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EN
The characteristics of spatial distribution of silver minerals and Agin ore minerals within the Lower Zechstein formations at the contact zone between reduced rocks and the Rote Fäule oxidized rocks are shown. All presented outcomes are on based on rock material taken from mining profiles and some archival boreholes in the Radwanice-Gaworzyce deposit area. These studies were used microscopic observations in reflected light and by microprobe analyses using the CAMECASX-100. In all analyzed profiles, oxidized rocks (enriched in hematite) were found, which occur at various levels of the Kupferschiefer series beneath the reduced zone enriched in ore minerals. Silver in the reduced zone occurs in the form of its own minerals, such as: native silver, stromeyerite, mckinstryite, jalpaite, naumannite, silver amalgams. Futhermore, silver is present as Cu and Fe isomorphic substitutions in the crystal lattice of copper sulfides of the Cu-S and Cu-Fe-S groups and in As and Sb sulfosalt. In the oxidized zone, silver occurs as electrum, silver amalgams and substitutions in remnant copper sulfides. A decrease in the concentration of silverin ore minerals and in the content of silver minerals towards the top of the mineralized interval is characteristic. The concentration of silver (both in the form of its own minerals and as isomorphic substitutions in ores) is impoverished in the zone where the oxidation front crosses the Kupferschiefer shale than in the case when the stabilization of the redox front is at the border boundary of the Weissliegend sandstone with and the Kupferschiefer shale. The spatial distribution of silverin the Lower Zechstein formations at the contact zone between the reduced and oxidized rocks is the result of the evolution of ore mineralization, caused by the flows of mineralizing solutions, as evidenced by the depletion of the oxidized zone in silver, and its enrichment in the adjacent reduced rocks.
EN
The characteristic of ore mineralization in the immediate vicinity of fault zones in the Lower Zechstein deposits is shown. All presented outcomes are on the basis of rock material taken from mining profiles in the Radwanice-Gaworzyce deposit area. During conducted studies ore minerals and oxide minerals were identified under optical microscope in reflected light and photographic documentation of the examined samples was undertaken. In addition, microprobe examination was carried out for selected samples from the studied profiles along with calculations of the chemical composition of individual ore minerals. In all analyzed profiles, Rote Fäule oxidized zone (enriched with hematite) was found, which occurs at various levels of the Kupferschiefer series and the reduced zone (enriched with ore minerals) over the oxidized series. The redox front cuts across the boundaries oflithostratigraphic units, moving from the Weis- liegend to the higher parts of the Zechstein Limestone. The primary ore mineralization in the examined profiles is the chalcocite-digenite association with subordinate bornite and covelitte recorded in the reduced series. Furthermore, the secondary sulphide mineralization in the direct vicinity of tectonic deformation and faults superimposed on primary ore mineralization and hematite enrichments is observed and it is represented by chalcopyrite, bornite, tennantite, tetrahedrite and pyrite, both within reduced and oxidized zones.
