Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

Przyszłe funkcjonowanie energetyki konwencjonalnej w świetle propozycji zmian dyrektywy IED

Głowacki Eugeniusz, Żupa-Marczuk Patrycja

Energetyka

|

2023

|

nr 2

66--76

PL

W kwietniu 2023 minie rok od przedstawienia przez Komisję Europejską wniosku o zmianie dyrektywy Parlamentu i Rady 2010/75/UE w sprawie emisji przemysłowych, tzw. dyrektywy IED. W artykule autorzy rozważają, jak propozycja zmian dyrektywy IED może wpłynąć na przyszłe funkcjonowanie energetyki konwencjonalnej. Artykuł nie obejmuje wszystkich aspektów i propozycji ujętych we wniosku Komisji, natomiast uwzględniono w nim kluczowe kwestie techniczne mające wpływ na eksploatację instalacji

EN

In April 2023 it will have been a year since the European Commission presented its proposal for a revised Directive 2010/75/EU of the Parliament and of the Council on industrial emissions (the Industrial Emissions Directive or IED). The article discusses how the proposed amendments to the Industrial Emissions Directive may affect the future functioning of conventional power generation. The article does not cover all the aspects and suggestions included in the EC proposal, yet focuses on key technical issues that have an impact on operation of installations.

2

Numerical evaluation of urea-mixing devices for close-coupled selective catalytic reduction systems

Kaźmierski Bartosz Grzegorz, Kapusta Łukasz Jan

Combustion Engines

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2023

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R. 62, nr 2

84--93

EN

The following research presents a numerical evaluation of existing and conceptual urea-mixing devices used in close-coupled (to the engine) selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems. The analysis was aimed at the assessment of urea-mixing devices that could considerably enhance the reduction of nitrogen oxides from the diesel-engine combustion process under a wide range of operating conditions, including cold starts. The analysis showed that replacing blade-equipped static mixers with perforated stationary mixing devices may provide a more uniform spatial distribution of ammonia at the inlet to the SCR catalyst and reduce pressure drops generated by mixing devices. Moreover, the conceptual mixing devices, based on combinations of the blade and perforated mixers to develop intensive turbulence, enabled the increase of the mixing length leading to effective decomposition of the urea-water solution (UWS), and provided uniform spatial distribution of ammonia, even for the small-sized mixing systems. However, the intensive mixing was often associated with a significant rise in the pressure drop.

3

Comparative analysis of the heat balance results of the selected Tier III-compliant gas-fuelled two-stroke main engines

Korlak Kamil

Combustion Engines

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2023

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R. 62, nr 2

24--28

EN

Two-stroke engines are distinguished by the highest overall efficiency among all main engines. This is not only due to the low speed, and large piston stroke, but also to the high combustion temperature, which results in an increase in nitrogen oxides (NOx) emission. Technical solutions applied to bring main engines into compliance with current NOx emission standards set by the Tier III limits include the use of SCR and EGR systems, the implementation of the Otto cycle, and the application of liquified natural gas (LNG) as the low-emission fuel. Impact of the available Tier III-compliant technologies on the heat balance results is analysed using the example of the currently most popular dual-fuel main engines, i.e. WinGD X92DF and MAN G95ME-C10.5-GI. The possibilities of waste heat recovery in the electricity generation process and thereby improving the ship energy efficiency are discussed.

4

Assessment of retrofit devices for the Horizon 2020 Cleanest Engine and Vehicle Retrofit Prizes

Giechaskiel Barouch, Suarez-Bertoa Ricardo, Melas Anastasios, Selleri Tommaso, Maggiore Maurizio

Combustion Engines

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2022

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R. 61, nr 3

7--34

EN

The Horizon 2020 prizes aimed at the development of retrofit and engines that would reduce pollution. The Retrofit prize had a winner, while the Engine prize not. In this paper we present the innovations that were tested at the Joint Research Centre (JRC) of the European Commission, and not awarded. One was a “condensation” aftertreatment device, two were devices inserted in the fuel supply system, and one a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) for NOx system. The testing of the “condensation” aftertreatment device showed that it could not with-stand the high exhaust gas temperatures. The results of the two fuel systems showed that they could not control efficiently the NOx emissions. The reductions of the pollutants were negligble for the levels that the prizes were aiming. The SCR system did not achieve any significant reduction of NOx, probably due to a malfunction of the device.

