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PL
Zasadniczym celem niniejszego opracowania jest przedstawienie faktów dotyczących wkroczenia wojsk niemieckich na tereny polskie, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem sposobów postrzegania Polski i Polaków przez zwykłych żołnierzy uczestniczących w kampanii wrześniowej po stronie niemieckiej. Intencją autorów jest rzetelne i prawdziwe zobrazowanie odczuć i emocji żołnierzy na podstawie listów oraz meldunków w dziennikach bojowych i kronikach pododdziałowych. Pomimo licznych opracowań dotyczących kampanii wrześniowej 1939 r., obszar ten widziany z perspektywy niemieckiego żołnierza był rzadko opisywany we współczesnej literaturze.
EN
The authors present the circumstances related to the German invasion of Poland during the campaign in September 1939, with special emphasis put on the attitude of Germans towards Poland and Polish people. This is presented on the basis of the letters from Poland to soldiers' families in Germany and reports in company or battalion chronicles. The moment when German soldiers entered Polish towns and villages was a terrible experience for their residents. The behaviour of the invaders was crude and rough: not only was it caused by war, but also by the attitude of Germans towards Poland and Polish people. Poles were perceived as a lower category of people, without any right to defend themselves. Each part of their life was criticised and damaged. Germans' irritation was intensified by Jews living in Poland. The article can be useful for supporting lessons on military history.
2
Content available remote Wyżsi dowódcy Wojska Polskiego w II wojnie światowej
EN
The aim of the article is, basing on source materials and biographical publications, a "joint portrait" of senior commanding staff of the Polish Army (WP) in the Second World War. The author wants to show similarities and differences resulting from the sociological analysis of selected groups of commanders and draw conclusions relating to a general theoretical preparation to perform their duties. This is to present conclusions concerning commanding the Polish Army during World War II. The author assumed that senior Polish Army commanders in the Second World War included those who performed commanding tactical and operational functions in Polish Army brigades and divisions (the Great Unit - as it was called during the between-the-war time), operational groups commanders in the September campaign, corps commanders of the Polish Armed Forces (PZS) in the West and the East and the army, navy and air force commanders, commanders-in chief and the Supreme Commander of the Polish Army. In general, 231 senior commanders have been analysed including 76 commanders of the September Campaign of 1939, 73 of the Polish Armed Forces in the West and 82 of the Polish Armed Forces in the East. The characteristics of senior commanding staff due to its background, nationality, age, education and military preparation allowed to draw the following conclusions: the traditions, idea and doctrine of war operations that were shared and according to which Polish senior military commanders were educated before the World War II disproved; the polish Armed Forces in the West and East command was connected with the political - military situation that the Polish Army was in; in spite of the fact that the system of troops command changed in the course of the war, the general knowledge and practice allowed Polish commanders to adapt to new circumstances and changes in waging the war; the will of fighting and determination were the main characteristics of the Polish Army commanders in the Second World War.
12
Content available remote Armia Czerwona we wrześniu 1939 roku
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