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Malacological indicators of anthropogenic and natural environmental changes of the Podhale Basin during the last 2000 years. Studies in the Rogoźnik Stream valley (the Carpathian Mountains, Southern Poland)

Alexandrowicz Witold Paweł, Skoczylas-Śniaz Sylwia, Laskowska Paulina

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

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2023

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Vol. 49, no. 3

261--280

EN

The lithological and malacological studies covered sediments forming the low terrace of the Rogoźnik Stream in the northwest part of the Podhale Basin. This terrace is characterised by a uniform structure within a significant part of the valley. Three layers of gravel and four layers of sandy and silty muds were found there. A rich and diversified malacofauna was discovered in fine-grained sediments. Its analysis allowed us to characterise environmental conditions during sediment deposition. The age of the individual components of the sedimentary sequence was determined by radiocarbon dating. A distinct change was found in the upper intervals of the sequence, corresponding to the warm phase of the Medieval Climate Optimum. This period is associated with the robust development of agriculture, and processes related to human activities became the main factor shaping the environment, influencing the course of geological processes, and changing the taxonomical and ecological structure of the fauna and flora assemblages found in this area.

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Molluscan assemblages in sediments of a landslide on Majerz Hill near Niedzica (Inner Carpathians, Southern Poland) – phases of development and environmental changes

Alexandrowicz Witold Paweł

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

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2022

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Vol. 48, no. 1

51--68

EN

A detailed malacological analysis was made of sediments associated with a small landslide which had developed on the north-eastern slope of Majerz Hill near Niedzica (Inner Carpathians, Southern Poland). The age of the development and environmental changes associated with particular phases of the landslide was determined by means of radiocarbon dating. The analyses made it possible to distinguish two periods of landslide activation falling on the turn of the Early/Middle Holocene and on the Late Holocene (probably on the Iron Age Cold Period). These phases are closely related to periods of increased mass movements, both of landslides and debris flows in other European mountains, stages of glacial advance in the Alps, periods of increased fluvial activity in rivers and elevated water levels in European lakes. The molluscan assemblages also enabled the reconstruction of environmental conditions before the landslide formation, during periods of dormancy, and after the end of its activity.

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Sources of anthropogenic contamination of soil in the Upper Silesian Agglomeration (southern Poland)

Pasieczna Anna, Konon Agnieszka Anna, Nadłonek Weronika

Geological Quarterly

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2020

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Vol. 64, No. 4

988--1003

EN

This assessment of the environmental degradation by toxic chemical elements within the Upper Silesian Industrial Agglomeration of Poland encompasses the impact of mining for base metals and coal and non-ferrous metalurgy, as well as the discharge of industrial and municipal sewage causing strong degradation of the natural environment in the area over the years. The content of the following elements: Ag, Al, As, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, P, Pb, S, Sn, Sr, Ti, V and Zn has been assessed both in the topsoil (0.0-0.3 m) and the subsoil (0.8-1.0 m) of the study area. Concentrations of the elements in the <2 mm soil fraction were analysed using the ICP-OES method after Aqua regia extraction. The soil contamination was assessed based on the enrichment factor (EF) and geo-accumulation index (Igeo). The tests revealed elevated contents of several metals, arsenic and sulphur, exceeding the regional geochemical background levels. Unusually high concentrations of the following elements: As (up to 5,300 mg/kg), Cd (up to 388.8 mg/kg), Cr (up to 1,638 mg/kg), Cu (up to 13,230 mg/kg), Hg (up to 23.44 mg/kg), Mo (up to 93.7 mg/kg), Pb (up to 54,940 mg/kg), Sn (up to 701 mg/kg) and Zn (up to 88,120 mg/kg) were recorded. The highest concentrations of these elements were found in the proximity of smelters and residential areas. The spatial distribution of metals is shown as interpolated data on maps and compared with the locations of mining and industrial sites.

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Zagrożenia osuwiskowe na trasie budowy drogi ekspresowej S-7 na odcinku Lubień–Naprawa (Karpaty fliszowe)

Wójcik Antoni, Jurczak Sebastian, Wnuk Mariusz, Janik Krzysztof

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2019

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Vol. 67, nr 5

388--396

EN

Landslide recognition is an important task for designers and contractors during the road construction process. The problems that contractors often face is insufficient recognition of the geological structure (at the design stage), too small area of purchased land under the "ZRiD’'decision, or the inability of fast responding to emerging threats. The studies described in this article shed more light on the complexity of slope deformation as a result of landslide processes. During the constructing of the expressway S-7, the problems related to deep landslide processes occurred, which most probably were associated with poorly recognized old “rocky-weathering material” type of landslide. The geological survey performed during the construction of this road, confirmed the occurrence of deep (>20 m) displacements, recorded by the inclinometer measurements. These deep displacements are linked to a large landslide with a main scarp located in the region of Mt. Cymbalowa Góra.

