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1

The decline of Svalbard land-fast sea ice extent as a result of climate change

Urbański Jacek A., Litwicka Dagmara

Oceanologia

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2022

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No. 64 (3)

535--547

EN

The Svalbard Archipelago has experienced some of the most severe temperature increases in the Arctic in the last three decades. This temperature rise has accelerated sea-ice melting along the coast of the archipelago, thus bringing changes to the local environment. In view of the importance of the near-future distribution of land-fast sea ice along the Svalbard coast, the available observation data on the ice extent between 1973 and 2018 are used herein to create a random forest (RF) model for predicting the daily ice extent and its spatial distribution according to the cumulative number of freezing and thawing degree days and the duration of the ice season. Two RF models are constructed by using either regression or classification algorithms. The regression model makes it possible to estimate the extent of land-fast ice with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 800 km2, while the classification model creates a cluster of submodels in order to forecast the spatial distribution of land-fast ice with less than 10% error. The models also enable the reconstruction of the past ice extent, and the prediction of the near-future extent, from standard meteorological data, and can even analyze the real-time spatial variability of land-fast ice. On average, the minimum two-monthly extent of land-fast sea ice along the Svalbard coast was about 12,000 km2 between 1973 and 2000. In 2005–2019, however, the ice extent declined to about 6,000 km2. A further increase in mean winter air temperatures by two degrees, which is forecast in 10 to 20 years, will result in a minimum two-monthly land-fast ice extent of about 1,500 km2, thus indicating a trend of declining land-fast ice extent in this area.

2

Zabudowa mieszkaniowa doliny gruvedalen w Longyearbyen na Spitsbergenie jako przykład przestrzeni społecznej na terenie o ekstremalnie zimnym klimacie

Żabicka Agnieszka

Środowisko Mieszkaniowe

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2021

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nr 34

33--43

PL

W niniejszej pracy jako główny przedmiot badań została wybrana przestrzeń społeczna zabudowań mieszkaniowych doliny Gruvedalen w Longyearbyen na terenie wyspy Spitsbergen w archipelagu Svalbard. Jest to przykład przestrzeni społecznej nietypowej dla europejskich warunków. Jest ona bowiem zlokalizowana na terenie o ekstremalnie zimnym klimacie. Analizując architekturę i urbanistykę Spitsbergenu, a także jego mieszkańców, zwrócono uwagę na rolę i znaczenie przestrzeni społecznych w życiu mieszkańców, ich ogólną charakterystykę, pozytywy, negatywy, sposób wykorzystywania przez różne grupy społeczne oraz jakość i rozwiązania funkcjonalne. W pracy badawczej zastosowano badania teoretyczne, badania terenowe in situ, autorską relację oraz badania ankietowe. Przestrzenie wspomagają prawidłowe funkcjonowanie środowiska mieszkaniowego, pozwalają na poczucie bezpieczeństwa rezydentów i odwiedzających. Najważniejszym czynnikiem wpływającym na odbiór i kształtowanie przestrzeni społecznych przez mieszkańców północnych krańców świata jest forma architektoniczna, lokalizacja i powiązanie z kontekstem, otoczeniem.

EN

The primary object of this study is the common space of a housing development found in Gruvedalen Valley in Longyearbyen, on the island of Spitsbergen, a part of the Svalbard Archipelago. It is a case of a social space that is atypical of European conditions. It is located in a territory with an extremely cold climate. When analysing the architecture and urban layouts of Spitsbergen, as well as its residents, I noted the role and significance of social spaces in their lives, and provided their general overview, which includes the positives, negatives and manner of use by various social groups, in addition to its quality and functional solutions. The research methods used in the study include: theoretical research, in situ field research, original report, and a survey. Social spaces support the correct functioning of the housing environment and enhance the sense of safety among residents and visitors. The most crucial factors that affects the reception and design of social spaces by residents are: architectural form, its location and linkages with the context and surroundings.