5

Ammonia CI engine aftertreatment systems design and flow simulation

Kuta Kacper, Nadimi Ebrahim, Przybyła Grzegorz, Żmudka Zbigniew, Adamczyk Wojciech

Combustion Engines

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2022

|

R. 61, nr 3

3--10

EN

Investigation of exhaust emissions and ammonia flow behavior in the exhaust system incorporating with Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) unit is discussed. An aftertreatment system is designed to work without additional urea injection. This study is focused on obtaining optimal parameters for catalysis. Its effectiveness is considered as a function of basic parameters of exhaust gases mixture and SCR material characteristics. A 3D geometry of SCR with porous volume has been simulated using Ansys Fluent. Moreover, a 1D model of ammonia dual-fuel CI engine has been obtained. Results were focused on obtaining local temperature, velocity, and exhaust gases composition to predict optimal probes placement, pipes insulation parameters, and characteristic dimensions.

6

Type-2 fuzzy logic systems in applications: managing data in selective catalytic reduction for air pollution prevention

Niewiadomski Adam, Kacprowicz Marcin

Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Soft Computing Research

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2021

|

Vol. 11, No. 2

85--97

EN

The article presents our research on applications of fuzzy logic to reduce air pollution by DeNOx filters. The research aim is to manage data on Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) process responsible for reducing the emission of nitrogen oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). Dedicated traditional Fuzzy Logic Systems (FLS) and Type-2 Fuzzy Logic Systems (T2FLS) are proposed with the use of new methods for learning fuzzy rules and with new types of fuzzy implications (the so-called ”engineering implications”). The obtained results are consistent with the results provided by experts. The main advantage of this paper is that type-2 fuzzy logic systems with ”engineering implications” and new methods of learning fuzzy rules give results closer to expert expectations than those based on traditional fuzzy logic systems. According to the literature review, no T2FLS were applied to manage DeNOx filter prior to the research presented here.

7

A conceptual design and numerical analysis of the mixerless urea-SCR system

Kaźmierski Bartosz, Górka Krzysztof, Kapusta Łukasz Jan

Combustion Engines

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2021

|

R. 60, nr 4

12--20

EN

In the present study, an innovative design of a urea-selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system without conventional mixing elements was developed. The aim was to obtain a high degree of urea decomposition, and uniform ammonia distribution at the inlet to the catalyst, while minimising the liquid film deposition and keeping the compact design. The concept of the design was based on creating high turbulence and elongating the flow paths of the droplets. The design was verified through a series of numerical simulations based on the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) approach and a discrete droplet model (DDM) spray representation. The analysis included various operating conditions as well as subcooled and superheated sprays. A uniform ammonia distribution was achieved regardless of the operating points and spray properties. Additionally, in the case of a flash-boiling injection, a further reduction of the wall film was observed.

8

Dostosowanie kotłów rusztowych do standardów emisyjnych tlenków azotu a jakość popiołu lotnego

Maj Izabella, Garbacz Przemysław

Ciepłownictwo, Ogrzewnictwo, Wentylacja

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2020

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T. 54, nr 6

3--6

PL

Ciepłownicze kotły rusztowe muszą być dostosowane do wymagań emisyjnych zgodnie z Rozporządzeniem Ministra Środowiska D.U. 2018 poz. 680 z dnia 1 marca 2018 r. Istniejące średnie obiekty ciepłownicze (MCP) zostaną objęte od 01.01.2025 r. nowymi limitami emisji tlenków azotu. Osiągnięcie podanych w ustawie emisji jest uwarunkowane zastosowaniem wtórnych metod redukcji NOx, dlatego pojawia się coraz więcej metod odazotowania spalin z kotłów rusztowych. Jest to jednak wciąż temat stosunkowo nowy, a nieprawidłowo działające nstalacje deNOx są powodem problemów eksploatacyjnych, m.in. wzrost zawartości NH3 w spalinach oraz popiele. Zgodnie z zasadami gospodarki o obiegu zamkniętym popiół lotny może być użytecznym materiałem odpadowym z procesu spalania i znaleźć zastosowanie w branży budowlanej, musi jednak spełnić szereg wymagań. Jednym z nich jest zawartość amoniaku przypadająca na kilogram popiołu. Aby określić wpływ instalacji deNOx na stężenie amoniaku w produktach spalania (spalinach i popiele lotnym) sporządzono bilans związków amonowych w procesie odazotowania spalin metodą SCR emitowanych z kotła rusztowego WR-25 pracującego w jednej w polskich ciepłowni.

