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1

Climate Change and Water Resources Management in the Ghis-Nekor Watershed (North of Morocco) – A Comprehensive Analysis Using SPI, RDI and DI Indices

Benyoussef Said, Arabi Mourad, El Yousfi Yassine, Cheikh Boumediene Ben, Abdaoui Abdellali, Azirar Maryam, Mechkirrou Latifa, El Ouarghi Hossain, Zegzouti Younes Filali, Ait Boughrous Ali

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

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Vol. 25, iss. 2

199--209

EN

Morocco is currently facing significant challenges due to the ever–changing climate, with its critical water sources crucial for agriculture, economy, and daily life being greatly affected. In order to thoroughly understand the impact of climate change on the Ghis–Nekor watershed, an in–depth study spanning 38 years (1978–2016) was conducted. This involved examining the meteorological data from three stations and utilizing advanced indices, such as SPI, RDI, and DI. The findings of this study revealed prominent shifts in precipitation patterns, indicating a vulnerability in the region. While there was a general increase in annual rainfall during the specified time period, a sharp decline was observed post–2008. Further analysis of drought confirmed the presence of persistent dry spells and recurring episodes, highlighting the urgent need for effective water management strategies. These crucial findings must be considered by decision–makers for successful climate adaptation, emphasizing the key role played by this study in mitigating the effects of climate change.

2

Investigation of alterations in droughts and floods patterns induced by climate change

Rahmani Farhang, Fattahi Mohammad Hadi

Acta Geophysica

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2024

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Vol. 72, no. 1

405--418

EN

Every year, droughts and floods cause significant damage to the economy and water resources of the UK. Numerous studies have been explored droughts and floods from various points of view, however few have pointed the variations in the patterns induced by climate change. The precipitation data of Central England in the UK was gathered from 1931 to 2020. The analysis was performed by application of fractal dimension, noise variance, Lyapunov exponent, approximate entropy, extreme climate indices, and Standard Precipitation Index. The cross-correlation results indicated the study area warming owing to CO2 emissions on a global and local scale, implicating the climate change in the study area. Moreover, the mean maximum and minimum temperatures were affected by CO2 emissions on global and local scales, respectively. The nonlinear dynamic analysis indicated that the duration and intensity of the dry and wet spells were increased due to climate change. In other words, the droughts’ intensity and duration were augmented. However, the number of annual droughts and wetness’s have remained unaffected by climate change. The results signified a weakening in the flash floods possibility and an increment in the flash floods severity owing to climate change. Moreover, climate change brought about an intensification in the rivers’ inundation (fluvial floods) probability. The findings of the present study contribute to the understanding of the mechanism of climate change impacts on droughts and floods (flash, pluvial, and fluvial) patterns and furnished references for nonlinear dynamic studies of droughts and floods patterns.

3

Implementacja interfejsu 1-Wire w systemie wbudowanym z systemem operacyjnym FreeRTOS

Wyrwoł Bernard

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2023

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R. 99, nr 11

13--19

PL

Implementacja interfejsu 1-Wire w systemie wbudowanym, pracującym pod kontrolą systemu operacyjnego czasu rzeczywistego FreeRTOS, wymaga realizacji opóźnień o czasie trwania mniejszym, niż udostępnia to sam system operacyjny. Wykorzystanie opóźnień o pożądanym czasie trwania, realizowanych zwykle na drodze programowej, może prowadzić do niekorzystnego zwiększenia czasu reakcji takiego systemu. W artykule przedstawiono przykładowe rozwiązanie obsługi interfejsu 1-Wire w takim systemie wykorzystujące sprzętowy interfejs SPI.

EN

Implementation of the 1-Wire interface in the embedded system, controlled by the FreeRTOS real-time operating system, requires the realization of delays with a duration shorter than that provided by the operating system itself. The use of delays of a desired duration, usually implemented by software, can lead to an unfavorable increase in the response time of such a system. The article presents an example of the 1-Wire interface implementation in such a system using the hardware SPI interface.

