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Aerodynamic investigation on the artefact “bird of Saqqara”

Zierow Michel, Lesemann Leon

Acta Mechanica et Automatica

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2023

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Vol. 17, no. 3

405--409

EN

Lost, technical knowledge of ancient cultures is being rediscovered in modern times during archaeological excavations. A presumed example of the innovative power of ancient cultures is the artefact “Bird of Saqqara”. In the context of this paper, the aerodynamic characteristics of the artefact are to be determined by a computational fluid simulation, in order to be able to make a statement about the actual flight suitability and to examine the theses of the pre-astronautics critically. Based on a 3D scan, a CAD model of the artefact is created and then a numerical flow simulation is performed. By varying the angle of attack, the dimensionless coefficients can be represented in corresponding polars. The results show that the artefact has a low maximum glide ratio and thus the glide properties are not sufficient for use as a handglider. The centre of gravity of the artefact is located at the trailing edge of the wing and behind the neutral point. The resulting longitudinal stability does not meet modern specifications. Asymmetric lift distribution in the spanwise direction results in uncontrolled roll. Consequently, the artefact cannot fly a straight path. Within the scope of this work, the connection between the “Bird of Saqqara” and an alleged knowledge of aerodynamics in ancient Egypt could not be confirmed.

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Sedimentary environment of the Early Pleistocene Gravels of the Edfu Formation from the Saqqara archaeological site (Egypt) – preliminary results

Wysocka A., Welc F., Czarniecka U.

Studia Quaternaria

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2016

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Vol. 33, Nr 1

69--78

EN

A gravel horizon is preserved in several locations within the world-wide known archaeological site in Saqqara (northern Egypt). It is characterized by a variable thickness, composed of coarse, quartz, quartzitic and flint pebbles, and considered to correspond to gravels of the Edfu Formation, deposited in the Early Pleistocene by the early phase of the Nile development (Protonile Phase). This relatively short (ca. 200 ka) and at the same time very dynamic period of Protonile activity during the Edfu Pluvial is one of the most poorly recognized hydrological-climatic episodes of the Quaternary in north-eastern Africa. This paper is focused on the preliminary sedimentological-petrographic characteristics of these deposits and an attempt to indicate their source areas as well as mechanisms of transportation and deposition in the context of Pleistocene pluvial episodes.

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Architectural innovations influenced by climatic phenomena (4.2 ka event) in the Late Old Kingdom (Saqqara, Egypt)

Kuraszkiewicz K. O.

Studia Quaternaria

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2016

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Vol. 33, Nr 1

27--34

EN

The work of the Polish-Egyptian Archaeological Mission at Saqqara revealed a cemetery of palace officials that was in use during the late Old Kingdom. The evidence found during the exploration of the tombs indicates that the tomb builders were aware of the problems resulting from torrential rains in last years of functioning of the cemetery and that architectural solutions have been invented against these problems. The discussed phenomena seem to be directly related to the 4.2 ka event.

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Applicability of ground penetrating radar on desert archaeological sites: a case study from the Saqqara necropolis in Egypt

Welc F, Mieszkowski R., Kowalczyk S., Trzciński J.

Studia Quaternaria

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2014

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Vol. 31, Nr 2

133--141

EN

This paper presents the preliminary results of ground penetrating radar sounding applied at the desert archaeological site in Saqqara (Egypt). The survey was carried out in 2012 within a project realized by Institute of Archaeology, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw and the Faculty of Geology, University of Warsaw. One of the key aims of the research was testing the application of ground penetrating radar to non-invasive surveys of desert archaeological sites. Radargrams obtained for area of so called the Dry Moat channel surrounding the Step Pyramid complex have shown the geological structure of its filling. It comprises among others debris-sand conglomerate of diluval origin characterized by a significant content of the clay fraction and clay minerals. Such lithological content strongly attenuate the propagation of EM waves, restricting the depth range of the GPR survey. The conducted geophysical prospection west to the Step Pyramid in Saqqara has confirmed the high applicability of the GPR method in non-invasive studies of vast architectural structures, such as the monumental ditch surrounding the Step Pyramid known as the Dry Moat. It should summarised that high horizontal resolution obtained during GPR survey is a result of local geological structure of the searched area, i.e. strong lithological contrast of the sediments filling the Dry Moat, which, depending on their mineralogical composition.

