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Assessing the external costs of urban transport investments: a socioeconomic analysis

Kotowska Izabela

Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie

2019

nr 60 (132)

41--46

Transport is a considerable source of pollution in cities. The social impacts of transport activities result from emissions of pollutants, greenhouse gases, and noise, as well as traffic accidents. Not every urban investment that reduces such ‘external’ effects of transport will be found acceptable by the public. In order to assess and communicate the social impacts of investments, it is necessary to calculate external costs appropriately. This article discusses issues with estimating the social costs and benefits of transport-related investments in cities. The article also provides a classification of social benefits from urban transport investments and proposes a general methodology for estimating such benefits. Due to the versatility of urban investments, there can be no single, universal method. The article proposes methods for analysing social costs and benefits on the basis of two sample urban investments.

Effects of Carbon Dioxide Inhalation on Psychomotor and Mental Performance During Exercise and Recovery

Vercruyssen M., Kamon E., Hancock P. A.

International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics

2007

Vol. 13, No. 1

15--27

On separate days, 6 highly trained participants performed psychomotor tests while breathing for 60 min 3 carbon dioxide (CO2) mixtures (room air, 3% CO2, or 4% CO2) prior to, between, and following two 15- min treadmill exercise bouts (70% VO2max). Each individual was extensively practiced (at least 4 days) before testing began, and both gas conditions and order of tasks were counterbalanced. Results showed physiological reactions and work-related psychomotor effects, but no effects of gas concentration on addition, multiplication, grammatical reasoning, or dynamic postural balance. These findings help define behavioral toxicity levels and support a re-evaluation of existing standards for the maximum allowable concentrations (also emergency and continuous exposure guidance levels) of CO2. This research explored the selection of psychometric instruments of sufficient sensitivity and reliability to detect subtle changes in performance caused by exposure to low levels of environmental stress, in this case differential levels of CO2 in the inspired air.