EN
Discovered by J. Wyżykowski in 1957, the Lubin-Sieroszowice deposit is a classic representative of the giant Kupferschiefer-type Cu-Ag stratabound deposit. Its disclosure and documentation was provided by the research work of many geologists of the Polish Geological Institute and many other institutions. During the period of 60 years, the mining and metallurgical industry has been developed to such extent that Poland is now among the world’s major producers of copper and silver. This discovery marked the beginning of the recognition of the S Oszczepalski A Chmielewski deposit and gave rise to further exploration for prospective areas elsewhere in SW Poland. Detailed studies of Rote Fäule alteration have shown that redox boundary is the principal guide to exploration. Later studies of numerous boreholes allowed the researchers to distinguish 38 prospective areas on the reductive side of the redox border and Au-Pt-Pd enrichments in oxidized rocks. The Kupferschiefer-type deposits were long considered classic examples of syngenetic mineralization. However, the close relationship between the occurrence of Cu-Ag orebodies and oxidized altered areas, and ore zones progressively transgressive to bedding relative to the Rote Fäule front indicates that these deposits were formed as a result of fluid-rock interaction caused by ascending migration of moderately low-temperature basinal chloride brinesfrom the underlying red beds within reasonable periods of diagenesis of the reduced hosts. The hematitization was the result of an influx of oxidizing solutions across the centers of oxidized areas that acted as the innermost parts of the telescoped Rote Fäule/ore systems. The early-to-late diagenetic timing of mineralization is constrained by paleomagnetic age of hematite, K-Ar dating of authigenic illite and Re-Os dating of Cu sulfides. The fluid circulation was due to paleogeothermal activity, compactive expulsion, recirculation and (or) seismic movements, corresponding to intracontinental Permian-Triassic rifting. Due to the depletion of shallow resources, extensive deep exploration drilling is required to verify the resource potential in concession prospects existing around the documented deposits. The long-term challenges related to the substantial copper and silver scarcity problems in the future demand for overcoming geological barriers (considerable depths, high overburden pressure, elevated temperature, gas hazard) require the use of innovative technology, creation of favorable investment conditions and preparation of a long-term raw materials strategy.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono charakterystykę okruszcowania występującego w anhydrycie dolnym na monoklinie przedsudeckiej. Zbadano zarówno utwory o charakterze redukcyjnym, jak i utwory wtórnie utlenione (Rote Fäule). Anhydryty redukcyjne cechuje znaczna zmienność koncentracji metali i składu minerałów siarczkowych. Najintensywniej okruszcowane są zazwyczaj anhydryty występujące ponad utlenionym wapieniem cechsztyńskim i utlenionym spągiem anhydrytu dolnego. Dominują w nich siarczki miedzi (chalkozyn, digenit, kowelin, bornit, chalkopiryt), którym towarzyszą galena i sfaleryt. W dalszych odległościach od strefy utlenionej, siarczki cynku i ołowiu przeważają nad siarczkami miedzi, albo występuje mineralizacja śladowa, głównie pirytowa. Różnorodne struktury wzajemnego zastępowania siarczków, a także zrosty siarczków z anhydrytem i węglanami wskazują na polityfikacyjną genezę kruszców i nałożenie się późniejszego okruszcowania na mineralizację wcześniejszą. Anhydryty utlenione nie zawierają na ogół znacznych koncentracji Cu, Pb i Zn. Obecna w nich uboga mineralizacja reliktowa jest reprezentowana przez drobne pozostałości siarczków miedzi (głównie kowelinu, digenitu i chalkozynu) oraz pirytu, silnie przeobrażonych wskutek ich częściowego zastąpienia przez hematyt. Reliktowa mineralizacja w utlenionych anhydrytach implikuje hematytyzację przekraczającą względem powstałej wcześniej mineralizacji siarczkowej i ekspansję utleniania w górę aż w obręb anhydrytu dolnego. Rejony, w których występują anhydryty utlenione oraz redukcyjne z najbogatszą mineralizacją kruszcową, wskazują centra najintensywniejszej aktywności ascenzyjnych roztworów mineralizacyjnych.
EN
The paper presents the characteristics of ore mineralization of the Lower Anhydrite in the Fore-Sudetic Monocline. Both reduced and oxidized (Rote Fäule) rocks have been investigated. Reduced anhydrites are characterized by significant variability of metal concentrations and sulphide minerals. The most intensely mineralized anhydrites occur above the oxidized bottom part of the Lower Anhydrite. Mineralization in this part is dominated by copper sulphides (chalcocite, digenite, covellite, bornite and chalcopyrite) which are accompanied by galena and sphalerite. Further away from the oxidized zone, zinc and lead sulphides predominate over copper sulphides, and pyrite mineralization is also observed. Complex intergrowths and replacement textures of sulphides, as well as intergrowths of the ore minerals with sulphates and carbonates are considered to have formed after lithification of the enclosing sediments, and indicate that the original associations of sulphides were overprinted by superimposed later mineralization. Oxidized anhydrites generally have no significant concentrations of metals like Cu, Pb and Zn. The relict mineralization there is represented by remnants of tiny grains of copper sulphides (mainly covellite, digenite and chalcocite) and pyrite, profoundly altered as a result of their partial replacement by hematite. This mineralization present in the oxidized anhydrites indicates that hematite emplacement overlapped deposition of the original sulphides and extended oxidation up into the Lower Anhydrite. Position of the reduced and oxidized areas of anhydrites enriched in metals indicates centres of the most intense activity of the ascending mineralizing fluids.
