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Swoszowice siarką słynące i pachnące do dziś

Galas Dominik J.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2023

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Vol. 71, nr 12

663--669

EN

Sulpfur has accompanied us since the dawn of time. Wincenty Kadłubek mentions it for the first time, presenting the legend of the destruction of the Wawel Dragon. According to Dr. A. Wójcik, sulphur could have been one of the reasons for moving the capital from Kraków to Warsaw. The exploitation of this mineral lasted about 500 years. During this time, approximately 700,000 tons of sulphur ore were mined in an area of approximately 5 km, drilling approximately 1,000 shafts and leaving 600 heaps. Following J. Esprinohard, Jan Pazdur quotes a message from 1597 that “when the plague prevails in Kraków, which happens often, most of the citizens leave the city and live for some time near the sulphur mine in Swoszowice and no one is affected by the disease at that time”. Sulphur mining is a niche business, currently as much as 99 percent of this raw material is obtained worldwide in large-scale desulfurization processes of gas, oil and exhaust gases. This was not the case before; sulphur mining in Swoszowice was an important branch of the economy of the Kingdom of Poland and the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Sulphur mining in Swoszowice was finally discontinued over 70 years ago, but it is worth knowing the history of mining in this oldest and longest operating mine in Poland.

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Assesment of contamination of water and sediments in the Wilga River, Poland

Puławska A., Puzio B., Polewka M., Manecki M.

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

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2014

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Vol. 40, no. 1

120--121

EN

The Wilga River, one of the dextral tributaries of the Wisła, is one of the most polluted rivers in Kraków region. In the middle section it drains the Swoszowice region which is known for the natural mineral spring waters that are rich in sulphides, bicarbonates, calcium and magnesium. In the lower section of the Wilga valley an extensive, old dumps of soda factory are located. The waste consists in 70% of CaCO3 and remaining 30% are CaCl2, SiO2, Ca-phosphates, Ca, Mg and Ba-sulphates and NaCl (Wójcik & Morawski 2009). The aim of this study is the geochemical contribution to the assessment of the state of the environment of the Wilga River based on characteristics of water and bottom sediments. In contrast to the previous studies which concentrated on the polluted parts of the Wilga, this project aims at a systematic analysis of natural background in the upper parts as well as anthropogenic effects in the lower parts of the river. Sediments and water samples were collected from six locations from springs to the mouth of the river. Temperature, pH and specific conductivity were measured on site. Chemical composition of water (major and selected trace elements) was determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy AAS (Na, K, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Mn, Fe), by titration (Ca2+, Mg2+, HCO3-, Cl-) and by spectrotometry UV-VIS (SO42-, PO43-). X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) was applied for determination of major and trace elements in the sediments. This was accompanied with qualitative mineralogical characteristics using powder X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results were compared with the previous studies (Wójcik & Morawski 2009). From springs to just below Swoszowice the chemical composition of water and sediments as well as concentrations of trace elements are at the level of regional geochemical background. No influence of natural (sulphide) mineral springs was detected in Swoszowice. This is probably a result of small volumes of spring water compared to the volume of the Wilga River there. Elevated ion concentrations are apparent, however, in the river waters near the Kraków Soda waste dumps. This was also determined before by Wójcik & Morawski (2009). With respect to geochemical background in the upper parts of the river, chloride concentration increases from 80 mg/L to 466 mg/L, sodium increases from 40 mg/L to 230 mg/L, and calcium from 84 mg/L to 146 mg/L. This is associated with increase in Zn content in sediments. The water type changes from HCO3-Ca-Cl-Na above to Cl-HCO3-Na-Ca type below the dumps area. Discharges and leakage of industrial waste dumps and agricultural waste (possibly resulting from extensive reclamation of post-industrial area) appear as major reasons of water quality deterioration in this area. All the parameters indicating pollution, however, are lower than measured 5 years ago indicating improvement and positive effects of remediation procedures applied in contaminated area.

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Wybrane zagadnienia numerycznej analizy stateczności osuwiska w Swoszowicach

Stanisz J., Pilecki Z., Woźniak H.

Technika Poszukiwań Geologicznych

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2012

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R. 51, nr 2

77--89

PL

W pracy przedstawiono wybrane zagadnienia numerycznej analizy stateczności osuwiska w Swoszowicach związane z ocena położenia i rozwoju powierzchni poślizgu. Rozważano dwa modele: podstawowy, trójwarstwowy oraz zmodyfikowany, dwuwarstwowy opracowane na podstawie podłużnego przekroju geologiczno-inżynierskiego wzdłuż osi osuwiska. W wyniku obliczeń otrzymano izoliniowe przekroje prędkości odkształcenia stycznego, pole wektorów prędkości przemieszczenia cząstek gruntu oraz wartości globalnych współczynników bezpieczeństwa. W modelu podstawowym w stanie suchym współczynnik bezpieczeństwa wynosił 1,32, a w stanie w pełni zawodnionym zmniejszył się do 1,1. W modelu zmodyfikowanym dwuwarstwowym współczynnik ten wynosił 2,42. Podobnie najmniej korzystne wartości prędkości odkształcenia stycznego uzyskano dla podstawowego modelu zawodnionego. Wyniki te pokazały, że ruch osuwiskowy dokonał się wzdłuż płytszej powierzchni poślizgu. Powierzchnia ta rozwinęła się w koronie drogi oraz między warstwami zwięzłej gliny pylastej a iłami pylastymi na głębokości od 3,8 do 6,8 m. W pracy podkreślono możliwość uaktywnienia się osuwiska wzdłuż głębszej powierzchni poślizgu w przypadku osłabienia właściwości wytrzymałościowych ośrodka. Niewątpliwie negatywny wpływ na stateczność osuwiska w Swoszowicach ma zawodnienie ośrodka gruntowego.

EN

The article presents selected aspects of numerical analysis of landslide stability in Swoszowice, related to the evaluation of development and location of the failure surface. Two models have been considered the basic, three-layer, and the modified two-layer developed of the longitudinal geological engineering cross-section along the landslide axis. In the calculation of the cross sections obtained isolines shear strain rate, field of velocity vectors of displacement of soil particles and the value of global safety factors. In the basic, dry model safety factor was 1.32, and in a state of fully hydrated decreased to 1.1. In the modified two-layer model, this ratio was 2.42. Similarly, the least favorable shear strain rate values obtained for the basic, hydrated model. These results have showed that the landslide moved along shallow failure surface. This area developed into the crown of the road and between the geotechnical layers of clay and silty clay at a depth of 3.8 to 6.8 m. The study highlighted the potential activation of deeper failure surface in the case of weakening the strength properties of the medium. Undoubtedly a hydrating of the medium has a negative impact on the global stability of the landslide.