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1

Performance of Intermittent Slow Sand Filter Processing Units in Treating Food Court Wastewater

Fitriani Nurina, Mohamed Radin Maya Saphira Radin, Affandi Moch., Nurdin Rafly Rizqullah, Kurniawan Setyo Budi, Ni'matuzahroh

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 4

117--139

EN

This study aimed to determine the performance of modified slow sand filter (SSF) media with blood clam shells (Anadara granosa) and activated carbon to remove turbidity, TSS, TDS, and FOG on the food court wastewater. The concentration of water pollutant parameters processed by SSF was determined based on Indonesia water quality standards, as well as knowing the optimum operational parameters of intermittent slow sand filter with Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The research data was processed using the Optimal type (custom) design which consisted of independent factors including the type of filter media, the addition of bacteria to the grease trap pre-treatment unit, and running time, as well as the research response in the form of the effectiveness of removing turbidity, TSS, TDS, and FOG. The reactor was operated intermittently (48 hours) for a maximum of 22 days and the concentration of pollutant parameters was calculated using the Standard Methods. The results of the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA, p<0.05) in the 2FI model of the study showed that there was a significant effect of all independent factors on the effectiveness of removing all water pollutant parameters. The most optimal operational parameters were achieved with the type of activated carbon media, the addition of Bacillus sp. in the grease trap pre-treatment unit in the amount of as much as 1%, and the detention time of 4 days, with the effectiveness of removing turbidity reaching 39.53%; TSS 45.25%; TDS 19.30%; FOG 61.35%.

2

Reduction of Contaminants from Municipal Wastewater of Salori Sewage Treatment Plant Using Electrochemical Membrane Bioreactor and Bioelectricity Generation

Yadav Saurabh, Kamsonlian Suantak, Gola Deepak, Pal Shubham

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 1

264--271

EN

Membrane bioreactor (MBR) is stable and rising wastewater treatment reactor though membrane fouling and energy expenditure remain operational impediments and challenges for the wider deployment of the MBR technology. The majority of municipal wastewater contains low quantities of suspended, dissolved inorganic and organic particles. Proteins, carbohydrates, synthetic detergents, lignin, soaps, lipids and their decomposition products, along with many natural and synthetic organic chemicals from industrial processes, are also examples of impurities present in water. In addition, municipal wastewater contains a variety of inorganic chemicals, such as heavy metals, which might have phytotoxic and health consequences, limiting its usage in agriculture. In this study, an electrochemical membrane bioreactor (EMBR) has been developed to reduce several impurities from real municipal wastewater; moreover bioelectricity was also generated simultaneously. The maximum removal of biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total dissolved solid (TDS) were 35.57%, 31.55%, and 32.84 %, respectively, after a 5-day experimental run.

3

Analysis and Simulation Performance of a Reverse Osmosis Plant in the Al-Maqal Port

Yousif Yasameen T., Abbas Abdulhussain A., Yaseen Dina Ali

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 5

173--186

EN

The Basrah province (southern of Iraq) was interested in establishing desalination plants to provide drinking water due to the high levels of salinity in its water resources. This work was carried out in order to evaluate and simulate the functionality of the reverse osmosis plant in the Al-Maqal port. From the field and laboratory measurement, this study concluded that the considered parameters of product water by reverse osmosis (RO) plant were within the Iraqi standard (IRS) limits. The calculation of operation indices showed that the recovery rate of plant (72%) and the permeate flux of plant (20 lmh) was within for limitation of brackish surface water. In turn, the plant has a low salt rejection (90.1%) and a high pressure drop (5 bar); therefore, the membranes require backwashing or chemical cleaning. Then, the performance of RO membrane was simulated by the Winflows software. The best operating parameters were identified. The coefficient of determination (R2) between simulated and measured TDS was 0.83. Therefore, the simulated TDS of permeate multiplied by 5.3 was given a good estimation for actual TDS within acceptable an error rate of 17%.