3

Remarks on the working conditions in the region of Polish Polar Hornsund Station

Winnicki Adam, Wilkowski Bartosz M., Hryciuk Sonia, Tyrpiał Kamil, Żywiec Hubert

Scientific Journal of Gdynia Maritime University

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2021

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nr 117

37--49

EN

The Polish Polar Station in Hornsund is a scientific base of great importance. In 2020, students of Gdynia Maritime University were able to visit the station and prepare photographic documentation of its surroundings. This article includes historical basics compared with the latest research concerning the flora, fauna, meteorology and studies on the Hansbreen glacier, research programme conducted on the station and climate changes in the Spitsbergen and perspective for the future fate of the Svalbard Archipelago.

4

Wstępna charakterystyka geochemiczna amfibolitów i skał ultramaficznych terranu West Ny-Friesland, północny Spitsbergen

Bazarnik Jakub, Barker Abigail, Majka Jarosław, Kośmińska Karolina, Elvevold Synnøve, Bazarnik Mirosława

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2021

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Vol. 69, nr 7

406--410

EN

The metamorphic Atomfjella Complex of the West Ny-Friesland Terrane, which belongs to the Eastern Basement Svalbard Province, is composed of four nappes, namely Dirksodden, Nordbreen, Rekvika and Finlandveggen. All these nappescomprise a granitic gneiss basement associated with a metasedimentary cover, both cut by numerous mafic dykes. At the top of the Atomfjella Complex, close to the boundary with the Mosselhalvaya Group (Nordaustlandet terrane), the lenses of ultramafic rocks also occur. Some authors suggested that they provide evidence for the presence ofa deeply rooted, large-scale tectonic boundary between the West Ny-Friesland and Nordaustlandet terranes. The performed geochemical characterization of amphibolites and ultramafic rocks showed that nearly all major elements (except Si and Fe) as well as LILE, have wide compositional ranges and no obvious trends (Bazarnik, Majka, 2021). It is conceivable that the Caledonian metamorphism may have affected K, Na and P, as well as LILE, and caused scatter of Al, Ti, Ca and Fe, and likely Si. The trace and REE elements plots are characterized mainly by trends that probably express the original magmatic processes. However, the elements that clearly deviate from these trends are disturbed due to either metamorphism or crustal assimilation. According to the Th/Yb vs Nb/Yb relationship, the studied rocks indicate generally low influence of crustal contamination, with only 3 samples in the field of MORB-OIB array (Fig. 4B). Besides the higher content of Mgandsome other minor differences in chemical composition, the ultramafic rocks exhibit trends similar to that of amphibolites. Based on this aforementioned similarity and the confirmed influence of the Caledonian metamorphism on both groups of rocks, we speculate about the common history of both groups of rocks. Moreover, thank sto the identification of metamorphic alterations in ultramafic rocks, it was proved that these rocks must be pre-Caledonian and, in turn, older than the alleged terrane boundary. Thus, the ultramafic bodies located close to the top of the Atomfjella Complex cannot mark the large terrane boundary and do not provide any evidence of a deeply rooted tectonic zone, but merely the result of ascension from deeper levels of the mantle.

5

Filmowe portrety Stanisława Siedleckiego (1912-2002) na tle Svalbardu. Fragmenty wizualnej historii nauki

Szymala Jacek, Rogatchevski Andrei

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

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2021

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T. 66, nr 3

123--142

EN

The article offers a new perspective on Stanisław Siedlecki’s biography through visual history, with a particular emphasis on film history. The connections between Siedlecki’s life and the cinema can be grouped in three sections: 1. films starring Siedlecki, 2. films by Siedlecki and 3. films about Siedlecki. The film Do Ziemi Torella (To Torell Land) represents the pre-war period; the post-war period is marked by Siedlecki’s collaboration with Jarosław Brzozowcki on the making of Skroplone Powietrze (Liquefied Air) and Wieliczka - both from 1946. In the International Geophysical Year 1957/1958, Siedlecki led the Polish polar expedition, during which the visual material was created. He appeared in all three ‘roles’ (as a co-writer, protagonist, and consultant) in Jarosław Brzozowski’s film W Zatoce Białych Niedźwiedzi (In the Polar Bear Bay). He consulted polar films until the early 1990s. There are also two film biographies (portraits) of Siedlecki by Wanda Rollna and Iwona Bartólewska. The analysis of this material has also shed new light on the visual narration of the Polish polar expeditions in the 20th century.