4

Investigation of Transition Possibilities between Drought Classifications Using Standardized Precipitation Index for Wet and Dry Periods – Lower Seyhan Plain, Türkiye Case

Şimşek Serin Değerli, Çapar Ömer Faruk, Turhan Evren

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 5

201--209

EN

In this study, the Karaisalı region of Türkiye, which has a semi-arid climate and is known to contain the extensive plains and rich water resources of the Seyhan Basin, was preferred as a study area for investigating wet and drought periods for a long timescale. Forty-one years of total precipitation data, between 1980 and 2020, belonging to the closest precipitation observation station located in the Karaisalı region were used. By using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), which is one of the frequently used meteorological drought indices, drought classification probabilities, expected first transition period and residence time in each drought severity class values were calculated for the 12-month time scale. As a result of the study, it was determined that the most drought period took place in 2012 according to the examined time duration. In addition, the most wet period was observed in 2001. When various time scales were considered, SPI-3 and SPI-6 have Near Normal Wet periods, while SPI-9 and SPI-12 have Near Normal Drought periods. Extremely Wet periods were more numerous, while Extremely Drought periods lasted longer. In addition, 3 months after the end of the drought categories, it can be seen that the Wet and Drought periods change into Near Normal Wet and Near Normal Drought periods.

5

Susze hydrologiczne w zlewni przekształconej antropogenicznie na przykładzie Szotkówki w profilu Gołkowice

Krasowski Wojciech

Gospodarka Wodna

|

2023

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Nr 4

17--25

PL

Obecność człowieka w środowisku geograficznym wiąże się nierozłącznie z jego wpływem na przebieg zjawisk przyrodniczych. W odniesieniu do zlewni antropopresja sprowadza się zwykle do różnych form korzystania z wód, zarówno powierzchniowych, jak i podziemnych. Presja na ich ilość oraz jakość zmienia się w przestrzeni i czasie. W artykule scharakteryzowano susze hydrologiczne w zlewni przekształconej antropogenicznie na przykładzie Szotkówki w Gołkowicach w latach 1963-2021. W rejonie zlewni znajdują się kopalnie węgla kamiennego Rybnickiego Okręgu Węglowego. Wody dołowe odprowadzane są do wód powierzchniowych. Jako przepływ graniczny niżówki hydrologicznej, będącej wskaźnikiem suszy hydrologicznej, przyjęto przepływ Q70, z krzywej sum czasów trwania przepływów wraz z wyższymi, obliczony dla lat 2009-2021, tj. dla okresu o potencjalnie najmniejszym antropogenicznym obciążeniu wód powierzchniowych. Do wydzielania zdarzeń niezależnych wybrano algorytm SPA (ang. Sequent Peak Algorithm). Przeanalizowano zmiany wybranych parametrów niżówek, w tym: czasu trwania, początku i końca niżówek, czasu wystąpienia i wielkości przepływu minimalnego oraz średniego niżówek, a także głębokości niedoboru niżówkowego. Porównano przebieg dwóch wskaźników: suszy meteorologicznej reprezentowanej przez standaryzowany wskaźnik opadów (SPI) oraz hydrologicznej reprezentowanej przez standaryzowany wskaźnik odpływu (SRI). SPI wyznaczono dla miesięcznych wartości sum opadów atmosferycznych na stacji Jablunkov, zlokalizowanej po czeskiej stronie zlewni Olzy, oraz stacji Warszowice, zlokalizowanej w sąsiedztwie zlewni Szotkówki. SRI obliczono na podstawie miesięcznych wartości odpływów ze stacji hydrologicznych Cieszyn na Olzie i Gołkowice na Szotkówce.

EN

Presence of humans in the geographical environment is intrinsically related to their impact on the course of natural phenomena. With regard to the catchment basin, the anthropopressure usually consists in different forms of use of both underground and surface waters. The pressure on their quantity and quality varies in time and space. The article contains a characteristic of hydrological droughts in the anthropologically transformed catchment area, using the example of the Szotkówka River in Gołkowice in the years 1963-2021. The catchment basin includes hard coal mines of the Rybnik Mining District. Underground water from the shafts is discharged to surface waters. As a limit low-water flow being an indicator of hydrological drought the authors adopted the Q70, flow from the flow duration sum curve with higher, calculated for the years 2009-2021, i.e. the period of the potentially lowest anthropogenic pressure on surface waters. The SPA (Sequent Peak Algorithm) was selected to separate independent events. Changes in selected low-water period parameters were analysed, including: duration, beginning and end of the low-water period, time of occurrence and the minimum and medium flow volume in the low-water period as well as the depth of low-water shortage. The course of two indicators was compared: meteorological drought represented by the standardized precipitation index (SPI) and hydrological drought represented by the standardized runoff index (SRI); SPI was determined for the monthly value of precipitation sums in the Jablunkov station, located on the Czech side of the Olza River catchment area and the Warszowice station located near the Szotkówka River basin. SRI was calculated based on the monthly values of runoffs from the hydrological stations Cieszyn on the Olza River and Gołkowice on the Szotkówka River.

