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Spór Hilarego Szpilowskiego ze Stanisławem Zawadzkim przy budowie koszar w Kamieńcu Podolskim - uwagi inżyniera budownictwa

Opyrchał Leszek

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

2023

T. 68, nr 1

81--106

Kamieniec Podolski was the most important fortress of the Polish Republic, defending its southeastern border. Unfortunately, there were no barracks for soldiers in the fortress. Therefore, in the 1780s, their construction began. The project of Jan de Witte, an experienced and distinguished fortifier of the Kamieniec fortress, was rejected, and a new project was commissioned to a young but talented designer, Stanisław Zawadzki (1743-1806). He designed a five-wing building on a square plan, with a central wing that divided the interior into two courtyards. The building was first approved by the Polish king, Stanisław August Poniatowski, and only then they began to look for a site where it could be built. Unfortunately, it was not possible to find a suitable site, which was the reason for changing the location of the barracks several times. The construction of the barracks was entrusted to Hilary Szpilowski (1753-1827), who found many errors in the project. Zawadzki’s rare visits made necessary consultations impossible and forced Szpilowski to take independent decisions regarding changes in the building design. The Committee of the Military Department of the Perpetual Council rejected all of Szpilowski’s allegations. In this article, a detailed analysis of the solutions introduced at that time was carried out based on the preserved site maps and design drawings. It was shown that the project contained serious errors, especially the mismatch with the existing terrain, which generated a gigantic scope of earthworks, a lack of water supply and sewage disposal, and the lack of a tie beam reinforcing the building. Therefore, contrary to the opinion of the Committee of the Military Department of the Perpetual Council, the entire blame for the poorly designed barracks building and the resulting problems during construction should be placed on Stanisław Zawadzki, not Hilary Szpilowski.

Projekty wzorcowe w twórczości Hilarego Szpilowskiego

Wąsowski A.

Kwartalnik Architektury i Urbanistyki

2001

T. 46, z. 3

275-298

Hilary Szpilowski (1753-1827) is renowned primarily as one of the leading Polish architects from the turn of the eighteenth century and a representative of mature Classicism. Despite numerous studies, his architectural activity still remains insufficiently examined. Years spent holding assorted posts in civil engineering offices in the Prussian partition area, the Duchy of Warsaw and the Kingdom of Poland remain little known. In 1817-1822, H. Szpilowski was professor at the Royal Warsaw University, and after several years as an Architect in the Commission of the Voivodeship of Mazovia he was promoted to the office of Architect in the Government Commission of Religion and Public Education. In this capacity, he concentrated his interests on publications containing architectural patterns. The most important of his exemplary plans are the projects of churches and vicarages issued in Warsaw in 1824. The album Wzory Kościołów po Województwach Królestwa Polskiego stawiać się mających do wyboru Dozorcom Kościelnym dla użytku Budowniczych ułożone przez H. Szpilowskiego (Patterns of Parish Churches in the Voivodeships of the Kingdom of Poland Arranged by H. Szpilowski to be Selected by Church Boards and Used by Constructors) encompasses thirteen projects of churches, composed of a grand plan and a view of the faćade contrasted with the intersection of the nave. The great diversity of the plans was the result of the need to adopt them to the frequently different requirements of the readers. Szpilowski offered both the pattern of a small provincial church and a large three-nave church with a dome. The publication ends with two proposals of a vicarage. This summary of the author's experiences gleaned from his earlier work contains the ultimate codified scheme of a small church. The majority of the suggestions are projects of churches retained in a variant of Classicism that refers both to local solutions and "Palladian" tradition, characteristic for the last quarter of the eighteenth century. (...)