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1

A multiple case study of METI cybersecurity education and training: A basis for the development of a guiding framework for educational approaches

Bacasdoon J., Bolmsten J.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2022

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Vol. 16 No. 2

319--334

EN

Cyberattacks have become a serious global concern, effecting enormous losses to different sectors. In the shipping business, major companies report violations to their operations’ integrity and security, and losing great amounts of money. While the International Maritime Organization (IMO), through the International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW) 1978, as amended, is yet to release a standard for the cybersecurity education and training of seafarers, some maritime education and training institutions (METIs) have acted proactively and included cybersecurity knowledge and skills in their curricular offerings. This study looked into the cybersecurity course offerings of four METIs that served as the case studies of the researchers. In particular, the following objectives were addressed: the cybersecurity knowledge and skills included in their curriculum; the importance of the cybersecurity knowledge and skills to seafarers; and the educational approaches of the METIs in delivering their topics on cybersecurity. The first and third objectives were answered using different sources of qualitative data, including document analysis, interview and direct observation. The quantitative approach, in the form of a survey questionnaire, was used to address the second objective. The METIs, though not the same in content, were found to have included cybersecurity knowledge and skills in their curriculum. These knowledge and skills were perceived to be very important by seafarers. Similar to the content of their courses, the METIs delivered their cybersecurity courses by employing varied educational approaches. To address the gap on the lack of cybersecurity course design and delivery minimum standards, a framework in the shape of a lantern is developed and proposed to guide maritime courses designers, in particular, and other course designers, in general.

2

Reducing a human factor in cruise ships accidents by Improving crew competences

Gundić A., Vujičić S., Maglić L., Grbić L.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2021

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Vol. 15 No. 2

415--421

EN

In recent decades, there has been noticed a continuous growth of passengers on cruise ships. Technical as well as technological development follow this growth side to side as far as construction, transport of passengers and strict legal regulations are concerned. However, recent maritime accidents, such as the Costa Concordia’s accident, question the level of maritime safety on cruise ships. Maritime accidents on cruise ships are almost entirely linked to human factor, directly or indirectly. Apart from the parameters affecting human factor, the literature mentions very frequently the importance of education, training and crew competences in the process of reducing the number of maritime accidents. However, very few researches have been done on competences that can affect strongly the level of maritime safety on cruise ships, i.e., that can reduce the effects of human factor on it. The purpose of this study was to find a connection between reducing the effects of human factor on accidents and the crew competences on cruise ships. The research lasted for two years and consisted of two phases. Qualitative as well as quantitative methods of analysis were used in both phases. Competences that are the essential part of obligatory programmes the crew members on cruise ships have to master, and that are prescribed by the STCW Convention were analysed in the first part of the research. The second part of the research analysed competences that are essential part of programmes resulting from the cruise companies’ demands. Cruise companies have defined and determined additional programmes and competences that seafarers, navigating on their ships, have to complete and develop. The aim of the research was to determine what type of competences the cruise companies look for through additional education programmes and to determine the amount of time needed to develop them.

3

ISTLAB – new way of utilizing a simulator system in testing & demonstration of intelligent shipping technology and training of future maritime professionals

Ahvenjärvi S., Lahtinen J., Löytökorpi M., Marva M. M.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2021

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Vol. 15 No. 3

569--574

EN

Exploitation of new technology has a strong impact on the role of the human maritime professional. New knowledge and new skills are needed. This is a challenge for institutions responsible for education of the maritime professionals. The education system is challenged by the following facts: Firstly, the typical lifetime of a commercial ship is several times longer than the typical age of a generation of a computer-based system or application. Secondly, the graduating student should possess necessary skills and knowledge to work efficiently and safely on board a 30-year-old ship and a brand-new ship with the latest technology. Thirdly, the STCW convention by IMO must be strictly applied in education of seafarers, which makes it difficult for the education institutions to include necessary contents on the latest technology in the curriculum. In this paper, the challenge of education of maritime professionals is discussed and the possibilities of modern simulator technology in testing and demonstration of intelligent shipping solutions and in training of seafarers are presented. Satakunta University of Applied Sciences has established a simulator-based environment, called Intelligent Shipping Technology Test Laboratory (ISTLAB), for development of new applications and for training of maritime professionals to cope with emerging intelligent shipping solutions such as remote monitoring and control of ships and remote pilotage. The structure and functions of the ISTLAB system, remote pilotage as its primary use case, and possible ways of using it in research and education are presented. International co-operation in research of remote pilotage is discussed in the end of the paper.