6

Monitoring Land Use and Land Cover Changes Using Remote Sensing Techniques and the Precipitation-Vegetation Indexes in Morocco

Ait El Haj Fatiha, Ouadif Latifa, Akhssas Ahmed

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 1

272--286

EN

The study of land use and land cover change (LULC) is essential for the development of strategies, monitoring and control of the ecosystem. The present study aims to describe the dynamics of land cover and land use, and specially the impact of certain climatic parameters on the distribution of vegetation and land cover. For this study, multi-temporal remote sensing data are used to monitor land cover changes in Morocco, using a set of Landsat images, including Landsat 7 (ETM+), Landsat 5 (TM), and Landsat 8 (OLI), captured during the period 2000–2020, those changes were determined by adopting the maximum likelihood (ML) classification method. The classification results show good accuracy values in the range of 90% (2000), 80% (2007), 82% (2010), 93% (2020). The LU/LC change detection showed a decrease of agricultural and forest areas in the order of 5% between the year 2000 and 2020, and an increase of bare soil of 5% to 6%, and a notable change in urban area from 97.31 ha (0.03%) in 2000 to 2988.2637 ha (0.82%) in 2020. The overall results obtained from LULC show that the vegetation cover of the study area has undergone major changes during the study period. In order to monitor the vegetation status, an analysis of the precipitation-vegetation interaction is essential. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was determined from 2000 to 2020, to identify vegetation categories and quantify the vegetation density in the Lakhdar sub-basin. The obtained NDVI was analyzed using climatic index SPI (Normalized Precipitation Index) based on rainfall data from five stations. The correlation study between NDVI and SPI indices shows a strong linear relation between these two indicators especially while using an annual index SPI12 however, the use of NDVI index based on remote sensing provides a significant result while assessing vegetation. The results of our study can be used for vegetation monitoring and sustainable management of the area, since it is one of the largest basins in the country.

7

Drought Variability in Agadir's Region (Southern Morocco) – Recent and Future Trends

Amouch Said, Akhssas Ahmed

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 2

241--250

EN

The area of Agadir, which is situated on Morocco's southern Atlantic coast, is characterized by an arid climate, and has been strongly impacted by climate change. The purpose of this research is to assess observed and modeled drought variability in time, on the basis of rainfall time series for the periods 1973–2020, and 2022–2099 by use of SPI, short for Standardized Precipitation Index. Findings from the SPI analysis show that the years from 1981 to 1986 were the driest as per the instrumental record. Future SPI projections indicate that the area under study will face several prolonged drought and wet periods between 2022 and 2099. The longest drought will take place from 2090 to 2093. Analysis of the relationship between rainfall in Agadir and North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), is also studied especially for the winter months. The results of the study will provide a basis for drought surveillance and hydrometeorological studies, in addition to initiating the desired managment of environment in this area.

8

Characterization of Climatic Drought Sequences in the Upper Moulouya Watershed, Morocco

Hachem Abdelaaziz, Mili El-Mostafa, Benbella Bouchra, El Ouardi Hmidou, Mehdaoui Radouan