EN
Sieroszowice S-1 borehole was drilled by the Geological Institute under the drilling program conducted by Jan Wyżykowski in the previously unexplored central part of the Fore-Sudetic Monocline, contributing to the discovery of the largest European copper ore deposit. The Zechstein copper-bearing series was reached on 23 March 1957, with the ore mineralization interval at a depth of 656.30-658.26 m. Detailed results of chemical analyses and petrographic investigation were included in the ore deposit geological documentation compiled in 1959, but new research methods currently applicable enable the complementary studies to acquire new results. New findings are based on compilation of reflected-light microscopy, CAMECA SX100 electron microprobe studies and LEO scanning electron microscope observations. As a result of the supplementary research, the qualitative and quantitative composition of ore minerals along with the indication of their chemical composition in microprobe studies as well as their distribution in the ore-mineralized interval are presented in detail in this paper. Ore mineralization occurs in the shale-carbonate series and it is generally represented by sulphides of Cu-Fe-S system (chalcopyrite, bornite), accompanied by digenite and covellite, occasionally geerite and spionkopite, but one of the ore intervals is dominated by chalcocite associated with bornite. Pyrite, galena and sphalerite commonly accompany copper sulphides, especially in the uppermost part of the copper-bearing series. A few previously unidentified minerals, such as native silver, silver amalgams, and clausthalite have also been identified. The Weissliegend is characterized by oxidative alteration, typical for the Rote Fäule pattern, and contains only relict sulphide mineralization represented by minor chalcopyrite and pyrite locally corroded by hematite. It displays an elevated concentration of gold as well.
EN
Detailed morphological and geochemical studies of placer gold grains and other heavy minerals from Cenozoic fluvial clastic sediments in the area of the Zimnik Creek drainage basin (North Sudetic Trough, Lower Silesia) allowed the description of their specific features: shape and morphology, flatness index, internal textural features and chemical composition of the gold grains. It enables an estimation of the distance from the source area and determination of the source of the ore mineralisation, along with establishing the feeder areas for placer mineralisation including Rote Fäule-related gold hosted by Rotliegend-Zechstein transitional sediments. The comparison of the heavy mineral contents of placer grains from the Zimnik Creek drainage basin makes it possible to identify the area of origin for the gold particles. The crystalline Au-Ag-Pd-Hg (polymetallic) alloy grains of fluvial gold are assumed to come from the transitional sediments between the Rotliegend and the Zechstein in the North Sudetic Basin. The morphological and geochemical features of the polymetallic grains strongly suggest that the grains from the upper course of the Zimnik Creek valley sediments represent what has eroded from the local gold mineralisation and this mineralisation is probably in the vicinity of the upstream sampling site. The bimodal chemical composition of the Au-Ag-Pd-Hg alloy grains with electrum and medium-Ag grains (<15 wt.% Ag) found in the study area is typical of the Rote Fäule and Kupferschiefer-related gold mineralisation on the southern side of the North Sudetic Trough and the Sieroszowice-Polkowice copper mining district of the Fore-Sudetic Monocline. The study of the Ag contents of placer grains from the Zimnik Creek drainage basin highlights the contrast between the placer gold grains derived from Paleozoic orogenic gold mineralisation in the Sudetes (typically simple Au-Ag alloys containing between 5 and 20 wt.% of Ag) and the one formed by the oxidizing chloride hydrothermal systems. The grains identified in this manner as originating from the oxidizing hydrothermal system of the transitional zone can be distinguished from the placer gold derived from other styles of mineralisation, which are not Rote Fäule-related. It is particularly important considering the ongoing reconnaissance exploration in the North Sudetic Trough (SW Poland), which employs gold grain analyses as a prospecting tool for the detection of potentially economic primary gold mineralisation.
