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The Effect of Pressure on Compaction Process Parameters of Milk Thistle Straw With Binder

Kulig Ryszard

Journal of Research and Applications in Agricultural Engineering

2023

Vol. 68, nr 1

33--39

The results of research on determining the influence of pressure (from 45 to 113 MPa) on the compaction parameters of milk thistle straw (Sylibum marianum) are presented. Raw biomass and biomass containing the addition of a binder in the form of calcium lignosulfonate were investigated. Compaction was carried out using a Z020/TN2S Zwick universal testing machine and a pressing unit with a closed die. It was found that with increasing pressure, the density of material in the chamber and the density of the briquette rises (on average by 33.8%), and the mechanical strength of the finished product grows almost 3.5 times. Increasing the compaction pressure augments the compaction energy demand by an average of 84%. It was shown that the addition of binder increases the density of the briquette (by 22% on average) and raises the mechanical strength by 150% on average.

First detailed quantification of silymarin components in the leaves of Silybum marianum cultivated in egypt during different growth stages

Omar A. A, Hadad G. M, Badr J. M

Acta Chromatographica

2012

Vol. 24, no. 3

463--473

A high performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for the quantitative determination of the active components of silymarin in the leaves of Silybum marianum during different growth stages. In this study, taxifolin and six main active constituents in silymarin, including silydianin, silychristin, diastereomers of silybin (silybin A and B) and diastereomers of isosilybin (isosilybin A and B) were completely separated on a 5-μm ODS column (Luna, Phenomenex, USA) with a mobile phase consisting of methanol and 5 mM NaH2PO4 (pH 3.5 adjusted with phosphoric acid) in a ratio of 45:55 v/v. Quantitation was performed with UV detection at 280 nm, based on peak area. The concentration of each component, as well as the total silymarin concentration was determined and compared with those of the seeds, aiming at optimizing the utilization of the cultivated plant. The developed method was validated with respect to linearity, range, specificity, accuracy, precision, and robustness. The leaves were found to contain such concentrations of silymarin components that the yield is better per field area than that from the seeds. Moreover, the extraction of these components from leaves is nonexpensive and simpler than the extraction from seeds.