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Stateczność stoków osuwiskowych na podstawie pomiarów inklinometrycznych oraz właściwości fizyczno-mechaniczne skał i gruntów na przykładzie osuwisk w Ochojnie i Starym Sączu

Kos Jarosław

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2019

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Vol. 67, nr 5

377--387

EN

In the area of landslides in Ochojno and on Stroma street in Stary S¹cz, geological works were carried out, including determination of geological-engineering parameters, and documentation of slip surface on the basis of the drill core analysis. The obtained results allowed the author to construct computational cross-sections on the basis of which slope stability index factors for each of the landslide areas were calculated. These results were compared with the values of stability index obtained from inclinometer measurements. A proposal for documenting landslide areas was presented, paying particular attention to the proper interpretation of the ground profile. This enables avoiding frequent errors made in preparation of geological-engineering documentation based on shallow ground recognition and improperly conducted drilling system.

6

Impact of air pollution on forest stands in the vicinity of Wodzisław Śląski and Rybnik, Poland

Barniak Joanna, Jureczko Agnieszka

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

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2019

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Vol. 45, no. 4

283--290

EN

Tree-ring analysis was used to investigate the impact of air pollution on forest stands in southern part of the Upper Silesia region of southern Poland. Four about 120 years old Scots pine stands located near Wodzisław Śląski and Rybnik were selected for study and 20 increment core samples from each stand were taken. All study stands were selected based upon their considerable exposure to air and dust pollution. The results of dendrochronological analysis showed strong and significant reductions in tree ring growth especially during the period from 1960 to 1990. A significant number of trees with reductions (85%) was observed in two Scots pine stands both of which are directly exposed to air pollution from mine-owned coking plant and power and heating plants. Since 1990s the improved growth of these pines was clearly noted. A comparison for the period 1970 to 1990 for stands located west from the main emitters’ versus stands east and directly exposed found fewer trees with growth reductions (ca. 40%). At the beginning of the 21st century, a large number of trees in these western stands were observed with growth reductions between 50 and 60%. Probably, these trees were affected by air pollution from a nearby power plant located immediately across the border in the Czech Republic. Relationships between periods of severe reductions in ring width growth or missing rings were noted in a large percentage of pine trees in all four stands; these cross-stand relationships suggested common weather related impacts. Missing rings were noted in 1956, 1963, 1968, 1970, 1971, 1973, 1976 and 1979.

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Record of environmental changes and fluvial phases in the Late Holocene within the area of Podhale (the Carpathians, southern Poland) : studies in the Falsztyński valley

Alexandrowicz Witold Paweł

Geological Quarterly

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2019

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Vol. 63, No. 4

629--642

EN

The Falsztyński valley, in the eastern part of Podhale, Poland includes a low terrace spanning the stream channel, the structure of which has been studied in nine profiles. Five gravel levels and five mud levels with plant and abundant mollusc remains are described, temporally constrained by ten radiocarbon dates. The terrace deposits represent the terminal part of the Atlantic Phase and all of the Late Holocene. The mollusc analysis helped identify phases of environmental change, notably one in the Middle Ages connected with intensive settlement activities in the area of Podhale. These include deforestation, affecting mollusc communities with replacement of forest assemblages by open-country species. The gravel levels records increased fluvial activity periods correlated with humid climate phases. It is possible to distinguish five such periods corresponding to the transition of the Atlantic and Subboreal phases, the middle part of the Subboreal Phase, the transition of the Subboreal and Subatlantic phases, the younger part of the Subatlantic Phase, and the last 200 years. These correspond to the periods of increased fluvial activity in the valleys of other Carpathian rivers.

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Trace metal concentrations in Pleurozium schreberi and Taraxacum officinale along the road No. 7

Korzeniowska Joanna, Ewa Panek

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S

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2019

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Vol. 26, nr 4

651--663

EN

The aim of this study is to test two plant species, the common dandelion Taraxacum officinale and moss Pleurozium schreberi, as bio monitors of trace metal pollution emitted by motor vehicles. The samples of the moss Pleurozium schreberi (green segments) and the common dandelion Taraxacum officinale (leaves) were collected within 12 transects along the state road No. E77 near Chyzne, Sothern Poland. The transects were located on the eastern and western side of the road (downwind and upwind towards prevailing winds), at the following distances from the road: 5, 50, 100, 300 500 and 600 m. Total concentrations of Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sb and Zn in the plant material were determined. The studied species accumulated trace metals in the similar amounts. Statistically significant differences in metal concentrations between two plant species were observed only in the case of Cu and Pb. Copper concentrations were higher in the common dandelion, while the moss Pleurozium schreberi accumulated considerably higher amounts of Pb. There is a statistically significant negative correlation between the trace metal concentrations in plants and the distance to the road. There are also statistically significant differences in concentrations of Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in the common dandelion between the samples collected from the opposite sides of the road: upwind/downwind towards the prevailing wind direction at the distance up to 300 meters. The concentrations are higher on the downwind side of the road.

