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Maternal health and challenges of health care provided at the maternity ward of the Kibuye district hospital in Rwanda

Ondrusová Z.

Journal of Ecology and Health

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2011

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R. 15, nr 6

301-305

EN

Objective: Present an overview from the author's perspective of the country's approach in tackling the problem of high maternal and neonatal mortality and the day to day challenges of practising medicine at the maternity ward of the Kibuye district hospital. Background: Rwanda, a sub-saharan African country, has one of the highest maternal and neonatal mortality rates in the world. The country's approach in reducing these figures is by means of the Millennium Development Goals initiative. Method: During a three month medical mission from December 2009 till March 2010, the day to day medical practice and working conditions were evaluated and counted towards the quality of health care provided to patients hospitalized at the maternity ward. Conclusions: Due to a lack of doctors, nurses, and other health professionals combined with difficult working conditions and a shortage of basic medical equipment, it continues to be a struggle to provide the best medical quality possible. In order to fulfill the Millennium Development Goal 5 of reducing maternal mortality by three quarters by 2015, it will be important to increase the number of qualified health care professionals and equip the maternity ward with basic instruments and medications

PL

Cel: Przedmiotem niniejszej pracy jest ogólna ocena oddziału położniczego szpitala rejonowego w Kibuye w Rwandzie. Ma ona na celu rozwiązanie problemu wysokiej śmiertelności matek i dzieci, który stanowi wyzwanie w codziennej praktyce lekarzy w tym kraju. Wprowadzenie: Rwanda jest krajem w środkowo-wschodniej Afryce, w którym występuje jeden z największych na świecie wskaźników śmiertelności matek i noworodków. Inicjatywą prowadzącą do poprawy tego stanu jest powołanie organizacji międzynarodowej Millennium Development Goals. Metoda: Podczas trzymiesięcznej misji (od grudnia 2009 do marca 2010 roku) oceniono codzienną praktykę medyczną, warunki jej sprawowania, oszacowano jakość opieki zdrowotnej nad matkami i dziećmi hospitalizowanymi w oddziale położniczym tego szpitala. Wnioski: Z powodu znacznego niedoboru lekarzy, pielęgniarek i innych pracowników służby zdrowia, którzy i tak pracują w trudnych warunkach oraz braku podstawowego wyposażenia medycznego, konieczne są aktywne działania mające na celu poprawę tej sytuacji. Aby zrealizować podstawowy cel Millennium Development Goal, to jest zmniejszenie śmiertelności matek i dzieci o trzy czwarte w 2015 roku, konieczne jest zwiększenie liczby wykwalifikowanych pracowników służb medycznych i wyposażenie oddziałów położniczych w podstawowy sprzęt i leki niezbędne do ich działalności.

2

Międzynarodowy Trybunał Karny dla Rwandy. Cz. 2, Działalność sądownicza

Nowakowska-Małusecka J.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2002

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nr 1(46)

252-263

EN

The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda was established by the United Nations Security Council's resolution in 1994. It started its judicial work in 1995 and according to the Statute It has competence to prosecute persons responsible foe committing genocide, crimes against humanity and violations of Art. 3 common to the Geneva Conventions of 1949 and of provisions of Additional Protocol II of 1977 to the Geneva Convention of 1949. The Rwanda Tribunal has already indicted about fifty persons. Most of them are waiting for a trial in Arusha. Some of the cases have been finished with judgements and they are historic as for the first time people who committed genocide have been convicted. The situation of the Tribunal is not easy. One of the reasons is a difficult situation in Rwanda and in the whole region. Besides the Tribunal has many difficulties to collect evidence and find witnesses who - if they are alive- do not want to testify for the fear of vengeance. The results of the Tribunal’s work achieved so far are not impressive but it should be mentioned that it has lasted for only six years. The real opinion about the Tribunal's activities is not possible now.

3

Międzynarodowy Trybunał Karny dla Rwandy. Cz. 1

Nowakowska-Małusecka J.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2001

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nr 4(45)

77-95

EN

The tragic events that look place in spring and summer of 1994 in Rwanda forces the international community to take decision on establishing an international criminal tribunal following the example of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia appointed in 1993. As it had happened in the first case, the Rwanda Tribunal was also established by the United Nations Security Council's resolution as an ad hoc body. The general range of competence given to thr Tribunal is expressed in Art. 1 of the Statue. Further provisions are more detailed and they deal with competence ratione personae, ratione loci, ratione temporis and ratione materiae. In connection with the internal conflict in Rwanda Tribunal may deal with cases concerning genocide, crimes against humanity as well as it may prosecute violations of Art. 3 common to the Geneva Conventions of 1949 and of Additional Protocol II of 1977 to the Geneva Conventions of 1949, the Statue of the Tribunal also includes provisions concerning concurrent jurisdiction of the Tribunal and national courts. Due to the formation of the Rwanda Tribunal many of the rules of the binding international humanitarian law have been practical put into force. In the first place it concerns provisions of the Genocide Convention of 1948 and Art. 3 common to the Geneva Conventions of 1949. Moreover, the Additional Protocol II of 1977 to the Geneva Conventions of 1949 for the first time has become a basis for international responsibility for crimes committed during internal armed conflicts. Till that time prohibited acts committed in such conflicts were prosecuted only by states before their domestic courts. So it is clear that international humanitarian law tends to change it.