4

Water Quality Assessment of Anchar Lake, Srinagar, India

Ashraf Samiyah, Kaur Simarjot, Singla Sandeep

Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports

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2022

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Vol. 32, no. 1

88--115

EN

The aim of this study was to ascertain the current condition of the Anchar lake water body in the Indian state of J&K in terms of water quality using some main parameters such as pH, TDS, EC, DO, and nitrates content. For the years 2019 and 2020, samples were obtained for two seasons: summer and winter. The quantitative analysis of the experimental results indicates a general increasing trend and considerable variance in nitrates content, as well as a gradual decrease in pH, indicating that the lake's acidity is increasing, but only within the basicity range, with real values approaching neutrality: TDS and EC content suggest a very favorable situation, but when the overall parameters are tested, they show a defect. Since the sampling sites were well aerated, the dissolved oxygen content showed a growing pattern, and as a result, this metric proved to be useless in deciding the overall scenario in the lake. In the winter, the longitudinal trend line indicates a 10% decrease in pH, while in the summer, it shows a 4.4 percent decrease in pH. In winters, the longitudinal trend line reveals a 6.7 percent growth in nitrate content, while summers see a marginal decline. In the winter, the longitudinal trend line shows a 7% rise in dissolved oxygen, while in the summer, it shows a uniform trend.

5

Design of a solar powered reverse osmosis system in Egypt

Ibrahim Said M. A., Shabak Ahmed G. M.

Journal of Mechanical and Energy Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 5, No 2

125--140

EN

Scarcity of fresh water, forced many countries to get their water needs, or part of it, by means of saline water desalination. Reverse osmosis (RO) systems are useful tools in this concern. In case the grid electricity is not available or costly, photovoltaic (PV) power is necessary to derive RO systems. The present paper is concerned with providing a methodology for complete sizing and design of a photovoltaic reverse osmosis (PVRO) system in Egypt. Egypt has very favorable solar energy. A computer program was constructed to solve the mathematical equations of the model to get the numerical values. The program is capable of calculating the solar irradiation for any city in Egypt. Calculations and selection of the RO system with all connected pumps, the peak PV power needed, and the actual PV area were performed for different water demands ranging from 1-100 m3/day, and various water total dissolved solids (TDSs) of 5000, 15000, and 30000 mg/l. The cost of the complete PVRO system was also determined. The concern of the paper is related to water desalination and solar energy, which are responsible for our existence. The work also aims toward sustainable and clean environment via utilizing solar energy.

6

The Evaluation of the Possibility to Use the Water from Quarry Lakes for Irrigation

Jawecki Bartosz, Kowalczyk Tomasz, Feng Ye

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2019

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Vol. 20, nr 9

188--201

EN

The paper presents the evaluation of the possibility to use the water from five quarry lakes located in County Strzelin for the purposes of agricultural irrigation. The evaluation was based on the guidelines provided by FAO and in PN-84/C-04635. The average values of water quality indicators were as follows: electrical conductivity – 0.365 mS×cm-1; Sodium Adsorption Ratio – 0.75; Total Dissolved Solids – 233.9 mg×dm-3; water pH – 7.8; BOD5 – 1.6 mgO2×dm-3, while the average ion concentrations were: nitrates – 1.6 mgN-NO3×dm-3; sulphates – 188.5 mg SO4×dm-3; chlorides – 30.95 mg Cl×dm-3; sodium 22.6, mg Na×dm-3; manganese – 0.05 mg Mn×dm-3; and iron – 0.04 mg Fe×dm-3. The values of the analysed indicators were similar to the concentrations noted in natural lakes and unloaded water reservoirs. The water from the analysed quarry lakes met (with some minor limitations) the requirements that enable its use for agricultural irrigation, in particular sprinkler irrigation.

7

The Impact of Air Pollution on Rainwater Quality

Pokrývková J., Lackóová L., Fuska J., Tátošová L., Policht-Latawiec A.

