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1

Fossil fuels in the energy transition - the case of Romania

Hebda Wiktor

Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi

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2023

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T. 39, z. 4

85--106

EN

Nowadays, one of the biggest challenges faced by EU countries is the pursuit of zero-emission economies. Certainly, it is crucial to determine the role of fossil fuels in the energy transformation. In light of the European Green Deal, EU countries should cease the consumption of hydrocarbons, i.e. coal, crude oil and natural gas, by 2050. Nevertheless, there are significant differences regarding the possibility of decarbonizing the energy sectors of the different EU Member States. For many years, Romania has been successively implementing an energy transformation, the main goal of which is the significant reduction of fossil fuels in the energy mix. Just a few years ago, one of the most important energy resources was coal, which is to be eliminated within the next decade. However, a much greater challenge is the reduction and subsequent abandonment of natural gas and crude oil. The key task facing Romania is to ensure energy security, which is why decarbonization will be strongly coupled with the country’s economic and political capabilities. The exclusion of fossil fuels in power engineering means that there is a need to develop alternative generation capacities, in particular in nuclear, wind and solar energy. This article presents the current condition of the energy sector in Romania, with a particular emphasis on the role of fossil fuels in its transformation. An analysis of documents and field research shows that there will be a dynamic decarbonization in the coming years, which will result in a significant reduction in the consumption of fossil fuels. The priority of Romania’s energy policy is to achieve a zero-emission economy, but ensuring stability and security in the energy sector will be of key importance in this process.

PL

W obecnych czasach jednym z większych wyzwań, przed jakimi stoją państwa Unii Europejskiej, jest dążenie do zeroemisyjności gospodarek. Z pewnością w tym zakresie kluczowe pozostaje określenie roli paliw kopalnych w transformacji energetycznej. W świetle europejskiego zielonego ładu państwa UE do 2050 r. powinny zrezygnować z konsumpcji węglowodorów, tj. węgla, ropy naftowej czy gazu ziemnego. Niemniej zauważalne są duże dysproporcje co do możliwości dekarbonizacji sektora energetycznego poszczególnych państw członkowskich UE. Rumunia od wielu lat sukcesywnie dokonuje transformacji energetycznej, której zasadniczym celem jest wydatna redukcja paliw kopalnych w miksie energetycznym. Jeszcze kilka lat temu jednym z ważniejszych surowców energetycznych był węgiel, który w perspektywie najbliższej dekady zostanie całkowicie wyeliminowany. Natomiast zdecydowanie większym wyzwaniem będzie redukcja, a następnie rezygnacja z gazu ziemnego oraz ropy naftowej. Kluczowym zadaniem, przed jakim stoi Rumunia, jest zapewnienie bezpieczeństwa energetycznego, dlatego też dekarbonizacja będzie silnie sprzężona z możliwościami gospodarczo-politycznymi państwa. Wykluczenie paliw kopalnych w elektroenergetyce wiąże się z koniecznością rozwoju alternatywnych mocy wytwórczych, w szczególności w energetyce jądrowej, wiatrowej oraz solarnej. W artykule zaprezentowano obecną kondycje sektora energetycznego Rumuni ze szczególnym naciskiem na miejsce paliw kopalnych w jej transformacji. Analiza wskazuje, że w okresie najbliższych lat dokona się dynamiczna dekarbonizacja, której efektem będzie znaczna redukcja konsumpcji paliw kopalnych. Priorytetem polityki energetycznej Rumunii jest osiągnięcie zeroemisyjnej gospodarki, niemniej kluczowe w tym procesie będzie zapewnienie stabilności i bezpieczeństwa w sektorze elektroenergetycznym.

2

Vrancea intermediate-depth focal mechanism catalog: a useful instrument for local and regional stress field estimation

Andreea Craiu, Marius Craiu, Marius Mihai, Florinela Manea Elena, Alexandru Marmureanu

Acta Geophysica

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2023

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Vol. 71, no. 1

29--52

EN

The Vrancea seismic zone, located in the bend region of the South-Eastern Carpathians, is a unique area with both crustal and intermediate-depth seismic activity and is known as one of the most active seismic area in Europe. Moderate crustal seismicity is recorded all over the Carpathian region, but the far more intense activity occurs in a small subcrustal seismogenic volume beneath the SE‐bend of the Carpathian arc with about 20×50 km lateral and 110 km vertical extent (70–180 km depth). A unique slab geometry, likely preserved until the present, causes stress localization due to the slab bending and subsequent stress release resulting in large mantle earthquakes in the region. The main focus of this study is to determine the focal mechanisms for events with a magnitude larger than 2.7, between 2005 and 2020 and evaluate the current stress field along the Vrancea subcrustal region, from the derived fault plane solutions. The main style of faulting for Vrancea subcrustal events presents a predominant reverse one, with two main earthquakes categories: the first one with the nodal planes, oriented NE–SW parallel with the Carpathian Arc and the second one with the nodal planes, oriented NW–SE perpendicular on the Carpathian Arc. The results of stress inversion indicate a dominant thrust faulting style, with an average stress regime index of 2.87. The stress pattern shows similar partitioning with vertical extension in the slab and no preferred orientation in the overlying crust, showing a transition regime from the extensional regime in the Moesian Platform to the compressional regime in the Vrancea subcrustal zone.