EN

Stoker boilers have to be adapted to the emission requirements in accordance with the Regulation of polish Ministry of the Environment (DU. 2018 item 680 of March 1, 2018). Existing Medium Combustion Plants (MCP) will be covered from 01.01.2025 with new emission limits for nitrogen oxides. Achievement of the emissions specified by law is strongly dependent on the use of secondary NOx reduction methods, which is why more and more denitrification methods dedicated to stoker boilers appear. However, this is still a relatively new topic on polish energy market. DeNOx installation can be a reason of operational problems, including increase in NH3 content in flue gas and fly ash. According to the principles of the circular economy, fly ash can be a useful material for application in construction industry, however it has to meet a number of requirements. One of them is ammonia content per kilogram of ash. For WR-25 grate boiler operating in one of the Polish heat plants a balance of ammonium compounds in the process of denitrification of flue gas by SCR method has been compiled. This procedure allows to determine the impact of deNOx installation on concentration of ammonia in combustion products (flue gas and fly ash).

9

Selective catalytic reduction of NO with ammoniaat low temperature over Cu-promotedand N-modified activated carbon

Saad Marwa, Białas Anna, Grzywacz Przemysław, Czosnek Cezary, Samojeden Bogdan, Motak Monika

Chemical and Process Engineering

|

2020

|

Vol. 41, nr 1

59–-67

EN

Catalytic properties of activated carbons oxidized, treated with N-compounds, and promoted withcopper were studied in selective catalytic reduction NOXby ammonia (NH3-SCR). The modificationof the catalysts consisted of a series of steps (pre-oxidation of activated carbon, impregnation with urea,impregnation with copper). The physicochemical properties of the obtained samples were determinedusing X-ray diffraction, FT-IR spectroscopy, and low-temperature N2sorption. The modification withcopper improved the catalytic activity and stability of the catalysts. All the functionalized carbon dopedwith copper reached more than 90% of NO conversion and CO2did not exceed 240 ppm at 220◦C.The sample doped with 5 wt.% Cu had the maximum NO conversion of 98% at 300◦C. The maximum N2O concentration detected for the same sample was only 55 ppm, which confirmed its selectivity.

10

Badania instalacji odazotowania spalin w kotle rusztowym w celu dostosowania emisji NOx do ustawowych wymagań