6

Soundscape Analysis of Selected Landforms on Spitsbergen

Czopek Dorota, Małecki Paweł, Piechowicz Janusz, Wiciak Jerzy

Archives of Acoustics

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2019

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Vol. 44, No. 3

511--519

EN

This article shows acoustic measurements from Svalbard archipelago in the Arctic, located in the Arctic Ocean. The aim of the research was to show the Svalbard soundscape as well as to record and analyse the spatial-temporal dynamics of the acoustic environment, the human impact on the soundscape and to collect baseline data for future comparative research. Svalbard is interesting for many science disciplines because it has an arctic climate and, at the same time, it is relatively easily accessible. Climatologists, geologists, glaciologists, biologists and even anthropologists could find interesting themes to investigate here. Additionally, the soundscape of Spitsbergen is worthy of detailed examination. This paper presents comparative analysis of the soundscape of various spots near Longyearbyen in Management Area 10. The soundscape analysis of selected valleys shows the strong influence of human activity on the soundscape as well as the variability and characteristic features of the natural Arctic soundscape.

7

Wind wave climate of west Spitsbergen : seasonal variability and extreme events

Wojtysiak K., Herman A., Moskalik M.

Oceanologia

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2018

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No. 60 (3)

331--343

EN

Waves are the key phenomenon directly influencing coastal morphodynamics. Facing insufficient observations, wind wave climate of the west coast of Spitsbergen can be characterized on the basis of the modelled data. Here we have used the results of spectral wave models: Wave Watch III (WW3) hindcast and WAM in ERA-interim (ERAi) reanalysis. We have observed the presence of seasonal cycle with difference of up to 1 m between significant wave heights in summer and winter. In wave-direction analysis we have noticed the southwestern swell component of remarkably narrow width, thus we expect unidirectional swell impact on the coastline. Extreme events analysis revealed that storms occur mainly in winter, but the most energetic ones (significant wave height of up to 9.5 m) occur in spring and autumn. We have identified positive trends in storms’ frequency (2 storms per decade) and storms’ total duration (4 days per decade) on the south of the study area. More storms can result in the increase of erosion rate on the south-western coasts of Spitsbergen, but this change may be highly dependent on the sea ice characteristics. Wave heights of wind sea and swell are correlated with the relevant atmospheric circulation indices, especially the North Atlantic Oscillation. In the recent decade, the correlation is stronger with WW3 than with ERAi data, at some locations explaining over 50% (over 30%) of the total variance of wind sea (swell) wave heights. In ERAi data, the relationship with circulation indices seems sensitive to the length of the analysis period.

8

Spatiotemporal changes in the concentration and composition of suspended particulate matter in front of Hansbreen, a tidewater glacier in Svalbard

Moskalik M., Ćwiąkała J., Szczuciński W., Dominiczak A., Głowacki O., Wojtysiak K., Zagórski P.

Oceanologia

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2018

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No. 60 (4)

446--463

EN

Tidewater glaciers supply large amounts of suspended particulate matter (SPM) and freshwater to fjords and affect oceanographic, sedimentological and biological processes. Our understanding of these processes, is usually limited to the short summer season. Here, we present the results of a one-year-long monitoring of the spatial variability in SPM characteristics in a context of oceanographic and meteorological conditions of a glacial bay next to Hansbreen, a tidewater glacier in Hornsund (southern Spitsbergen). The observed range of SPM concentrations was similar to ranges measured in other sub-polar glaciated fjords, especially in Svalbard. The major source of SPM is the meltwater discharge from the glacier. The maximum water column-averaged SPM concentrations did not correlate with peaks in freshwater discharge and were observed at the beginning of the autumn season, when the fjord water transitioned from stratified to fully mixed. The observed spatiotemporal variations in the total SPM, particulate organic matter (POM) and particulate inorganic matter (PIM) are likely controlled by a combination of factors including freshwater supply, water stratification and circulation, bathymetry, the presence of sea ice, biological productivity and sediment resuspension. During the ablation season, the SPM maximum concentrations were located within the upper water layer, whereas during the winter and spring, the greatest amounts of SPM were concentrated in deeper part. Thus, typical remote sensing-based studies that focus on SPM distributions may not reflect the real SPM levels. POM and PIM concentrations were correlated with each other, during most of the time suggesting that they may have a common source.