4

Determining competences in MET of ship officers

Gundić A., Zupanovic D., Grbić L., Barić M.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2021

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Vol. 15 No. 2

343--348

EN

Organizational structure of a ship changes under the influence of technological development. Processes on board a ship change as well. Major change refers to the role of the crew and consequently leads to the change of a method of determining competences. Equipment and working processes are becoming more complicated. They have a strong impact on the crew, i.e. on their competences. Competences prescribed in STCW Convention are not in accordance with the changed role of the crew in the processes on board. In STCW Convention, competences have been grouped according to the ship’s functions at different levels of responsibility. Competences have not been prescribed on the basis of the working processes within a system. Such a situation has led to the absence of the proper upgrade of needed competences. Based on the analysis of the functional organizational structure of a ship, the paper suggests more elaborated approach to defining competences. Such an approach links competences with equipment and working processes on board a ship.

5

The importance of reporting all the occurred near misses on board: the seafarers’ perception

Georgoulis G., Nikitakos N.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2019

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Vol. 13, no. 3

657--662

EN

Improvement of maritime safety has previously been based on a reactive regulatory approach, where regulatory improvements have been imposed to prevent recurrence of a specific type of accidental event or accidental scenario, after such an accidental event has happened. The ISM Code requires that hazardous situations are to be reported to the company, investigated and analyzed in order to prevent future happenings. Near-miss reporting is positively evaluated in this respect, because, near-misses are represented experiences and mistakes that should be shared to learn from in order to prevent the occurrence of accidents. The expression “that was too close” on ships’ bridges between the master and the officers is rarely transferred to a near miss report form, preserving the probability of reoccurrence. Near misses occurred and near misses reported might present a big difference in number. Officers easily forget the near miss situation when the safety of the ship is restored. Hazards identification will be based on documented management system (SMS- TMSA- ISO). The analysis of the documented safety and quality management will address the gap in order to improve the implemented systems. The objective of this research is to find out the best practices about near-miss reporting from the companies considered to have high level of commitment to safety within their organization. The study is based on interviews with a total of 35 seafarers who are joining on Greek ocean going vessels, and 4 representatives from safety departments of Greek maritime companies. The research also aims to address the seafarers’ perspective of reporting all near misses which have been experienced while they were in charge of specific duties (bridge watch, engine room watch) or any other operation (mooring, maintenance, drill) carried out on board. The majority of both the seafarers and the companies’ representatives believe that prior to the near miss reporting issue a safety culture environment on board is the real gain pursuit. In their perspective this is first priority to improve the general safety on board. It seems that near miss reporting is carried out on board as a compulsory compliance to the regulatory framework (ISM implementation). Further, it seems that the companies are not yet utilizing the reported data to improve feedback and the follow-up within the organization. The authors would like to thank companies’ representatives and seafarers who have participated in this study.

6

Difficulties in understanding the COLREGs among the students from different systems of education for seafarers

Ivanišević D., Gundić A., Mohović D.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2019

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Vol. 13. no. 4

869--873

EN

The paper shows the results of the research conducted in order to analyse the differences in understanding the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea among the students in countries practising two different systems of education for seafarers: the so-called “sandwich system” and the continuing system. Methods of learning as well as their effect on understanding the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea and students’ opinions on efficient methods of learning have also been analysed. Furthermore, the problems the teachers are facing have been identified. Measures for the improvement of the system have been proposed as well.