Ostrowski Piotr, Wejkowski Robert, Garbacz Przemysław, Pawelec Natalia

Rynek Energii

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2019

|

Nr 6

37--46

PL

Rozporządzenie Ministra Środowiska DU. 2018 poz. 680 z dnia 1 marca 2018 r. wprowadziło obostrzenia emisyjne dla średnich obiektów spalania energetycznego. W wyniku wdrożonego dokumentu istniejące średnie obiekty ciepłownicze (MCP) zostaną objęte od 01.01.2025 r. nowymi limitami. Osiągnięcie podanych w ustawie limitów jest uwarunkowane zastosowaniem metod wtórnych redukcji NOx. Powszechnie stosowane są metody selektywnej redukcji niekatalitycznej (SNCR) oraz katalitycznej (SCR). Artykuł przedstawia wyniki badań eksploatacyjnych instalacji wykorzystującej metodę SNCR oraz jej rozszerzenie o wkład katalityczny zlokalizowany w II ciągu kotła, tworząc układ hybrydowy – połączenie metod SNCR i SCR. Realizacja metody SNCR była prowadzona przez zastosowanie rozwiązania FJBS (Furnace Jet Boiler System). Technologia FJBS wykorzystuje zespół wentylatorów strumienicowych składający się z 8 dysz wtryskowych ulokowanych na 4-ech poziomach komory paleniskowej kotła, przez które wtryskiwany jest wodny roztwór mocznika, jako reagent oraz sprężone powietrze jako medium napędowe dysz wtryskowych. W pracy zawarte zostały również wyniki symulacji numerycznej, które użyto do określenia miejsca wtrysku reagenta przy nominalnej pracy kotła. Natomiast badania eksploatacyjne pozwoliły na dostosowanie działania instalacji dla pełnego zakresu pracy kotła oraz jej optymalizację. Otrzymane wyniki wskazują, że zastosowanie metody SNCR przy wykorzystaniu systemu FJBS pozwala na dostosowanie emisji kotła do wymaganego ustawicznie poziomu dla istniejących obiektów. Dodatkowo przeprowadzona analiza ekonomiczna przemawia za stosowaniem sprężonego powietrza jako medium napędowego dysz zamiast wody stosowanej w klasycznej metodzie SNCR. W przypadku dalszego zaostrzania norm emisyjnych rozwiązanie stanowić będzie połączenie istniejących systemów SNCR z reaktorami SCR. Zaprezentowane wyniki wskazują na możliwość uzyskania skutecznej redukcji NOx przy ulokowaniu wkładów katalitycznych w przestrzeni II ciągu kotła bez ingerencji w część ciśnieniową.

EN

On 1 March 2018, Polish law introduced emission restrictions for medium-sized combustion plants. As a result of the implemented document, the existing medium-size heating facilities (MCP) will be covered by new limits from 01.01.2025. Achievement of the limits set out in the Act in the vast majority of cases depends on the application of secondary NOx reduction methods - the method of selective non-catalytic SNCR reduction and selective catalytic SCR reduction. The paper presents the results of exploitation tests of the installation using the SNCR method and its extension by the catalytic converter located in the boiler’s second duct, creating a hybrid system - a combination of SNCR and SCR methods. The implementation of the SNCR method was carried out by applying the FJBS (Furnace Jet Boiler System) solution. FJBS technology uses a set of jet blowers located on 4 levels of the boiler combustion chamber, through which water solution of urea is injected as a reagent and compressed air as a driving medium of injection nozzles. The paper also includes results of numerical simulation, which was used to determine the place of reagent injection at nominal boiler operation and optimization of the algorithm. The obtained results indicate that the application of the SNCR method using the FJBS system allows to adjust the boiler emission to the level required by law for the existing facilities. In addition, the conducted economic analysis supports the use of compressed air as a driving medium for nozzles instead of water used in the classic SNCR method. In case of further tightening of emission standards, the solution will consist in connecting existing SNCR systems with SCR reactors. The presented results indicate that it is possible to achieve an effective NOx reduction by locating the catalytic converters in the space of the second boiler series without interfering with the pressure part of the boiler.

11

Determining firm’s performance : moderating role of CSR in renewable energy sector of Indonesia

Widiyanti Marlina, Sadalia Isfenti, Zunaidah, Irawati Nisrul, Hendrawaty Ernie

Polish Journal of Management Studies

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2019

|

Vol. 19, No. 2

432--441

EN

Energy plays crucial role in economic development of country to contribute in business activities for large sectors. The availability of energy helps to fulfill the development demands and initiatives of government’s policies. Energy is required in any sector of country to conduct their business activities and to develop infrastructure sector in Indonesia. Strategic management of firms enables them to develop long-term goals and to gain competitive advantage in highly turbulent and rapidly changing environment. The present study empirically examined the influence of strategic management practices and strategic clarity on performance of energy sector of Indonesia. Moderating role of corporate social responsibility is also examined between the constructs. The results show that independent variables influence significantly performance of firms, but CSR doesn’t moderate between the strategic clarity and firms’ performance. The data was collected from industry related mangers and was examined by using SMART-PLS (MM and SEM techniques).

