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Application of 3-D Velocity Measurement of Vessel by VI-GPS for STS Lightering

Yoo Y., Pedersen E., Tatsumi K., Kouguchi N., Arai Y.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

2009

Vol. 3, no. 1

43--48

A lightering operation is a type of Ship-To-Ship (STS) operation where two ships are together in open waters and transfer the cargo e.g. crude oil, LNG. High skills and experience are required by the human operators as no relevant equipment for determining the relative speeds and distances with sufficient accuracies has been implemented. The officer in charge of an STS lightering takes the decision on adequate maneuvering orders based on predominantly visual observations during the final approach. Landing on all fenders simultaneously is an objective in order to minimize ship-fender contact forces, but this is rather difficult to achieve in practice even in calm sea due to the effect of hydrodynamic interaction when the ships are closing in. Furthermore, currents that are present in the lightering zone add to the operational complexity. A field measurement experiment has been carried out with a Velocity Information GPS (VI-GPS) system installed onboard a ferry approaching port for berthing which is similar to an STS lightering. The paper proposes to apply VI-GPS as input sensor to a decision-support and guidance system aiming to provide accurate velocity information to the officer in charge of an STS operation. It is argued that DOP of VI-GPS is related to the velocity error.

Ship-to-ship operations in cold climate environments

Berg T. E.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

2007

Vol. 1, no. 3

327--332

Within the Norwegian maritime cluster there is a growing interest in studies of harsh weather marine operations. For the oil industry offshore loading is a preferred operation for production at minor oilfields far from existing infrastructure. Safe and cost-effective production from recent oil and gas discoveries close to the coastline of Northern Norway introduces new challenges due to cold climate environments. At the same time increased transit of oil from northwest Russia will require increased ship-toship transfer in an optimized cargo chain from the oilfields to customers in Europe and the USA.