9

The malacostracan fauna of two Arctic fjords (west Spitsbergen) : the diversity and distribution patterns of its pelagic and benthic components

Legeżyńska J., Włodarska-Kowalczuk M., Głuchowska M., Ormańczyk M., Kędra M., Węsławski J. M.

Oceanologia

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2017

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No. 59 (4)

541--564

EN

This study examines the performance of pelagic and benthic Malacostraca in two glacial fjords of west Spitsbergen: Kongsfjorden, strongly influenced by warm Atlantic waters, and Hornsund which, because of the strong impact of the cold Sørkapp Current, has more of an Arctic character. The material was collected during 12 summer expeditions organized from 1997 to 2013. In all, 24 pelagic and 116 benthic taxa were recorded, most of them widely distributed Arctic-boreal species. The advection of different water masses from the shelf had a direct impact on the structure of the pelagic Malacostraca communities, resulting in the clear dominance of the sub-arctic hyperiid amphipod Themisto abyssorum in Kongsfjorden and the great abundance of Decapoda larvae in Hornsund. The taxonomic, functional and size compositions of the benthic malacostracan assemblages varied between the two fjords, and also between the glacier-proximate inner bays and the main fjord basins, as a result of the varying dominance patterns of the same assemblage of species. There was a significant drop in species richness in the strongly disturbed glacial bays of both fjords, but only in Hornsund was this accompanied by a significant decrease in density and diversity, probably due to greater isolation and poorer quality of sediment organic matter in its innermost basin. Our results suggest that the diversity and distribution of benthic malacostracans in these two fjords are only distantly related to the different hydrological regimes; rather, they are governed by locally acting factors, such as depth, sediment type, the variety of microhabitats and the availability and quality of food.

10

Svalbard as a study model of future High Arctic coastal environments in a warming world

Piskozub J.

Oceanologia

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2017

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No. 59 (4)

612--619

EN

Svalbard archipelago, a high latitude area in a region undergoing rapid climate change, is relatively easily accessible for field research. This makes the fjords of Spitsbergen, its largest island, some of the best studied Arctic coastal areas. This paper aims at answering the question of how climatically diverse the fjords are, and how representative they are for the expected future Arctic diminishing range of seasonal sea-ice. This study uses a meteorological reanalysis, sea surface temperature climatology, and the results of a recent one-year meteorological campaign in Spitsbergen to determine the seasonal differences between different Spitsbergen fjords, as well as the sea water temperature and ice ranges around Svalbard in recent years. The results show that Spitsbergen fjords have diverse seasonal patterns of air temperature due to differences in the SST of the adjacent ocean, and different cloudiness. The sea water temperatures and ice concentrations around Svalbard in recent years are similar to what is expected most of the Arctic coastal areas in the second half of this century. This makes Spitsbergen a unique field study model of the conditions expected in future warmer High Arctic.

11

Ecosystem maturation follows the warming of the Arctic fjords

Węsławski J. M., Buchholz F., Głuchowska M., Weydmann A.

Oceanologia

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2017

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No. 59 (4)

592--602

EN

Two fjords in West Spitsbergen (Hornsund 77°N and Kongsfjorden 79°N) differ with regard to their exposure towards increasingly warm Atlantic water inflow. Hornsund remains in many respects cooler than Kongsfjorden (on average 2°C SST in summer) and is less influenced by warmer and more saline Atlantic waters. Reported changes in the physical environment (temperature rise, freshwater inflow, salinity drop, turbidity, fast-ice reduction, coastal change) are discussed in the context of biological observations in the pelagic and benthic realms with special reference to krill (Euphausiacea). We conclude that well-documented changes in the physical environment have had little effect on the fjord biota and that both organisms and their ecological functions in the fjords are well adapted to the scale of ongoing change. The observed changes fit the definition of ecosystem maturation, with greater diversity, a more complex food web and dispersed energy flow at the warmer site.

12

Comparison of meteorological conditions in Svalbard fjords: Hornsund and Kongsfjorden

Cisek M., Makuch P., Petelski T.