PL

Energia odgrywa kluczową rolę w rozwoju gospodarczym kraju, przyczyniając się do rozwoju działalności gospodarczej w ważnych sektorach. Dostępność energii pomaga spełnić wymagania rozwojowe i inicjatywy polityki rządu. Energia jest wymagana w każdym sektorze kraju do prowadzenia działalności gospodarczej i rozwoju infrastruktury w Indonezji. Strategiczne zarządzanie firmami umożliwia im opracowanie długoterminowych celów i uzyskanie przewagi konkurencyjnej w wysoce burzliwym i szybko zmieniającym się środowisku. Niniejsze badanie empirycznie określiło wpływ praktyk zarządzania strategicznego i przejrzystości strategicznej na wydajność sektora energetycznego Indonezji. Wykazano również umiarkowaną rolę społecznej odpowiedzialności biznesu. Wyniki pokazują, że zmienne niezależne wpływają znacząco na wydajność firm, ale CSR nie łagodzi dysonansu między przejrzystością strategiczną a wynikami firm. Dane zebrano od menedżerów związanych z przemysłem i zbadano za pomocą SMART-PLS (techniki MM i SEM).

12

Electrodermal activity measurements for detection of emotional arousal

Kołodziej M., Tarnowski P., Majkowski A., Rak R. J.

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences

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2019

|

Vol. 67, nr 4

813--826

EN

In this article, we present a comprehensive measurement system to determine the level of user emotional arousal by the analysis of electrodermal activity (EDA). A number of EDA measurements were collected, while emotions were elicited using specially selected movie sequences. Data collected from 16 participants of the experiment, in conjunction with those from personal questionnaires, were used to determine a large number of 20 features of the EDA, to assess the emotional state of a user. Feature selection was performed using signal processing and analysis methods, while considering user declarations. The suitability of the designed system for detecting the level of emotional arousal was fully confirmed, throughout the number of experiments. The average classification accuracy for two classes of the least and the most stimulating movies varies within the range of 61‒72%.

13

Numerical investigation of the back pressure influence on urea-water-solution mixing performance in close coupled SCR system

Rogóż R., Bachanek J., Boruc Ł., Teodorczyk A.

Journal of KONES

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2018

|

Vol. 25, No. 3

377--383

EN

The upcoming Euro 6d emission standard puts more even stringent requirements for diesel engine cars, especially in the case of nitrogen oxides (NOx) emission. The most widely used technique to meet tight standards is Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) with urea-water-solution (UWS) injection. One of the crucial factors is even ammonia distribution at the catalyst inlet; hence, very often product development is focused around this issue. The product development is supported by both experimental and numerical work. The common approach to measure cross section ammonia distribution on the SCR is using sampling system at catalyst outlet. Very often exhaust layout is opened just after the SCR catalyst, cutting off the rest part for instance tailpipe or Clean-up Catalyst. Therefore, a backpressure at SCR outlet resulting from the downstream part is also eliminated. This could significantly affect flow parameters as the density changes, thus ammonia distribution and wall film deposition may vary as well. Within this work, the influence of the backpressure at SCR outlet on the ammonia distribution and wall wetting was numerically investigated. The simulations were run under various boundary conditions for the Close Coupled SCR architecture. It was shown that depending on the operating point the boundary pressure affects both factors on the different level.

14

Numerical analysis of heat conduction influence on SCR aftertreatment systems EFF

Bachanek J., Rogóż R., Teodorczyk A.

Journal of KONES

|

2018

|

Vol. 25, No. 3

51--58

EN

Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) is well known method for reducing NOx emission in diesel engine exhaust gas. Urea-water solution (UWS) injected into hot stream decomposes due to thermolysis into ammonia and isocyanic acid which hydrolyses further into more ammonia and carbon dioxide. Resultant ammonia is the NOx reductor, producing water vapour and carbon dioxide from the reduction reaction. To provide sufficient NOx reduction efficiency, UWS needs to be properly atomized and mixed with exhaust gas. However, due to more and more restrictive emissions regulations provided by European Union and Close Coupled trend of aftertreatment systems in vehicles the design process is very complex and demanding. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations are integral part of product development, allowing save time and reduce costs of preparing prototypes for further tests. However, it is necessary to understand all the processes and problems connected with NOx reduction in SCR system. Strong turbulent flow of hot stream gas, urea-water solution spray injection, droplets interaction with wall, wallfilm generation are included. The objective of this work is to investigate the impact of heat transfer modelling inside mixing elements of SCR system on urea mixing uniformity and wallfilm deposit on the walls of the system. Simplified and more complex approach is compared with no heat transfer cases. All the simulations were conducted using AVL FIRETM software. Results showed that wall heat transfer might have an impact on mixing efficiency and wallfilm formulation. It is necessary to take into account the effect of mixing elements heat conduction in CFD simulations during the aftertreatment design process.