7

Certifying navigational skills: A video-based study on assessments in simulated environments

Sellberg C., Lindmark O., Lundin M.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2019

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Vol. 13. no. 4

881--886

EN

In Maritime Education and Training (MET) where students are trained for professions with high standards of safety, the use of simulators is taken to provide opportunities for safe and cost-effective training. Although the use of simulators for training and certifying technical proficiency and so-called non-technical skills is well established and regulated by international standards, previous research suggests that simulator-based assessment has been poorly implemented in the MET system. Now the challenge is to contribute with knowledge about how to conduct consistent, unbiased, and transparent assessments of navigational skills and competencies. However, in current research it is not evident how training of non-technical skills in simulated environments should be assessed. The aim of this study is to explore the pedagogical challenges instructors face when assessing students’ navigational skills and competencies in a simulated environment. The study is based on video-recorded data from the certification part in a navigation course for second year master mariner students. A situated approach to cognition and learning is employed to analyze the co-construction of assessment in the simulated exercises by means of instructors’ questions and students’ answers. Results reveal an assessment practice where the students are still developing their navigational skills with instructional support from examiners whilst being certified on using Radar equipment in accordance to COLREG.

8

Problems that occur in a team: learning from maritime accidents via simulation training

Barić M., Čulin J., Bielić T.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2018

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Vol. 12, no. 4

709--713

EN

Despite the efforts of all stakeholders maritime accidents still occur, most commonly caused by human failure. Efficient team work is a vital tool in preventing occurrence or rectifying the errors and violations. Therefore Bridge Resource Management course focuses on developing and sustaining work teams. Unfortunately, team work can be hampered by many factors, including poor organisation, cultural differences, improper attitudes and behaviours, as shown by analysis of many accidents and it is important to address these issues during trainings. As a starting point for a discussion simulation training can be used. In this paper we propose three scenarios based on real accidents, which address problems that are usually not familiar to students: authority gradient, desire for harmony in a group and antagonism between specialties.

9

Dostosowanie systemu kształcenia elektryków okrętowych do nowoczesnej techniki i organizacji pracy na statkach

Kamiński K., Galbas J.

Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Gdyni

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2017

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nr 98

42--49

PL

W artykule przedstawiono znaczące zmiany jakościowe w technice okrętowej, które nastąpiły w ostatnich kilkunastu latach. Odpowiednio do skutków tych zmian kształtują się zadania elektryków okrętowych. Skuteczne i przyszłościowe przygotowanie elektryków okrętowych wymaga uwzględnienia w programach i metodyce kształcenia aktualnego stanu techniki i głównych trendów jej rozwoju. Zasygnalizowano podstawowe kierunki rozwoju i zmian w technice okrętowej, uproszczony model kształcenia zawodowego, uwarunkowania kształcenia oraz propozycje aktualizacji procesu kształcenia uczelni morskiej.

EN

Significant changes in marine technologies and work organization on board modern ships took place in the recent years. These changes expanded tasks and responsibilities of Electro-Technical Officers. Efficient and future oriented education process of ETOs must include these new trends in teaching programs and methodology.

10

The application of E-learning in maritime education and training in China

Chen X., Bai X., Xiao Y.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2017

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Vol. 11, no. 2

349--354

EN

E-learning brings the third wave to Internet applications. E-learning is a new training mode with the open characteristics, which is completely different with traditional training. E-learning teaches students the specialized knowledge of theories, work experience and technology by information networks and computer hardware equipment. Students can through a variety of terminal equipment to learn anytime and anywhere, so as to improve student learning results. Maritime education and training must conform to the trend of times to explore E-learning training to improve the training performance. In this paper, based on the theory of E-learning, comparing the advantages and disadvantages of E-learning training. By analyzing current status of maritime education and training, using E-learning to establish China's maritime education and training of the lifelong education system, using E-learning to promote the internationalization of navigation education and training.