Oceanologia

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2017

|

No. 59 (4)

413--421

EN

This paper presents the results of a comparison of basic meteorological parameters in two Arctic fjords situated on the west coast of Spitsbergen, the main island of the Svalbard archipelago. Air temperature, wind speed and direction, humidity and cloud cover from the period 2005 to 2016 are described and compared with previous (from 1975) analyses of meteorological conditions in the investigated region. Such a choice of dates coincides with the time the GAME project measurements were carried out. The main goal of this study was to compare meteorological conditions in two fjords: Hornsund and Kongsfjorden, during the time of rapid climate changes. The results are collated with research results available in literature from previous years. We discovered that in the investigated period the climate of the Hornsund region is more oceanic than in Kongsfjorden. The stable level of the difference in climate elements is manifested and is evident mainly through greater amplitudes in air temperatures in Kongsfjorden, and in stronger winds in Hornsund.

13

Can seabirds modify carbon burial in fjords?

Węsławski J. M., Urbański J., Głuchowska M., Grzelak K., Kotwicki L., Kwaśniewski S., Legeżyńska J., Wiktor J., Włodarska-Kowalczuk M., Zaborska A., Zajączkowski M., Stempniewicz L.

Oceanologia

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2017

|

No. 59 (4)

603--611

EN

Two high latitude fjords of Spitsbergen (Hornsund 77°N and Kongsfjorden 79°N) are regarded as being highly productive (70 g and 50 gC m−2 year−1) and having organic-rich sediments. Hornsund has more organic matter in its sediments (8%), nearly half of it of terrestrial origin, while most of that in Kongsfjorden (5%) comes from fresh, marine sources (microplankton). Analysis of the carbon sources in both fjords shows that a major difference is the much larger seabird population in Hornsund-dominated with over 100 thousands pairs of plankton feeding little auks in Hornsund versus 2 thousand pairs in Kongsfjorden, and marine food consumption estimated as 5573 tonnes of carbon in Hornsund, versus 3047 tonnes in Kongsfjorden during one month of chick feeding period. Seabird colonies supply rich ornithogenic tundra (595 tonnes of C, as against only 266 tonnes of C in the Kongsfjorden tundra). No much of the terrestrial carbon, flushed out or wind-blown to the fjord, is consumed on the seabed – a state of affairs that is reflected by the low metabolic activity of bacteria and benthos and the lower benthic biomass in Hornsund than in Kongsfjorden.

14

Aerosol Optical Depth variations due to local breeze circulation in Kongsfjorden, Spitsbergen

Cisek M., Petelski T., Zieliński T., Makuch P., Pakszys P., Rozwadowska A., Markuszewski P.

Oceanologia

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2017

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No. 59 (4)

422--430

EN

This paper presents the results of Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) studies which took place in Ny-Ålesund in the spring of 2014 during the iAREA campaign. The measurements were taken using Microtops II hand-held sunphotometers along the Kongsfjorden, on a path leading from the research village to the fjord opening. Local breeze circulation was observed during the measurement campaign which resulted in an evident increase of AOD along the measurement profile towards the open sea. Using the observed AOD, changes over the open sea have been calculated and the location of the breeze front has been determined.

15

Chemical weathering of talus slopes: the example of slopes in the Brattegg Valley, Sw Spitbergen

Senderak K., Wąsowski M.

Studia Geomorphologica Carpatho-Balcanica

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2016

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Vol. 50

105—122

EN

This paper presents the results of hydrogeochemical surveys carried out in the non-glaciated part of the Brattegg Valley near Hornsund Fjord (SW Spitsbergen). The aim of the study was to indicate places in periglacial zone with the greatest intensity of chemical weathering. The valley was divided into five zones where 11 observation sites were selected. The physico-chemical parameters of water were measured in situ. Water chemical composition was defined using ion chromatograph and mineral composition was obtained based on X-ray diffraction analysis. The results of the study show that in the studied valley, talus slopes are the most dynamic environment of the periglacial zone and are typified by the greatest intensity of chemical weathering.

16

Zmienność kierunku i prędkości wiatru nad NW Spitsbergenem w okresie 1901–2010 z użyciem reanaliz ERA-20C

Strzyżewski T., Ulandowska-Monarcha P.

