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1 2025

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Lightweight and scalable security for wireless IoT systems: challenges and research directions

Migwi Daniel, Romaniuk Ryszard S.

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications

2025

Vol. 71, No. 3

The rise of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) has redefined the modern digital infrastructure by enabling real-time sensing, decision making, and automation across diverse sectors. However, this rapid evolution has introduced unprecedented security challenges due to constrained computational resources, heterogeneous device environments, and wide-scale deployment of IoT nodes. This research provides a comprehensive review of lightweight and scalable security mechanisms tailored for wireless IoT systems, with a focus on practical deployment realities. It begins by outlining the security requirements and architectural constraints specific to IoT devices and then evaluates the security capabilities and vulnerabilities of commonly used wireless communication protocols. Emphasis is placed on the limitations of current implementations and protocol-level security inconsistencies. To address these gaps, the paper explores lightweight cryptographic techniques, particularly the NIST-approved Ascon algorithm suite, assessing its adaptability to resource-constrained environments. The discussion extends into scalable key management mechanisms and then investigates the challenges of large-scale deployment. It concludes by identifying future research areas that integrates security within broadersystem goals.