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Annual and semi-annual variations of TEC over Nepal during the period of 2007–2017 and possible drivers

Ghimire Basu Dev, Gautam Bibek, Chapagain Narayan P., Bhatta Karan

Acta Geophysica

2022

Vol. 70, no 2

929--942

The total electron content (TEC) variation of the ionospheric layer is mostly controlled by Geomagnetic and solar activity. The TEC of the ionosphere can be estimated using the satellite signal delay recorded at GPS sites. In this study, the TEC data from three nearby GPS stations (CHLM, BMCL, and LMJG) from Nepal are extracted for about 11 years period (2007–2017). For the computation of the TEC data, wavelet transform, global wavelet power spectrum, cross wavelet trans form, and wavelet coherence techniques are used. Utilizing such long-term GPS TEC data, Annual Oscillation (AO) and Semi-annual Oscillation (SAO) are identified in the daytime and nighttime TEC over Nepal. The SAO is found to be dominating periodicity in the daytime TEC, whereas the AO is found to dominant at night. In addition, possible connections with the indicators of geomagnetic and solar activity were studied. The geomagnetic indices AE and AU are exhibit a change in phase and are most consistent with both daytime and nighttime AO, implying that these indices could be the likely drivers of TEC’s AO and SAO periodicities. The Dst index, on the other hand, is recognized as the most prominent driver of SAO in both daytime and nighttime TEC.

Specjalne działania powietrzne w zapisach dokumentów doktrynalnych NATO : wybrane problemy

Zieliński T.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

2011

nr 3(84)

246-263

Special operations in asymmetric operations environment gain a growing importance. Their participation is present both in large-scale conflicts, in “surgical” precision operations, in crisis response operations, humanitarian assistance including. Allied special operations have acquired a formal shape quite recently; therefore issues connected with their use are not completely recognized. It is also worth stressing that air force (aviation) is one of the special forces' key components supporting their operation. The specific character of special operations when the air force (aviation) is used requires joining rules assigned for special forces and air force (aviation) in connection with general principles of the art of war. In addition, special air operations’ attributes, their organizational structure as well as the command and control system are also characteristic. The mentioned above problem areas require deeper recognition in the light of binding NATO normative documents.