Przegląd Geofizyczny

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2016

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Z. 1-2

31--44

PL

Celem opracowania jest poznanie warunków anemologicznych w okresie 1901-2010 w rejonie północno-zachodniego Spitsbergenu. W tym celu posłużono się reanalizami ERA-20C. Uzyskane wyniki porównano z przebiegiem temperatury powietrza w tym rejonie. Nad obszarem NW Spitsbergenu przeważają kierunki wiatru NNE i NE (w sumie 21,9%). Najrzadziej występuje wiatr z kierunków zachodnich (W, WNW, NW, WSW, łącznie 9,7%). Można również zaobserwować, wyraźnie różniącą się strukturę częstości kierunków wiatru w porach roku. Średnia prędkość wiatru według reanaliz w latach 1901-2010 w przyjętym punkcie węzłowym wyniosła 5,6 ms-1. Prędkość wiatru w tym okresie wykazała znaczną zmienność z roku na rok. Stwierdzono przy tym istotny statystycznie (na poziomie 0,05) rosnący trend prędkości wiatru, wynoszący 0,5 ms-1 /100 lat.

EN

The aim of the study was to know the wind conditions in the period 1901-2010 over the north-western Spitsbergen. For this purpose they are used ERA-20C reanalises. The results were compared with the course of air temperature in this region. Over the area of NW Spitsbergen predominate wind direction NNE and NE (total of 21.9%). The least frequent wind direction is from the west (W, WNW, NW, WSW, a total of 9.7%). Observed also differing structure of the frequency of wind direction, depending on the season. The average wind speed in the years 1901-2010 in the was 5.6 ms-1. Wind speed during this period showed considerable variability from year to year. It has been found that a statistically significant (at the 0.05 level) growing trend of wind speed (0.5 ms-1 /100 years).

17

Występowanie wysokiego ciśnienia nad obszarem Svalbardu w latach 1971-2015

Bielec-Bąkowska Z.

Problemy Klimatologii Polarnej

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2016

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Nr 26

83--96

PL

W opracowaniu przedstawiono przestrzenną i czasową zmienność występowania wysokich wartości ciśnienia nad obszarem Svalbardu w latach 1971-2015. W tym celu wykorzystano średnie dobowe wartości ciśnienia na poziomie morza dla 12 punktów gridowych uzyskane z reanaliz NCEP/NCAR. Podstawowym wskaźnikiem był dzień ze średnim ciśnieniem ≥1020 hPa oraz ≥1030 hPa. Na tej podstawie stwierdzono, że liczba rozpatrywanych dni jest niewielka (średnio 49-72 dni w roku), a dni z ciśnieniem ≥1030hPa notowane są sporadycznie. W przebiegu rocznym analizowane dni występują głównie wiosną, stanowiąc w zależności od położenia punktu gridowego około 37-45% wszystkich dni z ciśnieniem ≥1020hPa i 43-55% dni ciśnieniem ≥1030hPa. W badanym wieloleciu nie stwierdzono tendencji zmian liczby opisywanych dni. Wyróżniono jednak dwa okresy zwiększonej częstości występowania dni z wysokim ciśnieniem (1977-1988 oraz 1995-2010) przedzielone kilkuletnim bardzo silnym spadkiem ich liczby. Pomimo niewielkiej powierzchni analizowanego obszaru, przestrzenne zróżnicowanie rocznej i wieloletniej zmienności występowania badanych dni wskazuje na ścieranie się cech cyrkulacji: strefy dominującej działalności cyklonalnej północnego Atlantyku, obszaru częstych i silnych wyżów znad Grenlandii i północnej Kanady oraz strefy układów wysokiego ciśnienia znad centralnej Arktyki.

EN

The article discusses the spatial and temporal variability of the highs occurrence over Svalbard region in the period 1971–2015. The analysis was based on the average daily sea-level air pressure values obtained from NCEP/NCAR Reanalyses for 12 grid points. The day with pressure values ≥1020hPa and ≥1030hPa became a basic index that shows highs occurrence. As a result, it was determined that number of days when a high pressure system affected weather of the study area is low (49–72 days/year on average) and strong highs were noted sporadically. Annual course of examined days shows that a majority of highs occurrence were recorded during the spring and it was 37–45% and 47–55% of all cases respectively. No specific trends in long-term variability of the anticyclones frequency have been identified during the study period. However, two periods of distinct increased of high pressure systems occurrence were distinguished (1977–1988 and 1995–2010) and they were separated by several years of very strong decline in numbers of examined days. Despite the fact that the analyzed region is not large, the spatial variation of annual and long-term variability of highs occurrence indicates that circulation features of: the zone with dominant cyclonic activity in the North Atlantic, an area of frequent and severe highs from the Greenland and northern Canada, and the zone of high pressure systems from the central Arctic struggle in this region.

