700°C for 8 hours. The independent variable varied the mole ratio of oil to methanol in a 1:4 ratio; 1:6; 1:8; and 1:10 with a catalyst weight variation of 3 and 4%. Meanwhile, for the addition of co-solvent, variations of THF: methanol v/v 1:1 and 2:1, were carried out. The biodiesel properties such as density, viscosity, water content and acid number, were evaluated and compared with the Indonesian National Standard. The results showed that the transesterification reaction with the addition of co-solvent resulted in a higher methyl ester content than that without the addition of co-solvent. The highest yield of methyl ester without the addition of co-solvent was 79.16%, while the yield of the methyl ester with the addition of THF co-solvent with a ratio of 1:1 and 2:1 v/v to methanol was 90.09 and 94.09%, respectively. The highest methyl ester content (94.09%) was achieved by the addition of THF: methanol = 2:1, CPO: methanol molar ratio = 1:6 and 4 wt% catalyst weight. The results obtained in this study indicate that a green catalyst made from kapok skin can be used to produce biodiesel and also the addition of co-solvent can increase the yield of methyl esters, so that high purity is obtained.

2

Acoustical studies of some derivatives of 1,5-benzodiazepines at 298.15 K

Baluja S., Godvani N.

International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy

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2014

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Vol. 19, iss. 2

132--142

EN

Some new derivatives of 1,5-Benzodiazepines have been synthesized and their structural characterizations are done by IR, NMR and Mass Spectral data. The ultrasonic velocity, density and viscosity of these synthesized compounds have been measured in dimethyl formamide and tetrahydrofuran at 298.15 K. From these experimental data, some acoustical parameters such as isentropic compressibility, intermolecular free path length, Rao’s molar sound function, relaxation strength, solvation number etc., have been calculated which helps in understanding the molecular interactions occurring in these solutions.

3

Automotive component development by means of hydroforming: a review

Kocańda A., Sadłowska H.

Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering

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2008

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Vol. 8, no 3

55-72

EN

Hydroforming processes have become popular in recent years, due to the increasing demands for lightweight parts in various fields, such as bicycle, automotive, aircraft and aerospace industries. This technology is relatively new as compared with rolling, forging or stamping, therefore there is not much knowledge available for the product or process designers. Comparing to conventional manufacturing via stamping and welding, tube (THF) and sheet (SHF) hydroforming offers several advantages, such as de crease in workpiece cost, tool cost and product weight, improvement of structural stability and increase of the strength and stiffness of the formed parts, more uniform thickness distribution, fewer secondary operations, etc. The paper presents extensive possibilities of component development in automotive industry by means of hydroforming processes. There are also presented some examples on computer modelling of these processes and limiting phenomena.

PL

Kształtowanie hydromechaniczne zaczęto coraz częściej stosować w ostatnich latach w związku z rosnącymi potrzebami obniżenia wagi różnych wyrobów w przemyśle lotniczym, kosmicznym i motoryzacyjnym. Jest to stosunkowo młoda technologia w porównaniu z walcowaniem, kuciem, czy tłoczeniem i stąd stosunkowo mało jest dostępnych danych niezbędnych do projektowania wyrobów i procesów. W porównaniu z klasycznymi procesami tłoczenia i spawania, kształtowanie hydromechaniczne rur (THF) i blach (SHF) przynosi wiele korzyści: zmniejszenie kosztu wyrobu, kosztu narzędzi, wagi wyrobu, poprawę stabilności konstrukcji, zwiększenie wytrzymałości i sztywności wyrobu, bardziej równomierny rozkład grubości, zmniejszenie ilości operacji dodatkowych, itd. W referacie zaprezentowano rozległe możliwości rozwoju produkcji wyrobów poprzez zastosowanie procesów kształtowania hydromechanicznego, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem wyrobów dla przemysłu motoryzacyjnego. Podano także uwagi na temat komputerowego modelowania tych procesów i zjawisk ograniczających.

4

The effect of coal oxidation on the yield and structure of extracts

Pietrzak R., Wachowska H., Nowicki P.

Polish Journal of Applied Chemistry

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2004

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Vol. 48, nr 1-2

51-61

EN

The soluble products of extraction of high-sulphur Croatian brown coal Labin with tetrahydrofuran (THF) and dichloromethane (CH2Cl2) have been studied. The coal samples were demineralised or demineralised with additional removal of pyrite and oxidised by four different oxidising agents: peracetic acid, nitric acid, gas oxygen in water solution of sodium carbonate, and air oxygen. The yield of extraction relative to the mass of the coal sample was calculated, the extracts were subjected to elemental analysis and FTIR study. The yield of extraction with THF was found higher than that with CH2Cl2. The greatest changes in the elemental composition of the extracts were noted for the coal samples obtained by oxidation with HNO3, while the smallest in those oxidised in the system O2/Na2CO3. The greatest amounts of sulphur were detected in the extracts from the coal samples oxidised in the system O2/Na2CO3. The FTIR analysis showed that the most intense bands assigned to the oxidised sulphur species (sulfones and sulfoxides) occurred in the spectra of the extracts of the oxidised PAA sample obtained with CH2Cl2 and THF. All the IR spectra of the extracts from the samples subjected to HNO3, revealed the band assigned to the vibrations of NO2 groups.

PL

Badano produkty rozpuszczalne otrzymane w wyniku ekstrakcji tetrahydrofuranem (THF) i dichlorometanem (CH2Cl2) wysokozasiarczonego demineralizowanego oraz demineralizowanego i dodatkowo pozbawionego pirytu chorwackiego węgla brunatnego "Labin" utlenionego za pomocą czterech różnych czynników utleniających (kwasu nadoctowego, kwasu azotowego, gazowego tlenu w wodnym roztworze węglanu sodu oraz tlenu atmosferycznego). Obliczono wydajność ekstrakcji w stosunku do masy próbki węgla, wykonano analizę elementarną otrzymanych ekstraktów oraz badania za pomocą spektroskopii w podczerwieni (FTIR). Stwierdzono, że wydajność ekstrakcji za pomocą THF jest wyższa niż w przypadku ekstrakcji za pomocą CH2Cl2. Największe zmiany składu elementarnego zaobserwowano w ekstraktach otrzymanych z węgli utlenionych HNO3 a najmniejsze w ekstraktach wydzielonych z węgli utlenionych za pomocą układu O2/Na2CO3. Największe ilości siarki występują w ekstraktach otrzymanych z węgli utlenionych w ukł. O2/Na2CO3. Analiza FTIR wykazała, iż najintensywniejsze pasma pochodzące od utlenionych form siarki (sulfonów i sulfotlenków) występują zarówno w ekstraktach CH2Cl2 jak i THF otrzymanych z węgla utlenionego PAA. We wszystkich widmach IR ekstraktów otrzymanych z próbek poddanych wcześniej działaniu HNO3, stwierdzono obecność pasma przypisanego drganiom grup NO2.