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2016

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Tom 18, cz. 1

303--321

EN

Significant air pollutants of Slovakia are heating plants and thermal power plants, waste incinerators, chemical industry, transportation, surface mining and nuclear energy. Emissions from these sources affect agricultural production cumulating at soil surface and decrease soil characteristics. This leads to soil acidification, alkalization of soils and metallization, it also causes reduction of yields and descent performance of animals. In this paper we analyze the impact of air pollution on rainwater quality. For the performance the research we selected three locations: Oslany, Nitra and Kežmarok. The first monitored area was Oslany which is a load area, situated near the Slovak power plant Nováky, which is one of the key industrial and energy centers with lignite mining in the neighborhood. The second researched monitored area is medium-sized regional town (87,533 inhabitants) Nitra representing urbanized area. The last area of research is Kežmarok located near High Tatra representing the area of the lowest air pollution. The analyzes of rainwater were carried out using HI 99300, Colorimeter DR/890, the conductivity meter HQ 14d and DR 6000 spectrophotometer. Using these instruments in the laboratory, we monitored parameters such as temperature, pH, conductivity, TDS (total dissolved solids), the amount of the compounds PO4-3-P (mg.l-1), NO3- -N (mg.l-1) and SO4-2-S (mg.l-1). Monitoring of the Atmospheric deposition is important apart from the determination of deposition flows to ecosystems, but also for servesing as a basis for calculating critical loads of acidity and eutrophication as well as for the validation of other models evaluating the impact of air pollution on the ecosystem. Development heads for to confirmation of our hypothesis that measured values AMS are higher in case of less rainfall. Thereby there is less amount of NO3--N contained in rainfall. The air cleans at the expense of the environment by rainfall. From the obtained results, we expect prospective benefits and clarify the dynamics of environmental pollution by oxides of sulfur and nitrogen in various locations SR, which we consider significant in terms of geographical and environmental burdens of pollutants. The current situation of certain habitats continues to cause damage to the individual components of the environment. For this reason, we consider as very important to monitor the load and quantify the negative effect, which is the basis to propose corrective measures to improve the current situation.

PL

Istotne zanieczyszczenie powietrza Słowacji bierze się z ciepłowni i elektrociepłowni, spalarni śmieci, przemysłu chemicznego, transportu, górnictwa odkrywkowego i energii jądrowej. Emisje z tych źródeł wpływają negatywnie na produkcję rolną oraz zmniejszają właściwości gleby poprzez ich zakwaszenie, alkalizację i metalizację. To ma również wpływ hodowlę roślin i zwierząt. Celem pracy było określenie wpływu zanieczyszczenia powietrza na jakość wody deszczowej. W tym celu wybrano trzy punkty monitoringowe: Oslany, Nitra i Kieżmarku. Pierwszy obszar monitorowany – Oslany był położony w pobliżu elektrowni Słowackiej Nováky, który jest jednym z głównych ośrodków przemysłowych i energetycznych z górnictwa węgla brunatnego. Drugi zurbanizowany obszar Nitra jest średniej wielkości miastem regionalnym (87,533 mieszkańców. Ostatnim obszarem badań jest Kieżmark położony w pobliżu Tatr Wysokich reprezentujący obszar o najniższym zanieczyszczeniu powietrza. Analizy wody deszczowej przeprowadzono przy użyciu kolorymetru HI 99300, DR/890, HQ konduktometru 14d i DR 6000 spektrofotometru. Za pomocą tych narzędzi w laboratorium pomierzono parametry takie jak: temperatura, wartość pH, przewodność elektrolityczną własciwą, substancje rozpuszczone, ilość związków PO4- 3-P (mg.l-1), NO3- -N (mg.l-1) and SO4-2-S (mg.l-1). Monitorowanie depozycji atmosferycznej jest ważne dla ekosystemów i stanowi podstawę do obliczania ładunków decydujących o zakwaszeniu i eutrofizacji, jak również dla określenia modeli oceny wpływu zanieczyszczenia powietrza na ekosystem. W pracy potwierdzeno hipotezę, że zmierzone wartości AMS są wyższe w przypadku mniejszych opadów. Natomiast w wodzie opadowej nie zaobserwowano mniejszej ilość NO3- -N. Powietrze oczyszczane jest, ale kosztem środowiska, poprzez opady atmosferyczne. Na podstawie uzyskanych wyników stwierdzono, że zanieczyszczenie środowiska tlenami siarki i azotu jest inne w różnych miejscach. Zaobserwowano, że istotą jest położenie gograficzne. Uzyskane wyniki pozwoliły stwierdzić, że niektóre siedliska są zagrożone. Z tego powodu należy monitorować i oceniać w wodzie opadowej tlenki siarki i azotu w celu zaproponowania środków naprawczych jeśli takie będą musiały być wprowadzone na poprawę zaistniałej sytuacji.

8

Quality assessment of 30 various brands of bottled drinking waters in Iran

Mohsen D., Saeid N., Hajer S., Pyrasteh N

Environment Protection Engineering

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2016

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Vol. 42, nr 4

65--73

EN

During the last three decades bottled water consumption has become the fastest growing and most dynamic sector of all the food and beverage industries. In the study, physical, chemical and microbiological qualities of 30 different brands of bottled water were studied and compared with labeled values. Total hardness and pH values of bottled water were within acceptable range. Concentrations of trace and major chemical elements of all samples were within standard range. Nitrite concentration in all samples was close to zero. Only 6% and 20% of samples had respectively higher than acceptable values of fluorides and turbidity, respectively. Measured concentrations of sodium, calcium, magnesium, fluorides, nitrates, chlorides, pH and (TDS) were significantly different from labeled values on the samples. Twobrand bottles showed positive fecal coliform results while 16 brands of bottled water showed positive HPC results at 37 °C.