18

Charakterystyka zmienności odpływu arktycznej rzeki lodowcowej w sezonie letnim na przykładzie rzeki Waldemara, Svalbard

Nowak M., Sobota I.

Problemy Klimatologii Polarnej

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2016

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Nr 26

71--82

PL

W pracy przedstawiono wybrane elementy zmienności odpływu Rzeki Waldemara (Svalbard) w sezonie letnim 2014 roku. Przeprowadzone badania stanowią kontynuację pomiarów trwających nieprzerwanie od 1996 roku. Przeanalizowano zmienność w sezonie (na podstawie uśrednionych danych dobowych) oraz zmienność w ciągu doby (na podstawie danych godzinowych). Wybrane elementy odpływu nawiązano do przebiegu wybranych elementów meteorologicznych, zarówno w ujęciu ich wpływu na kształtowanie przepływu w sezonie letnim, jak i nagłych zdarzeń znacznie modyfikujących odpływ. W okresie pomiarowym średni przepływ wyniósł 0,72 m3s-1 i wahał się od 0,11 do 1,85 m3s-1. Zmienność odpływu była powiązana głównie z trzema zmiennymi meteorologicznymi: temperaturą powietrza, opadem atmosferycznym i wilgotnością względną. W sezonowym rytmie odpływu stwierdzono zmniejszenie przepływów wraz z czasem. Dobowy rytm odpływu wykazywał cechy typowe dla rzek lodowcowych: maksimum natężenia przepływu występowało w godzinach popołudniowych, minimum zaś w godzinach porannych. Zmienność odpływu Rzeki Waldemara w sezonie letnim 2014 roku była znacznie modyfikowana dwoma epizodami opadowymi, które wystąpiły w drugiej dekadzie lipca oraz w ostatnich dniach sierpnia.

EN

In this work the selected elements of the Waldemar River discharge variations in summer season of 2014 were described. Discharge variability was analyzed in both scales: seasonal (based on daily means) and diurnal (based on hourly means). Runoff course was referenced to the selected meteorological parameters variability in both: their influence on the seasonal scale runoff shaping and sudden events, like rain floods. In the study period mean discharge was 0.72 m3s-1 and ranged from 0.11 to 1.85 m3s-1. General course of the Waldemar River runoff was connected with three meteorological variables: air temperature, precipitation and relative humidity. Correlation coefficients between them and runoff indicate strong relationships. In the seasonal scale the discharge decreasing with time was observed. However, this trend was interrupted several times when the periods of high and low air temperature or rain floods occurred. Daily discharge course was typical for proglacial rivers: maximum discharge was observed in the afternoon while the lowest discharge appeared in the morning. In the daily course evolution a certain regularity was revealed: discharges and its amplitudes were decreasing. It is also worth noting that the Waldemar River runoff course in the summer season of 2014 was strongly interrupted by rain events. Two significant rain floods were observed in days 17.07-20.07 and 28.08. Delay between strong precipitation occurrence and high discharge was small and amounted to 1-2 hours. In relations to the dynamic changes presently observed in glaciered areas the collected data constitutes valuable source of information about conditions and relations of outflow from glacial catchments.

19

Małe sztolnie na polach górniczych kopalń Longyearbyen (Spitsbergen) – raport ze zwiadu terenowego w latach 2012 i 2015

Zagożdżon P. P.

