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Sławne, pracowite i zapomniane? Architektoniczna działalność kobiet w okresie PRL

Marciniak P.

Kwartalnik Architektury i Urbanistyki

2016

T. 61, z. 4

5--38

Wkład kobiet w rozwój polskiej architektury nie jest obecnie kwestionowany, jest jednak zdecydowanie zbyt słabo rozpoznany i doceniany. Udział kobiet w życiu społecznym, politycznym i ekonomicznym w PRL-u nie budził przez lata większego zainteresowania badaczy. Zagadnienia udziału kobiet w budowaniu środowiska przestrzennego stanowią do tej pory prawdziwą „białą plamę”, a nazwiska kobiet pojawiają się niezwykle sporadycznie, rzadko odnosząc się do tak trudnej materii, jaką jest projektowanie. Systematyczne badania prowadzone są dopiero od zaledwie kilku lat. Celem niniejszego tekstu jest z jednej strony przybliżenie dokonań architektek działających w okresie powojennym, jak również analiza przyczyn słabo rozpoznanej aktywności.

Women’s contribution to the development of architecture is not questioned today, yet it definitely remains insufficiently explored and recognised. The participation of women in the country’s social, political and economic sphere in the period of the Polish People’s Republic was for years outside scholars’ scope of interest. The questions of women’s participation in building our spatial environment are still a blank page in the literature, with the names of women architects cropping up only occasionally, and rarely with reference to the challenging activity of architectural design. It is only in the last few years that systematic research into these issues has been taken up. The aim of this paper is, on the one hand, to familiarise the reader with the achievements of women architects working in the post-war decades, and, on the other, to examine the reasons for their work being unrecognised.

Poglądy Heleny i Szymona Syrkusów na architekturę w latach 1925-1956

Piłatowicz J.

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

2009

R. 54, nr 3-4

123-164

Helena (1900 - 1982) and Szymon (1893 - 1964) Syrkus were the originators of functionalism in Polish architecture. At their suggestion, and particularly at Szymon Syrkus suggestion, was set up a group 'Praesens', which gathered architects, painters and sculptors, and propagated functionalism, standarization and prefabrication in architecture. An inspiration was a practice of Le Corbusier, Jacobus Johannes Oud, Kazimierz Malewicz (suprematism) and building solutions, among others in Germany and in the United States of America. The gathered in 'Praesens' architects designed and realized ahistorical and extremely modern architecture - for instance, a planned and built in 1929 by Szymon Syrkus Pavillion of Fertilizers, which was exhibited during Public National. Exhibition in Poznan, and consisted of exhibition hall and 30 metres long tower of steel construction. Helena and Szymon Syrkus worked actively on behalf of International Congresses of Modern Architecture (Les Congres Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne (CIAM) delivering speeches and co-authorizing the programme - among others, the Athenian Charter (1933). After 1945 they changed their outlooks radically and declared then for Soviet architectural solutions that in Warsaw are symbolized by Culture and Science Palace, which was enthusiastically welcome by the Syrkus. At the same time, they presented an extensive self-criticism and distanced themselves not only from their inter-war outlooks, but also from Le Corbusier and Kazimierz Malewicz. Their opinions about architecture in the years 1945 - 1956 are illustrated by the enclosed archival materials. The Syrkus, and especially Helena Syrkus, did not make any attempt at explaining their radical change of views and resumption of the programme of the inter-war period in 1956. The fact of relinquishing vanguard outlooks in 1945 was probably caused by a tissue of several circumstances: radicalization of political views (they were active members of the Polish Workers' Party and the United Polish Workers' Party); experiences of World War II- Szymon Syrkus was kept imprisoned in Oświęcim and other concentration camps on th territories of Germany (1942 - 1945), and Helena Syrkus was kept in labour camps in the vicinity of Wrocław (1945); misgivings about their lots in the period of struggle against cosmopolitism and Zionism in Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and other contemporary socialistic countries in the years 1948 - 1953; and inclination to make a career - they probably looked forward to key positions in the Academy of Architecture which had to be patterned upon sovietic models according to their conception.