PL
Państwowy Instytut Geologiczny – PIB prowadzi poszukiwania stratyfikowanych złóż rud miedzi w obrębie spągowych utworów cechsztynu od połowy lat 50. XX w., kiedy odkryto złoże Lubin–Sieroszowice. Do 1991 r. zrealizował szereg programów wiertniczych, natomiast w okresie późniejszym prowadził badania próbek skał z rdzeni pozyskiwanych w trakcie poszukiwań złóż węglowodorów przez przemysł naftowy. W rezultacie tych prac poszukiwawczo-badawczych w północno-zachodnim otoczeniu złoża Lubin–Sieroszowice wyznaczono obszary perspektywiczne. Obszary te są usytuowane pomiędzy udokumentowanym złożem Bytom Odrzański i wschodnią granicą zielonogórskiego obszaru, w którym znajdują się utwory wtórnie utlenione. W rejonie Kożuchowa, dolne partie cechsztyńskiej serii miedzionośnej zawierają jedynie siarczkową mineralizację reliktową z towarzyszącymi tlenkami żelaza, a utwory o cechach redukcyjnych z siarczkami metali występują w górnych partiach wapienia cechsztyńskiego lub w spągu anhydrytu dolnego. W rejonie Grochowic, w którym jest obecna strefa redukcyjna, w najbliższym sąsiedztwie obszaru z utworami wtórnie utlenionymi występuje bogata mineralizacja miedziowo-srebrowa reprezentowana przez siarczki typu Cu-S (chalkozyn, digenit, kowelin), przechodząca w kierunku wschodnim w mineralizację zdominowaną siarczkami systemu Cu-Fe-S (bornit, chalkopiryt) ze znacznym udziałem galeny i sfalerytu. Przestrzenna zmienność mineralizacji siarczkowej względem utworów utlenionych wskazuje, że złoże Bytom Odrzański przedłuża się w kierunku północno-zachodnim, kontynuując się w formie pasa miedzionośnego wzdłuż wschodniej granicy obszaru ze skałami utlenionymi. Prowadzona obecnie eksploracja wiertnicza w obrębie przewidywanego pasa miedzionośnego stwarza przesłanki do możliwości udokumentowania i zagospodarowania głębokich złóż rud miedzi.
EN
The Polish Geological Institute – NRI has conducted investigations of the Kupferschiefer series since 1957, when the giant sediment-hosted stratiform Cu-Ag ore deposit was discovered in the central part of the Fore-Sudetic Monocline. Until 1991, a number of drilling programs were completed by PGI-NRI and later research has been focusing mainly on cooperation with oil and gas industry and their core material. Over the last few years, thanks to systematic examination of the drill holes located in the north-western extension, many prospective areas have been recognized and delineated. These prospects are located between Lubin-Sieroszowice deposit and the eastern part of the Zielona Góra oxidized field. In the Kożuchów area, the lower part of Zechstein copper-bearing series contain only relict sulphide mineralization accompanied by iron oxides while reduced rocks with metal sulphides occur in the uppermost part of Zechstein Limestone or at the base of Lower Anhydrite. Grochowice area, where reduced facies prevail in copper-bearing series, is characterized by the predomination of rich Cu-Ag mineralization proximaly to oxidized area. The western part of studied area is dominated by Cu-S type sulphides (chalcocite, digenite, covellite) whereas the eastern part is represented by Cu-Fe-S type minerals (bornite, chalcopyrite) with high galena and sphalerite concentrations. The spatial variability of sulphide mineralization with respect to the oxidized rocks indicates that Bytom Odrzański deposit extends in the north-west direction, continuing in the form of a copper belt along the eastern border of the oxidized area. An extensive deep exploration drilling program is implemented to verify the resource potential within predicted copper belt.