Hereditas Minariorum

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2015

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Vol. 2

123--130

PL

Przedstawiono wybrane wyniki penetracji reliktów górnictwa węgla na polach kopalń Gruve 1b i Gruve 2b w Longyearbyen (Spitsbergen, Svalbard). Opisano widoczne tam pozostałości małych sztolni – wyrobisk o niewielkich rozmiarach, położonych w oddaleniu od głównych zespołów kopalnianych. Opisano dziewięć takich obiektów, niektóre z nich są dobrze zachowane i dostępne na odcinku kilku metrów, wloty innych są zawalone i zakryte osypiskami skalnymi. Poszczególne sztolnie mają szerokość od 60 do 160 cm, ich wysokość zmienia się w granicach 80–160 cm. Przed wlotami niektórych z nich znajdują się, zachowane w różnym stanie, miniaturowe hałdy, zazwyczaj o objętości rzędu kilkudziesięciu metrów sześciennych. Obiekty te mogą być reliktem działalności górniczej z lat 20.–30. XX w. Cykliczna penetracja dostępnych sztolni umożliwia obserwację np. tempa niszczenia elementów obudowy górniczej, szybkości cofania się lodu wypełniającego głębsze części wyrobisk, czy szybkości rozwoju kolonii grzybów.

EN

The report shows selected results of penetration of coal mines’ relics in the fields of Gruve 1b and Gruve 2b mines in Longyearbyen (Spitsbergen, Svalbard) where the remains of the little adits are described. These objects are characterised by small size of drift mouths and are located at a considerable distance from the main mine units. Nine objects have been characterized, some of them well preserved and within several meters from each other, others are collapsed, and their entrances are covered by screes. The width of these adits varies from 60 to 160 cm, with their height in the range of 80–160 cm. In front of the inlets of some of them miniature waste heaps are located. The volume of these dumps is usually worth of tens of cubic meters. These adits may be a relic of mining activities from the twenties and the thirties of the twentieth century. Cyclical penetration of the available adits allows for the observation of the rate of destruction of support elements, the rate of retreat of the ice filling the deeper parts of the drift, and the speed of the development of fungal colonies.

20

The use of mosses in biomonitoring of selected areas in Poland and Spitsbergen In the years from 1975 to 2014

Kłos A., Bochenek Z., Bjerke J. W., Zagajewski B., Ziółkowski D., Ziembik Z., Rajfur M., Dołhańczuk-Śródka A., Tømmervik H., Krems P., Jerz D., Zielińska M.

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S

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2015

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Vol. 22, nr 2

201--218

EN

We have compared historical changes in concentrations of the heavy metals Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb accumulated in samples from the Polish woodlands of Beskidy and Karkonosze (S, SE Poland) and the north-east regions of the country, versus the relatively little polluted areas of Spitsbergen of the Svalbard Archipelago. We have combined the results from literature with new results from 2014. The regions of Beskidy and Karkonosze were the most exposed to heavy metals deposition. However, from 1975 to 2014 there was a considerable decrease of concentrations of Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb at all Polish sites, clearly signifying improvement of environmental quality. For example, the average Cd concentration in mosses samples collected in Karkonosze decreased from 0.002 mg/g in 1975 to 0.0006 mg/g in 2014. It is interesting to observe relatively large concentrations of nickel in moss samples collected in 2014 in the Svalbard archipelago, in the vicinity of Longyearbyen (average 0.018 mg/g) which most likely originate from local mine waste piles.

PL

Przeanalizowano historyczne zmiany stężeń metali ciężkich: Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd i Pb zakumulowanych w próbkach mchów pobieranych do badań w Polsce, na terenach leśnych Beskidów i Karkonoszy oraz w lasach północno-wschodniej części kraju, w odniesieniu do mało zanieczyszczonych obszarów Archipelagu Svalbard, którego największą wyspą jest Spitsbergen. Wyniki badań przedstawianych w literaturze uzupełniono wynikami badań własnych, prowadzonych w 2014 r. Wykazano, że spośród wymienionych obszary Beskidów oraz Karkonoszy były i są najbardziej narażone na depozycję metali ciężkich. Stwierdzono również, że na przestrzeni lat 1975-2014 nastąpiło znaczące zmniejszenie stężeń Cu, Zn, Cd i Pb w mchach porastających wszystkie analizowane obszary na terenie Polski, co świadczy o poprawie jakości środowiska. Dla przykładu, w próbkach mchów pobieranych na obszarze Karkonoszy w 1975 r. średnie stężenie Cd wynosiło 0,002 mg/g, natomiast w 2014 r. średnie stężenie Cd zakumulowanego w mchach było mniejsze od 0,0006 mg/g. Interesujące są stosunkowo duże stężenia niklu w próbkach mchów pobranych w 2014 r. na obszarze Archipelagu Svalbard w pobliżu Longyearbyen (średnia 0,018 mg/g).