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1

Understanding the interrelation between the Safety of Life at Sea Convention and Certain IMO’s Code

Guevara D., Dalaklis D.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2021

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Vol. 15 No. 2

381--389

EN

Over the last few decades, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) has very heavily utilized the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), 1974 Convention as the main legal instrument (and implementation tool) concerning safety at sea for merchant vessels engaged in international trade. During this more than a century of existence and continuous improvement of the Convention, wide-ranging safety risks have been addressed via SOLAS and certain relevant “supporting” Codes, covering for example the issues of design, construction and equipment of ships, as well as paving the way for the introduction of a structured framework of operational procedures that ensures a high level of professional performance for the crew onboard those seagoing vessels (the International Management Code for the Safe Operation of Ships and for Pollution Prevention-ISM Code) and even including human factors topics. Until this point in time, the IMO has developed the SOLAS Convention with fourteen (14) chapters that are covering all the main risks associated with shipping operations and are working in parallel with other related Conventions and Codes to enhance the level of safety at sea, under a holistic approach that is working under the principle of interrelation. This paper aims to briefly discuss SOLAS’ history of development and highlight just a few of those important risks that this Convention is addressing, with certain emphasis on the topic of “safety of navigation”. Apart from helping to understand the way this Convention and other IMO’s legal instruments are interrelated, it will also provide a few educated guesses about the “upcoming” challenges that in the near future should also be included into the scope of the SOLAS, with the topic of Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MAAS) clearly standing out.

2

Research study and the model for improving the safety of navigation when using the AIS

Medić D., Bukljaš M., Bošnjak R., Vukša S.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2021

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Vol. 15 No. 3

577--582

EN

The use of the Automatic Identification System (AIS) devices for ensuring the safety of navigation and the errors occurring when using AIS equipment have been the focus of a number of research studies. The users of AIS equipment installed onboard sea-going vessels are required to familiar with the proper use of the devices and potential errors that may occur. A significant problem revealed in this study is the lack of understanding of potential error sources and the necessity to eliminate such errors prior to transmission of the AIS data message reading of the errors and failure to update the data processed by the AIS system. This results in a hypothesis on the insufficient training of seafarers and their familiarisation with the AIS devices and errors. This research is aimed at increasing the safety of navigation in the Adriatic Sea, as well as other seas, i.e. better accident prevention and protection of human life and material property at sea. The results produced by the research are used as an input for creating a model for enhancing the safety of navigation when using the AIS, through additional training of the seafarers.

3

The Safety Level Analysis of the SWIM System in Air Traffic Management

Krzykowska K., Siergiejczyk M., Rosiński A.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2016

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Vol. 10, no. 1

85--91

EN

Safety level analysis is included in the paper in context of SWIM system in air traffic management. The example is given. It examines the limitations and drawbacks of current ICT systems used for air traffic management. Analyzing the development of communication systems for the management of general air traffic, it can be concluded that the development of the terrestrial segment of the exchange of information between the parties relating to the air traffic will fluctuate towards a solution based on a service-oriented architecture SOA. This architecture will be the basis for the implementation of the concept of an information exchange system SWIM.

4

Safety of Navigation During Dynamic Positioning on Mobile Water Transport Objects

Gabruk R., Tsymbal M.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2016

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Vol. 10, no. 1

59--67

EN

This paper presents an innovation methodology for quantity assessment the safety of dynamic positioning in locally confined area of technological work performance under nonlinear dynamic disturbances of environmental factors. The methodology is based on new integrated paradigm of prediction coordinated components interactions, which form dynamic positioning system. Proposed methodology implementation effect is based on the analysis of complex models that form the knowledge base. The comprehensive reserve of controllable thruster’s reactions was adopted as quantitative characteristic of dynamic positioning safety.