15

Dedicated type-2 fuzzy logic systems: a novel approach to DeNOx filtration systems

Niewiadomski A., Kacprowicz M.

Journal of Applied Computer Science

|

2018

|

Vol. 26, nr 2

117--130

EN

The paper presents some novel research on applications of Type-2 Fuzzy Logic Systems to support the Selective Catalytic Reduction process (SCR). The aim of the research is to design and test higher order fuzzy logic systems and their genuine modifications to manage data in DeNOx systems responsible for controlling emission of nitrogen oxides (NO, NO2). Since in real applications, it is still performed under the supervision of a human expert, the scope is to replace, at least partially, his/her participation with dedicated type-2 fuzzy logic systems. As the result, it is shown that the proposed systems with new means of learning fuzzy IF-THEN rules allow us to compute parameters much closer to those determined by experts, even in a comparison to some earlier approaches based on traditional fuzzy logic.

16

Ocena możliwości zastosowania wybranych materiałów w procesie niskotemperaturowego, katalitycznego odazotowania spalin

Chmiel E., Hercog J.

Energetyka

|

2017

|

nr 2

104--107

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki prac laboratoryjnych dotyczących oceny możliwości zastosowania wybranych materiałów w procesie niskotemperaturowego, katalitycznego odazotowania spalin. Testy przeprowadzono na stanowisku laboratoryjnym wyposażonym w specjalistyczny reaktor, umożliwiający prowadzenie badań w kontrolowanych warunkach. Zostały przebadane próbki katalizatora na bazie wanadu, karbonizat węgla brunatnego oraz koks aktywowany, impregnowany związkami tlenkowymi jonów żelaza według procedury opracowanej w Instytucie Energetyki. Porównanie uzyskanych wartości stopnia konwersji tlenku azotu w zakresie temperatur 100°C - 400°C wykazało, że zaproponowana formuła impregnowanego koksu aktywowanego daje wysoką skuteczność redukcji NO na poziomie 84,6% już w temperaturze 250°C.

EN

Presented are results of laboratory tests concerning evaluation of some selected materials applicability in the low-temperature catalytic flue gas denitrification process. Tests were carried out in a laboratory micro-reactor in the precisely controlled conditions, prepared according to a procedure developed in the Instytut Energetyki, and they involved samples of vanadium catalyst, lignite char and iron-impregnated activated coke. A comparison made between the obtained nitrogen oxide conversion level values in the temperature range of 100°-400°C shows that the proposed iron-impregnated activated coke formula enables achievement of a high NO reduction effectiveness on the level of 84,6% in the temperature of already 250°C.

17

Katalityczna redukcja tlenków azotu (SCR) – stan obecny i perspektywy rozwoju

Luśnia E., Świątkowski B.

Energetyka

|

2016

|

nr 9

552--555

PL

W artykule została przedstawiona problematyka integracji instalacji katalitycznego odazotowania spalin (SCR) z kotłami pyłowymi w świetle zwiększania elastyczności pracy bloków węglowych energetyki zawodowej. Omówiono ograniczenia stosowania obecnych układów oraz wskazano nowe kierunki rozwoju: opracowanie rozwiązań dostosowujących technologię SCR do przyszłych reżimów pracy bloków energetyki zawodowej (modyfikacja składu warstwy aktywnej, niskotemperaturowe układy SCR na bazie nośnika węglowego) oraz obniżanie kosztów eksploatacji już istniejących oraz przyszłych instalacji SCR. Przedstawiono doświadczenia Instytutu Energetyki w temacie katalitycznych metod odazotowania spalin.

EN

Discussed are issues concerning integration of selective catalytic nitrogen oxides reduction units (SCR) with pulverised coal furnaces in the light of increasing coal units operation flexibility. Discussed are application limitations of the current SCR systems and new directions of development are identified: elaboration of new solutions adapting SCR technology to future power stations operation modes (modification of an active layer composition, low-temperature SCR units with coal-based carriers) and reduction of the existing and future SCR units operational costs. Presented is the experience of Instytut Energetyki (Institute of Power Engineering) in the scope of catalytic flue-gas denitrification.