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 2

162--179

EN

Like most of the countries of the African continent and the MENA, Morocco has experienced alternating wet and dry periods for several decades and is still confronted with the effects of unstable climate change due to the specificities conferred by its geographical position and the diversity of its ecosystems. It is one of the countries most affected by desertification, with an arid and semi-arid climate covering more than 93% of its territory. Indeed, the Upper Moulouya watershed has been exposed to severe droughts several times in recent decades. The spatial and temporal distribution of drought episodes in this watershed is studied over a 91-year period between 1931 and 2022. In order to characterize and evaluate the severity and sustainability of drought in this watershed, four indices were used and applied in this study, as they have advantages in terms of statistical consistency and have the capacity to describe, through different time scales (short, medium and long) the impacts of the climatic drought in question. These are the Standardized Precipitation Index SPI, RDI, RI and DI. The annual rainfall series at the eight meteorological stations of the said watershed show irregularities and very marked spatial and temporal variability with a generally decreasing trend. The SPI calculation results obtained show a heterogeneous distribution of SPI values throughout the watershed area. The analysis of the graphical illustrations of this index allowed to highlight an important fluctuation of the dry and wet periods with a strong dominance and tendency to drought with the order of 51% in the stations of Midelt, and Ansegmir, 52% in the station of Zaida, 59% in the stations of Tabouazant, Barrage (Dam) Enjil and El Aouia, 58% in the station of Louggagh, 47% in the station of Anzar Oufounes. The analysis of the results of the of the drought indices RDI, RI and DI at the level of this watershed also made it possible to highlight the existence of numerous drought sequences alternating with other wet sequences and indicates a dominance of dry years, perfectly remarkable during the period 1976-93. The most important dry episode, in number of successive years, was recorded at the Ansegmir station from 1976-89 and the most important rainy episode was recorded at the Midelt station from 1966-76. The years of the 2015-2022 series show an overall persistent decrease in rainfall, thus allowing the installation of a severe drought episode. The trend in the entire watershed is a decrease in rainfall and the installation of mild, moderate and severe drought episodes of varying length and duration.

9

Spatiotemporal detection of abrupt change in trends of rainfall and dry and wet periods at different time scales: The case of the Medjerda basin in northeast Algeria

Berhail Sabri, Katipoğlu Okan Mert

Acta Geophysica

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2023

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Vol. 71, no. 5

2497--2516

EN

This study investigates possible rainfall and drought trends using data from 38 rainfall stations in the Medjerda basin (northeast of Algeria) over 54 years (1965–2018). Drought-related data were calculated with the Standardized precipitation index (SPI). The Mann–Kendall test was used to find positive or negative precipitation trends. The magnitude of these trends was calculated using Sen’s slope method. According to the analysis, a decrease during the spring precipitation season was observed. Furthermore, the authors found the maximum increasing (decreasing) precipitation magnitude to be 2.14 mm/season (− 4.41 mm/season) in winter (spring). In addition, the magnitude of the precipitation trend per year ranged from − 6.26 to 2.54 mm/year, with an average reduction of 39% for the entire basin. From the outcomes of drought trend analysis, it can be inferred that for a short-time scale, the innovative trend analysis method exhibited a negative trend for the minimum and maximum SPI values. Drought severity was found to have increased during severe and extreme wet episodes, directly affecting Algeria’s frequently drought-affected agricultural regions, such as the Merdja plain and the irrigated perimeters of Sedrata and Zouabi. Considering the long-time scales, an increase was detected in drought severity and a decline during severe and extreme wet episodes. These findings show that the southeastern and central parts of the Medjerda basin’s long-term water resources have been severely affected, which negatively impacts the newly-constructed Ouldjet Mellegue dam in Tébessa province.

10

Geophysical magnetic data analyses of the geological structures with mineralization potentials over the southern part of Kebbi, NW Nigeria

Augie Abdulrahaman Idris, Salako Kazeem Adeyinka, Rafiu Adewuyi Abdulwaheed, Jimoh Mufutau Owolabi