9

Wpływ sposobu użytkowania terenu na jakość wód gruntowych

Świtajska I.J., Szymczyk S., Koc J.

Proceedings of ECOpole

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2013

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Vol. 7, No. 1

259--265

PL

W latach 2007-2010 na Pojezierzu Olsztyńskim na terenie wsi Bałdy prowadzono badania nad wpływem użytkowania rolniczego gleb na jakość wód gruntowych. Wody pobierano z piezometrów umieszczonych na: glebach mineralnych - odwadniane siecią drenarską grunty orne, na granicy pomiędzy łąką i gruntem ornym; na pastwiskach w pobliżu mechaniczno-biologicznej oczyszczalni ścieków oraz w obniżeniu terenu przy rowie melioracyjnym, a także na łące położonej na murszejącej glebie torfowej. W pobieranych raz w miesiącu wodach gruntowych oznaczono: odczyn, ChZTCr oraz zawartość składników popielnych, TDS i zasolenie. Stwierdzono, że na wartość odczynu wpływały rodzaj i sposób zagospodarowania gleb oraz opady atmosferyczne, które w zależności od intensywności i rozkładu powodowały zmianę odczynu od kwaśnego do zbliżonego do obojętnego. Stwierdzono, że nawet mało intensywne (łąka) zagospodarowanie murszejącej gleby torfowej powodowało większe zanieczyszczenie wód gruntowych niż użytkowanie gleb mineralnych w formie pastwiska łąki czy gruntu ornego. Wykazano również, że mało efektywnie działająca mechaniczno-biologiczna oczyszczalnia ścieków stanowi istotne źródło zanieczyszczenia wód gruntowych substancjami mineralnymi i organicznymi.

EN

In years 2007-2010 in the Mazurian Lake District in the area of the village Baldy they were carrying out research above the influence of agricultural using the soil on the quality of groundwaters. Waters was collected from piezometers, which was located: on mineral soils - arable land which was desiccated drainage system, on the border between meadow and arable land; in the pastures in the vicinity of mechanical and biological sewage and in the depression at the drainage ditch and in meadow which is located on loam-bedded decaying peat soil. In groundwaters which were collected once a month determine: reaction pH, COD and ash components, TDS and salinity. They stated that a kind and a way of developing the soil and precipitations which depending on intensity and the disintegration caused the change of the reaction pH had affected the value of the reaction pH than acid to Wpływ sposobu użytkowania terenu na jakość wód gruntowych 265 similar to neutral. They stated, that even little intense (meadow) land use on loam-bedded decaying peat soil was resulted bigger pollution for groundwaters than using the mineral soil in the pasture form or arable land. They also showed that little effectively the working mechanical-biological sewage treatment the essential source pollution of groundwaters with the mineral and organic matters.

10

Prostownik 18-pulsowy 20kW ze wspomagającym szeregowym filtrem aktywnym małej mocy

Mysiak P.

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2010

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R. 86, nr 2

308-314

PL

W artykule przedstawiono zasadę działania oraz wyniki wybranych badań symulacyjnych i laboratoryjnych układu przekształtnika 18- pulsowego o wyjściu stałonapięciowym, współpracującego z szeregowym filtrem aktywnym małej mocy (APF). Prezentowany system pozwala znacznie zredukować, szczególnie w przypadku autonomicznej sieci zasilającej, niepożądane wyższe harmoniczne w przebiegu prądu sieciowego. Osiemnastopulsową pracę przekształtnika osiąga się dzięki zastosowaniu zestawu sieciowych trójfazowych dławików sprzężonych (WPP i TDS). Jednoczesne zastosowanie dławików magnetycznie sprzężonych i szeregowego filtra aktywnego małej mocy, pozwala na osiągnięcie niewielkim kosztem, zmniejszenia współczynnika THD prądu zasilającego, do wartości odpowiadającej warunkom CPC (Clean Power Converters).