11

Fleet Officer’s Seminars as a part of lifelong learning process

Belev B.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2016

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Vol. 10, no. 4

561--564

EN

Going back to the beginning of 90-ies of last century before the present STCW-78/95 Convention was established the shipping industry relied on Maritime Education and Training Institutions for well-educated and trained seafarers. Every shipowner simply employed seafarers that his ships needed and the relevant Minimum Safe Manning Certificate required. Generally speaking MET Institutions were the only Institutions responsible for initial and following education and training of seafarers. The last decade in the shipping industry has been marked by plenty changes and quick development in different directions. One of the directions is improving the quality of seafarer’s education and training, knowledge and skills as well. The obligatory competences in STCW-78/95 Convention are not enough for shipowners and they try to extend the education process outside the Convention’s requirements and recommendations. It is a well known and more and more spread practice for Shipowners to organize and perform meetings with officers and engineers working on board their vessels. Such meetings get publicity as Fleet Officer’s Meetings (FOM) or Fleet Officer’s Seminars (FOS). The meetings or seminars are performed at least on a yearly basis but it is the Owner’s decision to establish the agenda and the scope of the topics. The usefulness of the above mentioned events is visible enough and it is easy to understand that the applied efforts are not time wasted. The question is whether the companies can perform such kind of training and whether their lecturers and instructors, who are usually part of the office staff, are ready to deliver their experience at an acceptable level. It has to be highlighted that it is not a rule that good professionals as Masters and Engineers are always good lecturers and trainers. This article describes the summary results of the authors’ experience in participating as a fleet officer and as an assessor in fleet officers’ seminars. The article makes a SWAT analysis of such events and shares experience as a conclusion. The author gives his personal collaboration to the lifelong learning process in the shipping industry. The article makes an attempt to open the door to the co-operation between the shipping industry and MET Institutions at a higher level after the seafarers’ graduation in their MET Institutions.

12

ECDIS users genuine qualification in maritime industry great demand

Legieć W.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2016

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Vol. 10, no. 4

575--579

EN

In this paper author summarizes present maritime industry growing preference for highly qualified officers in the field of ECDIS operation. Current ECDIS training internationally recognised requirements are described including Manila amendments and Polish approach to the IMO Model course 1.27. Various forms of training available nowadays are presented within the paper. Advantages and disadvantages of each method are identified. Author outlines the necessity of improving ECDIS trainers’ competency.

13

MET Standards for Electro-Technical Officers

Mindykowski J.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2014

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Vol. 8 no. 4

587--590

EN

The paper deals with one of the most important changes in the STCW 1978 as amended in 2010 Convention, from the point of view of the watchkeeping officers responsible for control, maintenance, diagnostic and repair of electrical and electronic installations on board of ships. Some reasons, why the MET Standards for Electro-Technical had to be developed and implemented are shortly analyzed and described. A legislative way towards and a short description of the minimum standards competence for ETO are presented. Next, new tools supporting ETO’s standards implementation are appointed. Finally, the future works as well as the concluding remarks concerning discussed issue are formulated and commented on.

14

Maritime Education and Research to Face the XXI-st Century Challenges in Gdynia Maritime University’s Experience Part II – Gdynia Maritime University of Experience the 21st Century Challenges

Mindykowski J., Charchalis A., Przybyłowski P., Weintrit A.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2013

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Vol. 7, no. 4

581--586

EN

In the paper, divided into two parts, a problem of advancements in maritime education and research facing the 21st century challenges, based on the case study of the Gdynia Maritime University (GMU) experience is discussed. Part I is devoted to the advances in the maritime education and research towards the challenges in a global meaning. The maritime education challenges are focused on contribution of the University’s representatives in full implementation of the STCW 1978 as amended in 2010 convention, and on the flexible adoption of the academic specializations and programmes to the European and National Qualifications Frameworks, as well as to the needs of a global and local labour market. The research advancements in the maritime universities are basically oriented to marine transport problems, and their main focus is concentrated on the implementation of new technologies, effective and reliable technical and organizational solutions, friendly for users and environment. Part II is dedicated to the Gdynia Maritime University experiencing the 21st century challenges. In this part, firstly the education and research potential of the Gdynia Maritime University, as the one of the world-leading maritime universities, is shortly presented. And next, the GMU’s contribution and good practices concerning the participation in modification of the processes of the IMO STCW 78/2010 convention, adoption of programmes into the international and national qualification frameworks’ standards and procedures, as well as the development of research addressed to a new technological and organizational solution are described and analyzed.