Mining Science

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2022

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Vol. 29

179--203

EN

This study used geophysical data analysis to map and provide useful estimates of the geometry, depth, and magnetization of the magnetic sources, as a continuation and improvement over the earlier analyses in the area. Fugro airborne surveys collected aeromagnetic data for the Nigeria Geological Survey Agency (NGSA) between 2009 and 2010. The study area’s data were processed and analyzed using an improved tilt derivative (TDR) technique and 2D magnetic structural modelling. The result of TDR reveals the horizontal location and extent of the edges of various magnetic sources that formed lineaments. The results from 2D modelling for the selected profiles (PI, P2, P3, P4, and P5) identify zones with a high magnetic anomaly responding to fractures. These fracture regions of the basement complex area could be caused by fault/shear zones. Fault-induced areas on these sub-basin floors are important hosts for hydrothermal mineralization. In comparison to the geological setting, these regions are underlain by quartz-mica schist, biotitehornblende, granite, biotite, gneiss, diorite, migmatite, medium coarse-grained sandstone, ironstones, laterite, siltstones, and clay. These regions could be suitable for mineral exploration and correspond to the Ngaski, Yauri, Magama, Shanga, and Rijau. However, in comparison to the SPI results, the depth/thickness of the sediments that crossed the areas of the sedimentary basin and basement complex zones did not match the results of 2D forward modelling. The SPI technique usually provides an average depth of the magnetic source and is unable to accurately map the undulating basement. While the aforementioned results of 2D forward modelling provide sediment thickness by accurately reflecting basement topography.

11

Assessment of agricultural drought based on CHIRPS data and SPI method over West Papua - Indonesia

Faisol Arif, Indarto Indarto, Novita Elida, Budiyono Budiyono

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2022

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no. 52

44--52

EN

This study aims to utilise Climate Hazards Group Infrared Precipitation with Stations (CHIRPS) data and Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI) method to assess agricultural drought in West Papua, Indonesia. The data used in this study is monthly CHIRPS data acquired from 1996 to 2019, daily precipitation data recorded from 1996 to 2019 from the five climatological stations in West Papua, Indonesia located at Sorong, Fakfak, Kaimana, Manokwari, and South Manokwari. 3-month SPI or quarterly SPI are used to assess agricultural drought, i.e., SPI January-March, SPI February-April, SPI March-May, SPI April-June, SPI May-July, SPI June-August, SPI July-September, SPI August-October, SPI September-November, and SPI October-December. The results showed that in 2019 agricultural drought in West Papua was moderately wet to severely dry. The most severely dry occurred in September-December periods. Generally, CHIRPS data and SPI methods have an acceptable accuracy in generating drought information in West Papua with an accuracy of 53% compared with climate data analysis. Besides, the SPI from CHIRPS data processing has a moderate correlation with climate data analysis with an average R2= 0.51.

12

Analysis of Historical Precipitation in Semi-Arid Areas – Case Study of the Amman Zarqa Basin

Shatanawi Khaldoun, Mohammad Alsharifa Hind, Odeh Taleb, Arafeh Mazen, Halalsheh Maha, Kassab Ghada

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 8

101--111

EN

Climate change is determined as a severe threat to water resource availability in Semi-Arid Areas. Therefore, it is crucial to examine the drought trends to develop and sustain water resources. This study evaluates the effects of climate change in Jordan by investigating the long-term precipitation trends in the Amman Zarqa Basin over the water from 1971 to 2016. Daily precipitation data were gathered to analyze different rainfall stations over and around the basin. The standardized precipitation index (SPI) variations were investigated at monthly intervals. Control charts, hypothesis testing, T-test, differences of variances, and trend analysis were used to determine climatic trends. The analysis results showed that 2003 marks an acceleration point in the precipitation decrease rate; therefore, the SPI showed a decrease and a high DI for the area in the tested year 2005 and 2010 to be a mild drought in the following years. Additionally, a change in the precipitation pattern was observed as seasonal precipitation contribution varied for the pre-2003 period compared to the post-2003 period. The SPI results show that 1995 reflects the higher drought periods, and the following years showed mild drought events; nevertheless, the year 2016 displayed lower drought events, reflecting wet events.

13

Weather drought index prediction using the support vector regression in the Ansegmir Watershed, Upper Moulouya, Morocco

Bekri My Hachem, El Hmaidi Abdellah, Ousmana Habiba, El Faleh El Mati, Berrada Mohamed, El Aissaoui Kamal, Essahlaoui Ali, El Ouali Abdelhadi