PL
Przedmiotem niniejszej pracy jest zmienność mineralizacji kruszcowej na granicy strefy utlenionej i redukcyjnej w profilach cechsztyńskiej serii miedzionośnej z archiwalnych otworów wiertniczych, usytuowanych w zachodniej części złoża Polkowice, w najbliższym sąsiedztwie bloku przedsudeckiego. Zidentyfikowano następujące minerały kruszcowe: chalkozyn, kowelin, digenit, tennantyt, bornit, chalkopiryt, kobaltyn, skuterudyt, nikielin, rammelsbergit, piryt, galenę, sfaleryt i markasyt. Określono budowę wewnętrzną skał złożowych, relacje pomiędzy składnikami skał oraz opisano litologię tych utworów. Zmienność mineralizacji kruszcowej w profilach wiertniczych serii złożowej wskazuje na występowanie bogatej mineralizacji miedziowej ponad utworami utlenionymi (głównie w formie rozproszonej) oraz obecność złota w utworach utlenionych (złoto submikroskopowe).
EN
A full-scale investigation into variability of ore mineralization at the contact between oxidized and reduced zone in the copper-bearing Zechstein series was performed. Results of the studies were obtained on the basis of archival boreholes located in the western part of the Polkowice mining area, proximal to the Fore-Sudetic Block. Detailed microscopic observations enabled to identify the following ore minerals: chalcocite, covellite, digenite, tennantite, bornite, chalcopyrite, cobaltite, skutterudite, nickeline, rammelsbergite, pyrite, galena, sphalerite and marcasite. Microscopic observations allowed determining some features of host sediments (textures and structures) and establishing relations between constituents of rocks. Petrographic analysis of thin-sections also allowed describing the lithology of the rocks. The variability of ore mineralization in the boreholes indicates the occurrence of high-grade copper ores (mainly disseminated mineralization) above the oxidized zones, and the presence of submicroscopic gold in oxidized rocks.
PL
Ujawniono bogatą mineralizację Au-Pt-Pd na rezerwowych (pozaeksploatacyjnych) obszarach dokumentacyjnych Lubin-Sieroszowice, związaną z płonnymi utworami utlenionymi Rote Faule. Pas o najwyższych koncentracjach złota przylega do złóż Cu-Ag wzdłuż zasięgu obszarów utlenionych. Obecnie wyznaczone pola perspektywiczne (Radwanice, Gaworzyce, Bytom Odrzański) stanowią bezpośrednią kontynuację obszaru złotonośnego Polkowice-Sieroszowice, rozpoznanego wcześniej na obszarach górniczych. Ogółem, na pozaeksploatacyjnych obszarach perspektywicznych o łącznej powierzchni 184 km2 znajduje się ok. 256 Mg Au, 29 Mg Pt i 39 Mg Pd. Mineralizacja powstała wskutek przepływu metalonośnych roztworów utleniających i koncentracji metali w wyniku interakcji z osadami redukcyjnymi. Procesy okruszcowania przebiegały na przeważających częściach obszarów utlenionych, dlatego rejony Rote Faule można traktować jako obszary perspektywiczne, możliwe do gospodarczego wykorzystania.
EN
Rich Rote Faule-related Au-Pt-Pd mineralization was found in barren areas adjacent to the Lubin-Sieroszowice copper deposits. A high-grade Au-bearing belt envelopes Cu-Ag deposits along the margin of oxidised areas. Delineated prospective areas (Radwanice, Gaworzyce, Bytom Odrzański) continue easwards into the Polkowice-Sieroszowice Au-Pt-Pd deposit, which was recognized earlier in the mining area. General potential on the reserved areas totals ca. 256 Mg Au, 29 Mg Pt i 39 Mg Pd in area of approximately 184 km2. Mineralization originated from passage of metalliferous oxidised solutions and precipitated due to the interaction of these fluids with reduced carbonaceous sediments. Mineralization occurred over vast areas, thus, the Rote Faule pattern represents a significant exploration and production target.