15

Investigation of Watchkeeping Officers' Watches Under The Working Hours Ineligible to STCW Regulation

Yılmaz H., Başarir E., Yüksekyıldız E.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2013

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Vol. 7, no. 4

493--500

EN

In parallel with the increase in the volume of world trade, cargo handling rates and seafarers' pace of work has increased. Although the STCW regulations and restrictions on working hours has improved, this tempo has brought with it insufficient resting hours, especially in short sea transport. It is known that individuals under stress and intensive workloads are more prone to making mistakes due to fatigue. In this study, the officers’ working hours are simulated in full-mission simulator at short sea transport to investigate errors made during the navigation and port watches. For this purpose, the data were obtained from 7 volunteers watchkeeping officers with the help of video monitoring and check lists in the full-bridge simulator system and also, system records in cargo handling simulator. With this study, introduced what types of errors made during navigation and port watches by watchkeeping officers under the intense pace of work. And the errors are evaluated under the legislation of international maritime. As a result, to comply with the limitations of working hours, it is necessary to increase the number of officers responsible for operations on short sea transport.

16

Porównawcza implementacja postanowień konwencji STCW 78/95 w programy kształcenia kandydatów na oficerów marynarki wojennej w Polsce i we Francji

Felski A., Wiśniewski M.

Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Marynarki Wojennej

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2012

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R. 53 nr 1 (188)

73-84

PL

Zastosowanie konwencji o wyszkoleniu marynarzy w systemie przygotowania zawodowego oficerów marynarki wojennej jest niekiedy kwestionowane jako bezpodstawne. Istotnie, jeden z jej artykułów stwierdza, iż konwencja odnosi się do statków handlowych, jednak niemal wszystkie uczelnie NATO przygotowujące kandydatów na oficerów dążą do wypełnienia jej postanowień. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest porównanie i ocena implementacji postanowień konwencji STCW 79/95 w praktyce polskiej Akademii Marynarki Wojennej i francuskiej Ecole Navale.

EN

The use of the Convention on training seamen in the system of professional training of naval officers is sometimes considered groundless. As a matter of fact one of its articles states that the Convention applies to merchant ships, however, almost all NATO naval schools attempt to implement its provisions. The aim of the paper is to compare and assess implementation of the STCW 79/95 convention in the Polish naval Academy and the French Ecole Navale.

17

Needs and Importance of Master Studies for Navigators in XXI Century and Connectivity to STCW 78/95

Alop A.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2012

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Vol. 6, no. 2

243--247

EN

The high-level technology and equipment of modern ships from one side and the constant growth of high stress and psychological pressure to ship officers, especially on management level, from other side pose a number of important questions relating to optimal combination of professional knowledge and skills and personal characteristics of seafarers. What may be the best combination of different subjects and courses in training programmes? What may be the role and place of master studies in evolving of high quali-fied specialists from one side and strong and self-confident personality from other side? What should be the most important difference of master study programmes for ship officers from those for land-based personal? The author of this presentation tries to discuss these questions relying to his long-time experience in field of maritime education and training and in organisation and carrying out of master studies in maritime academy.

18

“Electrical, Electronic and Control Engineering” – New Mandatory Standards of Competence for Engineer Officers, Regarding Provisions of the Manila Amendments to the STCW Code

Wyszkowski J., Mindykowski J.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2012

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Vol. 6, no. 2

249--253

EN

The paper presents the new requirements for the certification of watchkeeping engineers, chief engineer officers and second engineer officers, in the part related to the function “Electrical, electronic and control engineering”, provided in the Manila amendments to the part A of the STCW Code and the conse-quences for maritime education and training resulting from them.