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Koncepcja hipotetycznej umowy jako podstawy odpowiedzialności przewoźnika w konwencjach przewozowych

Wesołowski K., Dąbrowski D.

Problemy Transportu i Logistyki

2017

nr 1 (37)

273--283

Celem artykułu jest analiza konstrukcji zastosowanej w Konwencji CMR oraz Regułach rotterdamskich, polegającej na odwołaniu do hipotetycznej umowy przewozu dla określenia właściwego reżimu odpowiedzialności przewoźnika przy przewozie z wykorzystaniem więcej niż jednego środka transportu. Autorzy dochodzą do wniosku, że przepisy posługujące się tą konstrukcją stanowią w istocie swoiste normy kolizyjne. Konieczność zastosowania tak oryginalnej konstrukcji wynika z wielości gałęzi transportu oraz unormowań dotyczących umów przewozu w tych gałęziach, do których następuje odesłanie.

The aim of the article is to analyze the structure used in the CMR Convention and Rotterdam Rules, which involves reference to the hypothetical contract of carriage to determine the proper liability regime of the carrier who uses more than one mode of transport. The authors conclude that the provisions creating this structure are essentially a kind of conflict of law rules. The need for using such an original structure is the effect of the multiplicity of modes of transport and multiplicity of regulations governing the transport contract in these modes of transport.

Enhancing of Carriers’ Liabilities in the Rotterdam Rules – Too Expensive Costs for Navigational Safety?

Sooksripaisarnkit P.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

2014

Vol. 8, no. 2

309--315

The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Carriage of Goods Wholly or Partly by Sea (the ‘Rotterdam Rules’) was adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 11 December 2008. The Rotterdam Rules contain two oft-criticised changes from the existing regime governing international carriage of goods widely adopted among maritime nations, namely the International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to Bills of Lading, Brussels, 25 August 1924 (the ‘Hague Rules’) and its subsequent Protocol in 1968 (the ‘Visby Protocol’ or the ‘Hague-Visby Rules’). These changes are, namely, an extension of the carrier’s obligations to maintain seaworthy vessel throughout the voyage (Article 14) and a deletion of an exclusion of carrier’s liabilities due to negligent navigation (Article 17). This paper addresses implications of these changes and assess whether ship-owners and ship-operators can comply with these without having to incur excessive additional expenses.The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Carriage of Goods Wholly or Partly by Sea (the ‘Rotterdam Rules’) was adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 11 December 2008. The Rotterdam Rules contain two oft-criticised changes from the existing regime governing international carriage of goods widely adopted among maritime nations, namely the International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to Bills of Lading, Brussels, 25 August 1924 (the ‘Hague Rules’) and its subsequent Protocol in 1968 (the ‘Visby Protocol’ or the ‘Hague-Visby Rules’). These changes are, namely, an extension of the carrier’s obligations to maintain seaworthy vessel throughout the voyage (Article 14) and a deletion of an exclusion of carrier’s liabilities due to negligent navigation (Article 17). This paper addresses implications of these changes and assess whether ship-owners and ship-operators can comply with these without having to incur excessive additional expenses.