10
Content available remote Cechsztyński łupek miedzionośny - poszukiwania nowych rezerw
PL
Poszukiwanie i rozszerzenie bazy zasobowej w kraju w dalszym ciągu jest alternatywą dla uzupełniającego zakupu koncentratów lub złóż za granicą, co powinno być z całą uwagą rozpatrywane przez KGHM Polska Miedź SA. Uzyskane wstępne wyniki badań wskazują, że istnieje realna możliwość wytypowania w obrębie obszarów rezerwowych i perspektywicznych przemysłu miedziowego rejonów, które spełniają dwa warunki: (1) cechują się najniższymi wartościami współczesnego pola cieplnego (optymalne z punktu widzenia temperatury górotworu) oraz (2) maksymalnymi wartościami dojrzałości materii organicznej (obecność bogatych rud Cu-Ag, możliwość wystąpienia rud Au-Pt-Pd). Wykazano, że współczesne pole geotermalne na NE, N i NW od złoża Lubin-Sieroszowice jest znacznie bardziej zróżnicowane, niż wynikało z wcześniejszych badań, a sugerowany wzrost gradientu geotermalnego w tych kierunkach lokalnie zmniejsza się. Potwierdzono niezwykłą użyteczność badań dojrzałości materii organicznej dla poszukiwania cechsztyńskich złóż rud Cu-Ag.
EN
Exploration and development of Polish copper national resources should be still an alternative for copper concentrates purchase or acquiring foreign deposits for KGHM Polish Cooper S.A. Presented results suggest, that there is a high potential for encountering regions (inside reserve and prospective areas) that fulfill two critical conditions: (1) lowest values of present-day geothermal field (optimal from operational temperature reasons); (2) highest values of organic matter maturity (the intimate occurrence of Cu-Ag and Au-Pt-Pd mineralization). It was confirmed that to the NE, N, and NW of Lubin-Sieroszowice deposit, present geothermal field is far more complicated than suggested by previous works, and what is more important the rate of geothermal gradient increase in those directions diminishes. The organic material and coal petrology methods were proven to be an excellent methods in exploration for the Kupferschiefer-type Cu-Ag deposits.
EN
In the western part of the Lubin-Sieroszowice mining district, processes of secondary oxidation of the Kupferschiefer sediments have led to the formation of the Rote Fäule hematitic footwall alteration and resulted in a unique Kupferschiefer profile clearly comprising reduced, transitional and oxidised rocks. Redox zones were identified by petrographic, geochemical and stable isotope studies of selected core and mine sections. The vertical petrographic and geochemical zonation of the Kupferschiefer sections implies that this variation is the result of an ascending flow of hydrothermal oxidising fluids through the basal part of the Zechstein sediments. The upward, cross-formational flow and water-rock interaction resulted in the oxidation of the initially reduced Kupferschiefer shales that led to the destruction and leaching of unstable components, leaving only refractory and immobile constituents behind within the Rote Fäule. The oxidised rocks are characterised by an abundance of ferric Fe oxides, the presence of gold in association with hematite, high concentrations of aromatic hydrocarbons and asphaltenes, the lowest delta13 C and delta18 O values in carbonates and the highest delta 34 S values in disseminated sulfides. The residual organic matter is significantly depleted in bitumen and hydrogen, and characterised by the absence of alginite and sporinite, low collinite and bituminite contents, and a high relative proportion of solid bitumen. A considerable loss of pyrite and base metals coincides with organic matter degradation. The association of Au-Pt-Pd mineralisation with the oxidised rocks, and Cu-Ag ores with the reduced sediments implies that the processes forming the Rote Fäule were paralleled by sulfide mineralisation. The Rote Fäule/ore system developed as post-sedimentary event caused by large-scale flow of metal-bearing fluids from the underlying Rotliegend aquifer.
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