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Krótkoterminowe testy pełzania ścinanych połączeń klejonych w kompozytach drewniano-betonowych

Śliwa-Wieczorek Klaudia, Derkowski Wit, Binder Eva

Materiały Budowlane

2024

nr 2

6--10

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań krótkotrwałych i reologicznych przyrostu odkształceń w teście wypychania (push-out test) w przypadku dwuzakładkowych połączeń klejonych. Łącznie przebadano 15 próbek złożonych z elementów wykonanych z drewna klejonego krzyżowo (CLT) oraz prefabrykowanych płyt betonowych. Połączenie między elementami wykonano jako klejone z użyciem innowacyjnych prefabrykowanych złączy podatnych o grubości 3 mm, w trzech konfiguracjach powierzchni klejenia. Celem badań było określenie wpływu geometrii połączenia klejonego na początkowy przyrost odkształceń w czasie. Wykazano, że pełzanie przebiega nieliniowo w czasie t1 = 800 s niezależnie od powierzchni klejenia, a następnie zwiększa się w sposób liniowy. W przeprowadzonych badaniach złączy pasmowych uzyskano przyrost początkowego pełzania o ok. 10% mniejszy w przypadku złączy ułożonych w kierunku obciążenia niż w kierunku prostopadłym. Wykazano również, że wartości pełzania nie są wprost proporcjonalne do wielkości naprężenia ścinającego.

This paper presents the results of a study of short-term rheological strain increments in a push-out test for double-lap glued joints. A total of 15 specimens consisting of cross laminated timber (CLT) elements and precast concrete slabs were tested. The joint between the elements was made as a glued joint using innovative 3 mm thick prefabricated flexible joints in three bonding configurations. The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of the adhesive joint geometry (type A with 600 cm2 glue, B - 200 cm2 in strips parallel to the load axis and C - 200 cm2 in strips in the perpendicular direction) on the initial deformation increase over time. Creep phenomenon was shown to be nonlinear for an initial time range of t1 = 800 s regardless of the adhesive area, and then to increase in a linear manner. In the tests carried out on strip joints, the increments of initial creep were obtained to be about 10% smaller for joints arranged in the load direction than for those arranged in the perpendicular one. It was also shown that the creep values are not directly proportional to the magnitude of the shear stress.

Offshore drilled cuttings management

Bilstad T., Stenberg E. S., Jensen B., Larsen T., Toft M.

AGH Drilling, Oil, Gas

2013

Vol. 30, no. 1

47--50

The search for offshore fossil fuels generates large volumes of drilled cuttings which under certain conditions are defined hazardous, negating disposal at sea. Much of the cuttings end up in onshore landfills. The types of fluids used in well drilling operations determine to which extent the cuttings are considered hazardous. The three main types of fluids are oil based mud (OBM), water based mud (WBM) and synthetic based mud (SBM). The purpose of adding fluids or mud in the drilling operations is to cool and lubricate the drill bit, to stabilize the well bore, to control subsurface pressure, formation pressure, well stability and corrosion, and to carry cuttings to the surface. OBM is based on either diesel or mineral oil. One advantage of OBM is enhanced drilling performance, especially in technical challenging environments. A drawback, however, is the toxicity of OBM, prohibiting discharge of cuttings to the marine environment. Drilled cuttings are rocks produced during drilling operations, becoming coated with drilling fluids. Historically, cuttings have been disposed to sea. However, recent environmental laws and regulations prohibit such practice. Re-injection of cuttings as a slurry into subsurface formations has also been discontinued due to leaks and re-entering of slurry into the bottom waters. Transport of cuttings to shore is therefore the choice. For logistics and cost reasons emphasis is put on offshore waste minimization and reuse/recycle. Total fluid management (TFM) leads to environmental impact reduction (EIR). Minimization of drilling fluids and reuse of fluids lead to cost reduction. Volume of cuttings is reduced through directional drilling and by drilling smaller diameter holes. Synthetic based drilling fluids (SBM) are replacing OBM. Drilling wastes are further separated into a fluid and a solid phase. The solids may be used for road and other construction purposes, whereas the OBM is burned for energy recovery. The purpose of the thermo-mechanical cuttings cleaner (TCC) is to convert hazardous oily cuttings into useful products. TCC facilities are only available onshore in Norway. However, offshore TCC units will in due time be introduced, negating the need for transport of cuttings to shore. Cuttings are allowed disposed to sea when no toxic fluids are attached. TCC separation is accomplished by generating temperatures of 240-300 degrees of Celsius sufficient for evaporation of oil and water from the mineral solids.