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Analiza morfotektoniczna form rzeźby osuwiskowej na SW stokach góry Kornuty (Karpaty fliszowe, Beskid Niski)

Zatorski M.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2018

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Vol. 66, nr 2

111--117

EN

On the SW slopes of the Mt. Kornuty (Magura Wątkowska mountain range in the Beskid Niski Mts.) is located one of the largest landslide areas in the Polish Flysch Carpathians. The morphotectonic analysis performed using contour diagrams and rose directional diagrams, made it possible to determine the direction of gravity mass movement. In total, over than 2500 measurements of the spatial orientation of joint surfaces were made within the landslide zone. Changing the direction of the tectonic anisotropy of the in situ and ex situ forms allowed conducting the morphogenetic analysis, i.e. specifying the types of gravitational movements. Besides the commonly occurring toppling, also rockfalls, rotation around the horizontal or vertical axis, and antithetical displacements (thelistric type) were observed. The combination of several types of gravitational movements of different age allows us to unequivocally say that it is a complex type of landslide.

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Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and sedimentological analysis applied to investigation of Upper Jurassic limestones from the Krzeszowice Graben (Kraków Upland, southern Poland)

Woźniak T., Bania G., Mościcki W. J., Ćwiklik M.

Geological Quarterly

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2018

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Vol. 62, No. 2

287--302

EN

This paper highlights the application of shallow non-invasive geophysics (electrical resistivity tomography) supported by sedimentological analysis applied to the investigation, description and interpretation of Upper Jurassic limestones exposed in the abandoned quarry near the village of Tomaszowice (Kraków Upland, southern Poland). Within this site, on the northern margin of the Krzeszowice Graben, a facies diversity of Upper Jurassic limestones can be observed. Field exposures were analysed to broadly characterize these Upper Jurassic limestones in terms of facies and microfacies development. Three facies types, including pelitic limestones, bedded limestones and carbonate gravity-flow deposits, composed of numerous microfacies, have been distinguished. ERT study using a dipole-dipole array has been carried out, along 5 parallel 110 m long profiles and along a perpendicular 110 m long profile, north of the Tomaszowice Quarry wall. The use of ERT in combination with the geological data allowed characterization and description of the geology at the research site as well as the determination of the lithological composition and internal architecture of the subsurface. Furthermore, the ERT interpretation results indicated the presence of a series of a secondary faults closely linked with the Krzeszowice Graben. The distribution of the gravity-flow deposits reflects the fault zone pattern of the graben and Late Jurassic fault activity.

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Analysis of the data set from a two-year observation of the ambient water-soluble ions bound to four particulate matter fractions in an urban background site in Southern Poland

Rogula-Kozłowska W., Majewski G., Czechowski P. O., Rogula-Kopiec P

Environment Protection Engineering

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2017

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Vol. 43, nr 1

137--149

EN

Ten water-soluble ions (F–, Cl–, NO3–, PO43–, SO42–, Na+, NH4+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+), distributed among four fractions of particulate matter, PM, were investigated in an urban background site. The PM was sampled twice a week during a two-year sampling period. Mass distribution among the PM fractions and ambient concentrations of the ten PM-bound ions in the heating and non-heating periods, the seasonal effects in the PM fraction-bound ion concentrations (generalized regression model), and the principal components of all the resulting sets of ambient concentrations (principal component analysis) were determined, discussed, and interpreted in the terms of source apportionment of PM emissions. The formation of secondary inorganic aerosol in transformations of gaseous precursors (e.g., SOx, NOx, NH3) appeared to be most probable and significant source of PM2.5, especially of its sub-fraction PM1–2.5, in the non-heating period. In the heating period, PM and PM2.5 bound water-soluble ions originated mainly from combustion of coal and other solid fuels, or waste. Coarse particles (PM2.5–10 and PM10–40) and some PM2.5–40-bound ions (e.g. Na+, K+, Mg2+) may come from re-suspension of mineral matter and road dust. In some part, coarse PM may consist of mineral and salt particles containing gaseous and semi-volatile compounds.

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Basal till and subglacial conditions at the base of the Upper Odra Lobe (southern Poland) during the Odranian Glaciation

Salamon T.

Geological Quarterly

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2014

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Vol. 58, No. 4

779–-794

EN

The objective of this contribution is detail characteristics of the basal till and the conditions in the base of Upper Odra Lobe. The lobe was formed in a foremountain area. Its central part was a Niemodlin Plain and the W part of the Racibórz Basin, surrounded by areas that have a much more varied relief.Particular attention is paid to the conditions at the ice sheet base, generatingthe dynamics ofglaciermovement. The study is based on analysis of the basal till. Three sites with basal till lying on different types of substratum (more typical for the study area) are presented. The basal till of the Upper Odra Lobe is characterized by spatial variations. Different intensities of its deformation indicate that large lateral differences in conditions occurred in the lobe substratum. The lithology controlled the rate of basal water pressure, and thus the strength of both the subglacial sediments and the ice-bed coupling. Various strain rates in the till profiles indicate that the conditions at the ice-sheet base also changed with time. The ice sheet was highly mobile, even on the coarse-grained substratum. The low permeability of the Quaternary substratum, and the relatively small thickness of the Quaternary sands and gravels resulted in a high water pressure at the ice-sheet base. The movement of the Upper Odra Lobe was concentrated in the basal zone of the ice sheet. The main mechanism of basal motion was sliding and deformation of the subglacial sediments. Deformation probably occurred in restricted areas and did not have a pervasive character.