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2021

|

no. 50

187--194

EN

The purpose of this study is to develop mathematical models based on artificial intelligence: Models based on the support vectors regression (SVR) for drought forecast in the Ansegmir watershed (Upper Moulouya, Morocco). This study focuses on the prediction of the temporal aspect of the two drought indices (standardized precipitation index – SPI and standardized precipitation-evapotranspiration index – SPEI) using six hydro-climatic variables relating to the period 1979–2013. The model SVR3-SPI: RBF, ε = 0.004, C = 20 and γ = 1.7 for the index SPI, and the model SVR3-SPEI: RBF ε = 0.004, C = 40 and γ = 0.167 for the SPEI index are significantly better in comparison to other models SVR1, SVR2 and SVR4. The SVR model for the SPI index gave a correlation coefficient of R = 0.92, MSE = 0.17 and MAE = 0.329 for the learning phase and R = 0.90, MSE = 0.18 and MAE = 0.313 for the testing phase. As for the SPEI index, the overlay is slightly poorer only in the case of the SPI index between the observed values and the predicted ones by the SVR model. It shows a very small gap between the observed and predicted values. The correlation coefficients R = 0.88 for the learning, R = 0.86 for testing remain higher and corresponding to a quadratic error average MSE = 0.21 and MAE = 0.351 for the learning and MSE = 0.21 and MAE = 0.350 for the testing phase. The prediction of drought by SVR model remain useful and would be extremely important for drought risk management.

14

Projekt modułu meteorologicznego

Panek Patryk, Kachel Leszek

Elektronika : konstrukcje, technologie, zastosowania

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2021

|

Vol. 62, nr 2

30--32

PL

W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono wyniki pracy związanej z projektem modułu meteorologicznego opartego na platformie Arduino wykorzystując moduł z czujnikiem BME280. W implementacji wykorzystano środowisko programistyczne ARDUINO IDE. Program odpowiadający za poprawne działanie modułu został napisany w języku C++. Opracowany moduł meteorologiczny składa się ze stacji wewnętrznej i zewnętrznej. Moduł meteo ma na celu przejrzyste przedstawienie danych zebranych z czujnika pomiarowego. Stacja wewnętrzna została wyposażona w wyświetlacz, który wyświetla takie dane jak: temperatura, wilgotność, ciśnienie. Stacja wewnętrzna komunikuje się ze stacją zewnętrzną, w celu przesłania zebranych danych. Wykorzystane moduły są połączone z mikrokontrolerem za pomocą interfejsu SPI.

EN

This article presents the results of work related to the project of a meteorological module based on the Arduino platform using a module with a BME280 sensor. The ARDUINO IDE programming environment was used in the implementation. The program responsible for the correct operation of the module has been written in C ++. The developed meteorological module consists of an indoor and outdoor station. The meteo module aims to clearly present the data collected from the measuring sensor. The indoor station has been equipped with a display that displays data like; temperature, humidity, pressure. The indoor station communicates with the outdoor station to transfer the collected data. The modules used are connected to the microcontroller via the SPI interface.

15

Drought classification using gradient boosting decision tree

Danandeh Mehr Ali

Acta Geophysica

|

2021

|

Vol. 69, no. 3

909--918

EN

This paper compares the classification and prediction capabilities of decision tree (DT), genetic programming (GP), and gradient boosting decision tree (GBT) techniques for one-month ahead prediction of standardized precipitation index in Ankara province and standardized precipitation evaporation index in central Antalya region. The evolved models were developed based on multi-station prediction scenarios in which observed (reanalyzed) data from nearby stations (grid points) were used to predict drought conditions in a target location. To tackle the rare occurrence of extreme dry/wet conditions, the drought series at the target location was categorized into three classes of wet, normal, and dry events. The new models were trained and validated using the frst 70% and last 30% of the datasets, respectively. The results demonstrated the promising performance of GBT for meteorological drought classification. It provides better performance than DT and GP in Ankara; however, GP predictions for Antalya were more accurate in the testing period. The results also exhibited that the proposed GP model with a scaled sigmoid function at root can efortlessly classify and predict the number of dry, normal, and wet events in both case studies.

16

Forecasting techniques in construction industry: earned value indicators and performance models

Jaber Firas K., Jasim Nidal A., Al-Zwainy Faiq M.