EN

The article presents the principle of operation and selected results of simulation and laboratory tests of the 18-pulse converter system with direct voltage output, cooperating with a small series active power filter (APF). The presented system makes it possible to reduce, especially in autonomous supply networks, undesired higher harmonics in the network current. The 18-pulse nature of operation of the converter is reached using a set of coupled three-phase network reactors (WPP and TDS). Simultaneous use of the magnetically coupled reactors and the small active power filter provides opportunities for easy and cheap reduction of the supply current THD coefficient, down to the values acceptable by clean power converters (CPC) conditions.

11

Modelowanie zmian przewodności właściwej w układzie wodno-masowym maszyny papierniczej

Olejnik K.

Przegląd Papierniczy

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2008

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R. 64, nr 12

747-753

PL

Jednym z wartościowych wskaźników, który może charakteryzować stan fizyko-chemiczny wód technologicznych jest przewodność właściwa. Zastosowanie tego wskaźnika wymaga jednak znajomości podstawowych zależności między czynnikami, które mogą na niego wpływać. Celem niniejszej pracy było poznanie tych zależności i sformułowanie podstawowych równań umożliwiających sporządzenie ogólnego modelu, który mógłby być uwzględniony w symulatorze układu wodno-masowego maszyny papierniczej. W wyniku przeprowadzonych badań uzyskano ogólne wiadomości dotyczące zdolności sorpcyjnych i desorpcyjnych mas papierniczych oraz wpływu procesu mielenia na wydzielanie się z mielonej masy substancji rozpuszczonych. Opracowano także podstawowe równania bilansowe dotyczące zmian przewodności właściwej w ciągu technologicznym maszyny papierniczej. Wykonano wstępną weryfikację statyczną modelu uzyskując zadowalające wyniki.

EN

Specific conductivity is one of a valuable factors which can be used for that purpose since it is possible to associate it with amount of total dissolved solids (TDS). However, proper application of this factor needs deeper studies about its links with main technological factors of paper production. The aim of this project was to look at basic relationships between specific conductivity and technological factors in paper mill. Obtained results were used in process modelling and simulation. First, information about sorption and desorption properties of papermaking pulps were described. The impact of the refining process on changes in amount of dissolved solids was also studied. Finally, basic equations about specific conductivity changes in paper production were prepared and preliminary static verification of the model was made.

12

Wielopulsowy prostownik diodowy z trójfazowym dławikiem sprzężonym - metoda projektowania

Mysiak P.

Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Gdyni

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2006

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nr 55

106-118

PL

W artykule przedstawiono zasadę działania oraz metodę projektowania układu sieciowego przekształtnika dwudziestoczteropulsowego o wyjściu stałonapięciowym, którego koncepcję oraz realizację praktyczną opracowano w ramach projektu badawczego, finansowanego przez Komitet Badań Naukowych. Prezentowany przekształtnik pozwala znacznie zredukować w przebiegu prądu sieciowego niepożądane wyższe harmoniczne, włącznie z eliminacją harmonicznych rzędu 23. i 25. Dwudziestoczteropulsowy charakter pracy układu osiąga się dzięki zastosowaniu trzech zestawów sieciowych trójfazowych dławików sprzężonych (TDS).

EN

The article presents the principle of operation and design method of a 24-pulse power network converter system with direct-voltage output, the concept and practical realisation of which was worked out within the framework of a research project f reduction of undesirable higher harmonics in the power network current, including the elimin inanced by the State Committee for Scientific Research. The presented converter allows significant ation of harmonics of an order of 23 and 25. The 24-pulse nature of operation of the system is obtained using three sets of coupled three-phase power network reactors (TDS).

13

Diagnosing skin melanoma: current versus future directions

Hippe Z. S., Bajcar S., Blajdo P., Grzymała-Busse J. P., Grzymała-Busse J. W., Knap M., Paja W., Wrzesień M.

TASK Quarterly : scientific bulletin of Academic Computer Centre in Gdansk

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2003

|

Vol. 7, No 2

289-293

EN

A new database containing 410 cases of nevi pigmentosi, in four categories: benign nevus, blue nevus, suspicious nevus and melanoma malignant, carefully verified by histopathology, is described. The database is entirely different from the base presented previously, and can be readily used for research based on the so-called constructive induction in machine learning. To achieve this, the database features a different set of thirteen descriptive attributes, with a fourteenth additional attribute computed by applying values of the remaining thirteen attributes. In addition, a new program environment for the validation of computer-assisted diagnosis of melanoma, is briefly discussed. Finally, results are presented on determining optimal coefficients for the well-known ABCD formula, useful for melanoma diagnosis.