5

Identifying and Analyzing Safety Critical Maneuvers from High Resolution AIS Data

Mestl T., Tallakstad K.T., Castberg R.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2016

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Vol. 10, no. 1

69--77

EN

We demonstrate the value in previously disregarded parameters in AIS data, and present a novel way of quickly identifying and characterizing potentially safety critical situations for vessels with a properly configured AIS transponder. The traditional approach of studying (near) collision situations, is through vessel conflict zones, based on vessel location and speed from low resolution AIS data. Our approach utilizes the rate of turn parameter in the AIS signal, at maximum time resolution. From collision investigation reports it is often seen that prior to or at collision navigators perform frenetic rudder actions in the hope to avoid collision in the last second. These hard maneuverings are easily spotted as non-normal rate of turn signals. An identified potential critical situation may then be further characterized by the occurring centripetal acceleration a vessel is exposed to. We demonstrate the novelty of our methodology in a case study of a real ship collision. As the rate of turn parameter is directly linkable to the navigator behavior it provides information about when and to what degree actions were taken. We believe our work will therefore inspire new research on safety and human factors as a risk profiles could be derived based on AIS data.

6

Conceptual Grounds of Navigation Safety

Torskiy V., Topalov V., Chesnokova M.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2016

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Vol. 10, no. 1

79--82

EN

The most important global problem being solved by the whole world community nowadays is to provide sustainable mankind development. Recent research in the field of sustainable development states that civilization safety is impossible without transfer sustainable development. At the same time, sustainable development (i.e. preservation of human culture and biosphere) is impossible as a system that serves to meet economical, cultural, scientific, recreational and other human needs without safety. Safety plays an important role in sustainable development goals achievement. An essential condition of effective navigation functioning is to provide its safety. The “prescriptive” approach to the navigation safety, which is currently used in the world maritime field, is based on long-term experience and ship accidents investigation results. Thus this approach acted as an the great fact in reduction of number of accidents at sea. Having adopted the International Safety Management Code all the activities connected with navigation safety problems solution were transferred to the higher qualitative level. Search and development of new approaches and methods of ship accidents prevention during their operation have obtained greater importance. However, the maritime safety concept (i.e. the different points on ways, means and methods that should be used to achieve this goal) hasn't been formed and described yet. The article contains a brief review of the main provisions of Navigation Safety Conceptions, which contribute to the number of accidents and incidents at sea reduction.

7

Ship Collision Avoidance by Distributed Tabu Search

Kim D., Hirayama K., Okimoto M.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2015

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Vol. 9, no. 1

23--29

EN

More than 90% of world trade is transported by sea. The size and speed of ships is rapidly increasing in order to boost economic efficiency. If ships collide, the damage and cost can be astronomical. It is very difficult for officers to ascertain routes that will avoid collisions, especially when multiple ships travel the same waters. There are several ways to prevent ship collisions, such as lookouts, radar, and VHF radio. More advanced methodologies, such as ship domain, fuzzy theory, and genetic algorithm, have been proposed. These methods work well in one-on-one situations, but are more difficult to apply in multiple-ship situations. Therefore, we proposed the Distributed Local Search Algorithm (DLSA) to avoid ship collisions as a precedent study. DLSA is a distributed algorithm in which multiple ships communicate with each other within a certain area. DLSA computes collision risk based on the information received from neighboring ships. However, DLSA suffers from Quasi-Local Minimum (QLM), which prevents a ship from changing course even when a collision risk arises. In our study, we developed the Distributed Tabu Search Algorithm (DTSA). DTSA uses a tabu list to escape from QLM that also exploits a modified cost function and enlarged domain of next-intended courses to increase its efficiency. We conducted experiments to compare the performance of DLSA and DTSA. The results showed that DTSA outperformed DLSA.

8

Safety of Navigation on the Approaches to the Ports of the Republic of Poland on the Basis of the Radar System on the Aerostat Platform

Szafran K., Kramarski I.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2015