Przegląd Naukowy Inżynieria i Kształtowanie Środowiska

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2020

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Vol. 29, No. 2

234--243

EN

Machine Learning Regression Techniques (MLRT) as a shrewd method can be utilized in this study being exceptionally fruitful in demonstrating non-linear and the interrelationships among them in problems of construction projects such as the earned value indexes for tall buildings projects in Republic of Iraq. Three forecasting models were developed to foresee Schedule Performance Index (SPI) as first model, Cost Performance Index (CPI) as a second model, and the third model is To Complete Cost Performance Indicator (TCPI) in Bismayah New City was chosen as a case study. The methodology is mainly impacted by the deciding various components (variables) which impact on the earned value analysis, six free factors (X1: BAC, Budget at Completion; X2: AC, Actual Cost; X3: A%, Actual Percentage; X4: EV, Earned Value; X5: P%, Planning Percentage, and X6: PV, Planning Value) were self-assertively assigned and agreeably depicted for per tall buildings projects. It was found that the MLRT showed good results of estimation in terms of correlation coefficient (R) generated by MLR models for SPI and CPI and TCPI where the R were 85.5%, 89.2%, and 86.3% respectively. At long last, a result tends to be presumed that these models show a brilliant concurrence with the genuine estimations.

17

Space and time variability of meteorological drought in Syria

Mohammed Safwan, Alsafadi Karam, Al-Awadhi Talal, Sherief Youssef, Harsanyie Endre, El Kenawy Ahmed M.

Acta Geophysica

|

2020

|

Vol. 68, no. 6

1877--1898

EN

This study assesses the spatial and temporal characteristics (e.g., frequency, intensity, spatial extent) of meteorological drought in Syria. Specifcally, drought was characterized using the observed rainfall data from 36 rain gauges spanning the period between 1990 and 2010 and covering the main climatic regions in Syria (i.e., Mediterranean, arid, semiarid and mountainous). Meteorological drought was assessed using the standardized precipitation index (SPI) at 12-month timescale, allowing for detecting the impacts of climate variability on agricultural droughts. The dominant modes of drought were defned using an S-mode of the principal component analysis. To assess the links between meteorological drought evolution and vegetation greening in Syria, the time series of SPI were correlated with the normalized diference vegetation index (NDVI). Time series of NDVI were retrieved from the remotely sensed National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Advanced Very High-Resolution Radiometer (NOAA/AVHRR) sensor at a spatial resolution of 25 km for the common period 1990–2010. Trend analysis suggests a statistically signifcant increase in the frequency and intensity of drought at 12-month timescale. The observed intensifcation of meteorological drought is mostly associated with the increase in mild and moderate droughts, relative to extremes and very extreme droughts. Results also suggest a statistically signifcant decrease (p<0.05) in vegetation greening over Syria during the study period, especially in the eastern parts of the country. Our results demonstrate that the decrease in vegetation cover can directly be linked to the anomalous drought events, with Pearson’ r coefcients generally above 0.6. This dependency was more highlighted during wintertime for the Mediterranean vegetation and in northeastern portions of the country. Overall, the increase in the frequency and intensity of meteorological drought, combined with a series of unrest and political instability, have drastic impacts on the agricultural sector in Syria, with serious implications for crop yield

18

Laboratoryjny system cyfrowy programowany przez Ethernet oparty na magistrali SPI

Noga Krystyna Maria, Rabczuk Dorota

Zeszyty Naukowe Wydziału Elektrotechniki i Automatyki Politechniki Gdańskiej

|

2019

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Nr 65

111--114

PL

W artykule zaprezentowano cyfrowy system laboratoryjny oparty na magistrali SPI z mikrokontrolerem w roli urządzenia Master oraz różnymi urządzeniami Slave podłączonymi do magistrali (cyfrowy termometr, potencjometr, pamięć EEPROM, układ programowalny CPLD). Założeniem projektu jest stworzenie bazy sprzętowo-programistycznej dla rozwojowego systemu zdalnie sterowanego oraz programowanego przez Ethernet. Użytkownik przez stronę internetową ma możliwość wysłania żądania tcp/http dla urządzeń na magistrali SPI, a w odpowiedzi http otrzymuje informacje o stanie urządzeń. System jest przystosowany do zdalnego ładowania nowych wersji programu do pamięci mikrokontrolera po Ethernecie.