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Saqqara: some remarks on flora from funerary context

Radomska M.

Studia Quaternaria

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2013

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Vol. 30, Nr 2

91--98

EN

An extensive Ptolemaic cemetery west of the Step Pyramid in Saqqara (Egypt), excavated since 1987 by a Polish mission headed by Karol Myśliwiec, has inspired the present study. Over 500 burials have been found so far in strata overlying the Old Kingdom necropolis. The aim of the paper is to present the plant remains discovered in burial contexts in 1987-2012 in the so-called Upper Necropolis. It emphasizes the results of their archaeobotanical analyses. The effects of research on plant remains from the Lower Necropolis are presented here to be used as a 2000 years older comparative material.

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Geophysical survey (GPR) in West Saqqara (Egypt) preliminary remarks

Welc F, Trzciński J., Kowalczyk S., Mieszkowski R.

Studia Quaternaria

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2013

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Vol. 30, Nr 2

99--108

EN

Geophysical investigations in West Saqqara area were part of the archaeological field work of the Polish Egyptian archaeological mission during the campaign in 2012. The main purpose of geophysical prospection using the ground-penetrating radar (GPR) was to deter mine the location of potential underground sepulchral structures. During the GPR survey, optimal depth penetration was achieved due to dry rocks and monolithic structure of the lime stone plateau on which the ancient cemetery was located. Using antenna of 100 MHz, the depth of penetration was up to 45 m and with antenna of 250 MHz, up to 15 meters. Three main groups of archaeological structures were identified: sarcophagi and mummies, burial shafts; mobile objects (solid rock blocks as fragments of tombs). One of the main goal of the GPR survey was to track the route of the western part of the Dry Moat, expressed by a wide and shallow depression spreading to -wards north-south. The results of geo physical investigations suggest that Saqqara plateau is an ideal site for using GPR surveying technology.

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Geoarchaeological and environmental work at the sacred animal necropolis, north Saqqara, Egypt

Nicholson P T, Harrison J, Ikram S, Early E, Qin Y.

Studia Quaternaria

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2013

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Vol. 30, Nr 2

83--89

EN

This paper summarises work undertaken during the Catacombs of Anubis project which has examined the Dog Catacomb at North Saqqara. It examines the condition and natural decay of the monument as well as looking at the environs of the Lake of Abusir at the northern end of the site.

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Evidence for late third millennium weather events from a Sixth Dynasty tomb at Saqqara

Sowada K

Studia Quaternaria

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2013

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Vol. 30, Nr 2

69--74

EN

During excavations in 1996 on a tomb in the Teti Cemetery at Saqqara by the Australian Centre for Egyptology (Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia), evidence of ancient weather events was revealed. The tomb belonged to the high official Inumin, who late in his career served as vizier of King Pepy I of the Sixth Dynasty. Over a metre of eolian sand sealed by extensive laminated silt deposits in the subterranean burial chamber was the result of a sustained dry windy period, followed by a short period of intense rainfall. These events are dated on stratigraphic grounds to the Late Old Kingdom - early First Intermediate Period. Evidence of the same weather event was recorded near the enclosure of Netjerykhet Djoser at Saqqara, which was dated by the excavators to the 23rd century BC.

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Archaeology meeting geophysics on Polish excavations in Egypt

Myśliwiec K

Studia Quaternaria

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2013

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Vol. 30, Nr 2

45--59

EN

The article presents the results of archaeological excavations in two locations where geophysical surveys were carried out for the first time on Polish excavations in Egypt: Tell Atrib (ancient Athribis in Lower Egypt) and Saqqara (west of the pyramid of Djoser). It emphasizes the interdependence of archaeological and geophysical research. Particularly interesting were the results of three geophysical surveys made in Saqqara in 1987, 1997 and 2012 by three different teams using different methods. All of them helped identifying archaeological structures in two subsequent layers corresponding to two periods: a) Old Kingdom (lower stratum) with rock-hewn tombs of high officials; b) Ptolemaic Period with hundreds of burials found in a layer of sand (upper stratum).