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Vol. 9, no. 1

129--134

EN

The report depicts technical and organizational possibilities with an aim to increase situational awareness and sea travel safety on the entry to Polish seaports on the base of the dedicated radar system on the aerostat platform. The radar system based on the aerostat can work at the altitude of 3,000 meters, which allows detecting sea vessels and low level flying aircrafts in the range of 150 nm and more. The aerostat based in Siemirowice gives opportunities to monitor movements of sea vessels all over the South Baltic Sea, starting with the Lithuanian seaside with Klaipeda seaport in the east where the sea enters Zatoka Gda?ska and Trójmiasto seaports, movements along the whole Polish seaside up to Sund Straid near Copenhagen and sea routes all along south Swedish coast. On those bases, it is possible to observe movements of sea transports of special interest including Maersk’s big container vessels and gas delivering vessels to Lithuania and to ?winouj?cie. The proposed radar system is using solutions of towed aerostats tested in working conditions which are exploited by the United States of America to monitor its border with Mexico and to observe movements of sea vessels and low flying aircrafts around Florida Peninsula and Puerto Rico islands on the Caribbean. The radar systems used by the USA are depicted with organizational rules of their exploitation. Advantages and these advantages of such a radar system were depicted and some information about dangers related to aerostat’s exploitation is also provided. Additional possibilities of using the radar system based on the aerostat are depicted in the role of a new and important part of the country’s defense system.

9

Magnetic Compass in Modern Maritime Navigation

Lushnikov E.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2015

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Vol. 9, no. 4

539--543

EN

This article looks into the role of magnetic compass in providing the navigational safety of the ship. Existing requirements for the magnetic compass at the presence of satellite navigation are not economically justified. Therefore, a new rational requirement is proposed for the accuracy and frequency of deviation compensation work assuring the safety of navigation and cost-effectiveness. The proposed method has been verified by a lab experiment.

10

Interaction of Harsh Weather Operation and Collision Avoidance in Autonomous Navigation

Burmeister H.-C., Bruhn W. C., Walther L.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2015

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Vol. 9, no. 1

31--40

EN

Taking into account the autonomous navigation system design and today’s state of the art navigation with regards to weather and collision avoidance this paper presents the architecture of the integrated approach, its links to existing rules and regulations and the test scenarios. These demonstrate how safe and efficient navigation of autonomous vessels can be achieved by showing the module's interaction and validating the feasibility of the approach. These analyses will be based on historical traffic data sets as well as simulation results.

11

Influence of Automatic Identification System on Safety of Navigation at Sea

Stupak T.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2014

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Vol. 8, no. 3

337--341

EN

Detection of small crafts/targets, in particular, sailing yachts with the ship's radar is not always possible. Radar reflectors are used to improve their detection. The AIS (Automatic Identification System) transmits position, motion vector and identification signals of a vessel to other ships and VTS (Vessel Traffic Services) centers . This system significantly increases the possibility to detect small crafts. The paper presents results of comparative study of using information from the Automatic Identification System and from radar to determine the accuracy of tracking the position and motion vector of ships in the Gulf of Gdansk. Possibilities and limitations of the AIS are also presented.

12

Study on Shipping Safety Strategy Based on Accident Forecast Model

Meng X.Y., Bai Y. M., Han X. J.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2010

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Vol. 4, no. 3

261--264

EN

The factors which would cause shipping accidents are analyzed in detail and a model which can forecast shipping accidents is studied in this paper. During navigation, all the factors are integrated and calcu-lated in this model which then estimate and speculate on the risk degree of collision for the own ship. Finally, the risk level and the possibility of shipping accidents can be forecasted in real-time. The proposed accident forecast model can estimate the possibility of collision with other ships or objects in a specific domain. Meanwhile, the external environment such as weather, stream, etc. is taken into account in the model. Be-sides, the validity of navigators’ orders can also be evaluated in the model which consequently can forecast different kinds of shipping accidents effectively in that most of the factors which cause shipping accidents have been involved in the proposed model. With the accident forecast model, the shipping safety would be improved greatly. A practical example demonstrates the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed strate-gy.

13

Knowledge Representation in a Ship’s Navigational Decision Support System

Pietrzykowski Z., Uriasz J.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2010

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Vol. 4, no. 3

265--270

EN

Supporting the navigator in decision making processes may substantially contribute to the enhancement of the safety in sea transport. The navigational decision support system supplements the existing range of equipment and systems intended for sea-going ship conduct. One of the basic tasks of such systems is an analysis of a navigational situation and solving collision situations. A well functioning navigational decision support system should feature a decision-maker’s (navigator’s) knowledge representation. This refers to both explicit knowledge - procedural, declarative, heuristic, and tacit knowledge - empirical associations. The article presents assumptions of navigational knowledge base and its realization in the presently designed navigational decision support system.