18

SCR systems for NOx reduction in heavy and light duty vehicles

Jaworski P., Jarosiński S., Cortes Capetillo A., Kapusta Ł. J., Ziółkowski A., Grzywnowicz R.

Combustion Engines

|

2016

|

R. 55, nr 1

32--36

EN

Air pollution has become an important worldwide problem. The European Commission credits road and water transport as the major source of NOx pollution, and of being responsible for around 50% of the total air pollution in urban areas. During the last decade, the use of SCR technologies have gained popularity as a method for NOx reduction, the technology is widely considered as one of the solutions for road transport emissions. This paper presents a review of the different SCR system designs derived from the various factors and regulations in the automotive industry which have influenced the technology, along with a parametric study of a proprietary SCR system for heavy duty application.

19

SCR systems for NOx reduction in heavy duty vehicles

Jaworski P., Kapusta Ł. J., Jarosiński S., Ziółkowski A., Cortes Capetillo A., Grzywnowicz R.

Journal of KONES

|

2015

|

Vol. 22, No. 4

139--146

EN

Air pollution has become an important worldwide problem. The European Commission credits road and water transport as the major source of NOx pollution, and of being responsible for around 50% of the total air pollution in urban areas. In Poland, around 45% of the country NOx emissions are attributed to transportation. During the last decade, the use of SCR technologies have gained popularity as a method for NOx reduction, the technology is widely considered as one of the solutions for road transport emissions. SCR technology had previously been employed in stationary plants, maritime transportation and other installations using combustion processes in which exhaust conditions are easier to control. The advance on the technology led to the introduction of the first heavy-duty vehicle with an SCR system into the market in 2004. New technologies and applications are constantly appearing, for example, SCR exhaust gas cleaning systems for reciprocating engines are still under development and compression ignition engines can be found in a number of different applications. The technology still needs to be studied and improved as constant problems and knowledge is required in issues such as urea injection, crystallization and NOx reduction efficiency. Moreover, the designs intended for heavy duty vehicles need to meet vehicle limitations and EURO emissions restrictions. This paper presents a review of the different SCR system designs derived from the various factors and regulations in the automotive industry, which have influenced the technology, along with a parametric study of a proprietary SCR system for heavy-duty application.

20

Modelowanie i symulacja redukcji NOXx w selektywnym reaktorze katalitycznym

Mitianiec W.

Zeszyty Naukowe Instytutu Pojazdów / Politechnika Warszawska

|

2014

|

z. 1/97

89--100

PL

Praca przedstawia modelowanie i wstępne obliczenia działania redukującego tlenków azotu w selektywnym reaktorze katalitycznym (SCR) z ujęciem termolizy i hydrolizy czynnika redukującego urea (AdBlue). Pokazano wirtualny schemat układu reaktora wraz z model obliczeniowym ujmującym reakcje chemiczne hydrolizy i termolizy oraz reakcje redukcji z udziałem katalizatora między amoniakiem i związkami tlenowymi azotu. W pracy pokazano wyniki obliczeń stopnia redukcji poszczególnych tlenków azotu oraz zmiany temperatury wewnątrz reaktora i na wylocie z reaktora dla przyjętych wstępnie wartości parametrów wlotowych oraz przyjętej geometrii selektywnego reaktora katalitycznego. Obliczenia wykonano za pomocą programu GT-Power ver.7.3.

EN

The work presents modelling and initial calculations of reduction activity of nitrogen oxides in a reactor with Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) with taking into account the hydrolysis and thermolysis reactions of reduction medium such as urea (AdBlue. The virtual scheme of the reactor system is presented with the calculation model containing the chemical reactions of hydrolysis, thermolysis and surface reduction reactions between ammonia and oxygen compounds of nitrogen with a presence of the catalyst. The calculation results of reduction ratio of the particular nitrogen oxides and variations of temperature inside the reactor and in at outflow are presented for the assumed initial parameters of the exhaust gases and assumed geometry of the SCR reactor monolith. The calculations were carried out by means of GT-Suite program ver.7.3.