EN

The article presents a laboratory system based on SPI bus with a microcontroller as the Master device and various Slave devices connected to the Master over the SPI bus. The variety of digital devices with SPI interface enables the growth of the project. In the exemplary system several digital devices were used: a thermometer, an EEPROM memory, a potentiometer and a PLD structure. The PLD structure is chosen as Slave device on the bus to take advantage of its typical functionality: ability to perform fast arithmetical calculations. In order to inform of an alarm state the CPLD structure must use an external interrupt line to the microcontroller because Slave device cannot start a communication session over SPI bus. The microcontroller is chosen as Master device because it possesses various external interfaces especially Ethernet interface. The aim of the project is creating a remotely controlled system programmed over the Ethernet which can expand through connecting additional devices on the SPI bus and writing libraries for them. The Ethernet interface is used to load the microcontroller program over the Ethernet which gives the student the ability to remotely load and test the microcontroller software.

19

A roadmap for a comparison framework for an adaptable software process improvement framework in small software companies

Tuape Micheal, Ayalew Yirsaw

Annals of Computer Science and Information Systems

|

2019

|

Vol. 20

133--141

EN

Poor software quality due to failure to organize development processes using SPI is visible in small software companies, although these companies are significant to industry and world economy; the challenge of quality needs much more attention. The development of different frameworks to sort the development process in SSC continues to leave a lot to be desired. This work leads us to the development of a comparison framework which will ultimately end with an adaptable SPA and SPI framework for SSC. From a SLR to identify the factors affecting SSC and mapping them to the specific processes in which they occur, we analyze the software development environment and identify SPI frameworks that have registered success in similar environments of SSC to help us adopt best practices from which comparison is made to generate requirements for an adaptable SPI framework within context for small companies.

20

Zmienność występowania susz w okresie wegetacyjnym w Polsce w latach 1966-2015

Szyga-Pluta K.

Przegląd Geofizyczny

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2018

|

Z. 1-2

51--67

PL

Suszę atmosferyczną określa się często poprzez analizę niedoboru opadów na danym obszarze w badanym przedziale czasowym. Do identyfikacji suszy służą różne wskaźniki, z których w niniejszym opracowaniu wybrano: wskaźnik standaryzowanego opadu SPI (ang. Standardized Precipitation Index), wskaźnik względnego opadu RPI (ang. Relative Precipitation Index) i wskaźnik hydrotermiczny K Sielianinowa. W opracowaniu wykorzystano dane dotyczące średniej dobowej temperatury powietrza oraz dobowej sumy opadów atmosferycznych z trzydziestu stacji IMGW-PIB w miesiącach od kwietnia do października z lat 1966-2015. Dokonano oceny okresu wegetacyjnego w kolejnych latach pod względem niedoboru opadów przy wykorzystaniu wybranych wskaźników w badanym okresie, przedstawiono liczbę miesięcy charakteryzujących się suszą o różnym stopniu nasilenia, ich udział w okresie wegetacyjnym oraz zróżnicowanie przestrzenne na badanym obszarze. Należy stwierdzić, że do wyznaczania występowania okresów suszy w kolejnych latach znaczenie wyboru wskaźnika jest mniejsze niż w przypadku wyznaczenia okresów o różnej intensywności suszy. Występowanie suszy atmosferycznej w Polsce w okresie wegetacyjnym jest bardzo zróżnicowane, stąd niekompletna i niewystarczająca jest ocena suszy na podstawie uśrednionych wartości wskaźników dla całego obszaru Polski.

EN

Atmospheric drought is often referred to by analyzing the rainfall deficit in a given area for a specified period. Different indicators are used to identify the drought, from which the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), Relative Precipitation Index (RPI) and the hydrothermal K Sielianinov Index have been selected. The data of average daily air temperature and daily precipitation totals from 30 IMGW-PIB stations in April-October from years1966-2015 were used. An assessment of the growing period in the following years in terms of rainfall shortage using selected indicators over the analyzed period showed the number of months characterized by varying degrees of severity of drought, their share in the growing period and spatial variation in the studied area. It should be noted that to determine the occurrence of drought periods in subsequent years, the significance of the indicator choice is smaller than when drought intensities are determined. The occurrence of atmospheric drought in Poland during the vegetation period is very diverse, hence the drought assessment based on averaged values of indicators for the whole area of Poland is incomplete and insufficient.