14

The Present and Expected Changes in Maritime Safety, Security and Defense Functions

Urbański J., Morgas W., Miesikowski M.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2009

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Vol. 3, no. 1

11--17

EN

In this paper, an attempt has been made to present the subject and state of the three main functions of each maritime country; these are: the maritime safety, maritime security and maritime defense functions. There have been also discussed the subjects of these functions as well as the reasons and process of the closest and closest cooperation between these functions, and even the merger of these functions in one maritime function, i.e. in the maritime safety, security and defense functions Especially quickly proceeds the merger of the maritime security and maritime defense functions in one maritime function, i.e. in maritime security and defense function.

15

Study on Ships Safety Control System

Han X. J., Meng X. Y., Wang Z. W.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2009

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Vol. 3, no. 1

19--22

EN

The proportion of main reasons of ships accidents to the whole reasons is discussed in the paper. Among these reasons, human factors are in the majority. So a method to prevent wrong orders sent by a navigator is laid emphasis on. On the basis of this, a ships safety control system is studied. The construction and control principle of the ships safety control system, as well as control strategy, implementation method and key technology are elaborated in the paper.

16

Safety of Navigation and Spatial Planning at Sea

Hajduk J.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2009

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Vol. 3, no. 3

261--266

EN

Until recently the concept of spatial planning concerned only land areas, chaos prevailing at sea in this scope. Vessel routes were selected by the Master on the principle of “freedom of navigation”. It was similar with the submarine routes of pipelines and cables, wind farm construction zones, excavation of aggregates, or the conduct of any human activity at sea. A systemic approach is introduced and preferred currently, which is to take into consideration the natural conditions and human achievements on one hand, and look ahead on the other, systematising procedural ac-tivities and minimising possible conflicts of interests among potential users of the sea.

17

Marine Navigation Using Expert System

Nikitakos N., Fikaris G.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2009

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Vol. 3, no. 3

251--259

EN

A ship’s autopilot adjustment is a matter of utmost importance since it affects its safety, command as well as fuel and time efficiency. A number of methods have been developed in order to cope with this issue usually based on models that simulate the weather conditions and adjust the device accordingly. Some of them have a considerable degree of success but none dealt with the problem completely. The main obstacles are the difficulty of simulating the infinite weather and loading conditions and to properly represent them with mathematical equations or rules. This paper describes a method of selecting the best out of a pre-existing set of configurations, taking into account any weather situation, loading condition and type of ship. Moreover, the selected configuration can improve itself during the entire life cycle of the vessel, since it fine tunes its properties for better results. This approach uses Case Based Reasoning as its core technology and is a part of a hybrid system that analyses and solves prefixed problems of maritime interest.

18

Contemporary Problems of Navigation Nearly Pole

Lushnikov E.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2009

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Vol. 3, no. 2

149--151

EN

The problem of navigation at geographical poles is considered. Means and methods of its realization are offered within the framework of classical navigation. Brings an attention to the question on production of pseudomercator's navigational charts.

19

On an Advanced Shipboard Information and Decision-making System for Safe and Efficient Passage Planning

Hansen S. V., Pedersen E.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2008

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Vol. 2, no. 1

69--73

EN

Shipboard weather information and decision-support systems have been developed to assist the officer on watch by supplying dedicated weather forecasts along a planned route. An added value can be achieved by combining an existing system with functionalities providing information about the ship’s performance in a seaway and an optimum routing algorithm. This paper describes functionalities for predicting slamming, green water on deck, synchronous and parametric roll and the implementation in an existing system to support safe and efficient ocean passage planning. A full scale test on board a container ship crossing the North Atlantic Ocean has been carried out in order to gain operational experience for evaluation of the concept. Further testing is required for validation purposes.

20

New Development of Ships Routeing in Chinese Navigable Waterways

Hui M., Zhaolin W., Zhengjiang Liu

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2008

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Vol. 2, no. 2

127--130

EN

After entering 21 century Chinese waterborne transportation keep high speed development, mmarine traffic order and marine traffic safety become more important issues. In order to enhance marine traffic safety and efficiency, ships routeing systems were implemented in important navigable waters in recent years. After implementation of these ships routeing systems, evaluations on the effects are carried and prove that these ships routeing systems have got obvious effects both on safety and economic efficiency.