3

Najdłuższy most wiszący na Dunaju w Rumunii – most Brăila

Dąbrowiecki Krzysztof

Nowoczesne Budownictwo Inżynieryjne

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2022

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Nr 4

70--73

PL

W cieniu najdłuższego na świecie mostu wiszącego Çanakkale 1915 w Turcji i bez specjalnej reklamy budowany jest najdłuższy w Rumunii, a zarazem jeden z najdłuższych w Europie mostów wiszących – most Brăila na Dunaju we wschodniej części kraju (ryc. 1). Łączy miasta Brăila (pol. Braiła) i Galați (pol. Gałacz) z miejscowością Măcin w okręgu Tulcea (pol. Tulcza) na przeciwległym brzegu rzeki. Będzie to pierwszy most w dolnym biegu Dunaju, przepływającego przez 10 krajów europejskich.

4

Współpraca z Wojewódzkim Muzeum Nauk Przyrodniczych – Prahowa – Ploiesti – Rumunia

Wiek Nafty : zeszyty naukowo-historyczne

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2021

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R. 30, nr 1

11--12

5

Rafineria Vega – 115 lat historii

Manolaiche Roxana-Madalina

Wiek Nafty : zeszyty naukowo-historyczne

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2021

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R. 30, nr 1

13--20

6

Changes in the railway network in Romania before and after accession to the EU (1990-2020)

Wendt Jan A.

Prace Komisji Geografii Komunikacji PTG

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2021

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nr 24(4)

20--29

EN

The work deals with the changes in the railway network in Romania in the years 1990-2020. As in other countries, it is characterized by regress, but to a lesser extent than in the countries of the region. The aim of the study is to indicate the size of the changes taking place in terms of four spatial levels: country, macroregions, development regions and Romanian counties. Another goal of the analysis undertaken is to assess changes in the quality of the railway network in the analyzed period. Two research hypotheses were put forward, the first one with a small impact of the EU funds on the development of the rail network, the second about the lack of impact of EU funding on changes in the quality of rail transport in Romania. In the research and data analysis, the official Romanian statistical databases on changes in the length of railway lines in individual spatial ranges for the analyzed period were used, as well as data from the „Ranking railroad, The Global economy” portal to assess quality changes in rail transport. Statistical methods and rankings were used in the analysis. The method of comparisons with other countries in the region was used to assess the quality changes. In the study, the literature on the subject was widely used, both concerning the studied country and other countries in the regions of Central Europe and the Balkans. The thesis about the low impact of EU funds on changes in the railway network, which has been positively verified, has been verified. The result of the study is an indication of a much smaller regress in rail transport in Romania than in other countries of the region. The greatest increase in the length of railway lines took place in the eastern regions of the country and in border counties, especially on the border with Hungary. In the analyzed period of time, the quality in rail transport did not improve significantly in practice.

PL

W pracy podjęto tematykę zmian w sieci kolejowej w Rumunii w latach 1990-2020. Podobnie jak w innych krajach cechuje ją regres, jednak w mniejszym stopniu niż w innych krajach regionu. Celem pracy jest wskazanie wielkości zachodzących zmian w ujęciu czterech poziomów przestrzennych: kraju, makroregionów, regionów rozwoju oraz rumuńskich województw. Kolejnym celem podjętej analizy jest ocena zmian jakości sieci kolejowej w badanym okresie. Postawiono dwie hipotezy badawcze – pierwszą o niewielkim wpływie funduszy UE na rozwój sieci kolejowej, drugą o braku wpływu finansowania z UE na zmiany jakości w transporcie kolejowym w Rumunii. W badaniach i analizie danych wykorzystano oficjalne, rumuńskie bazy statystyczne w zakresie zmian długości linii kolejowych w poszczególnych zakresach przestrzennych dla badanego okresu oraz dane z portalu „Ranking railroad, The Global economy” do oceny zmian jakości w transporcie kolejowym. W analizie zastosowano metody statystyczne i rankingi. Dla oceny zmian jakości wykorzystano metodę porównań z innymi krajami regionu. W pracy wykorzystano w szerokim zakresie literaturę przedmiotu, zarówno dotycząca badanego kraju jak i innych państw w regionach Europie Środkowej i Bałkanów. Podjęto weryfikację tezy o niewielkim wpływie funduszy UE na zmiany w sieci kolejowej, która została pozytywnie zweryfikowana. Wynikiem pracy jest wskazanie na zdecydowanie mniejszy regres w transporcie kolejowym w Rumunii, niż miał miejsce w innych krajach regionu. Największy wzrost długości linii kolejowych odnotowano we wschodnich regionach kraju oraz województwach przygranicznych, zwłaszcza na granicy z Węgrami. W analizowanym okresie jakość w transporcie kolejowym w praktyce nie uległa znaczącemu polepszeniu.

7

Początki industrializacji rumuńskiej nafty : etapy i pionierzy tego procesu

Calcan Gheorghe, Gurgacz Wojciech

Wiek Nafty : zeszyty naukowo-historyczne

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2020

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R. 28, nr 2

11--19

8

Muzeum Ropy w Ploiesti

Banu Magdalena, Sęp Jan

Wiek Nafty : zeszyty naukowo-historyczne

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2020

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R. 28, nr 2

20--23

9

Dni polskie w Rumunii

Sęp Jan

Wiek Nafty : zeszyty naukowo-historyczne

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2020

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R. 28, nr 1

34--35

10

Metro w Bukareszcie

Graff Marek

TTS Technika Transportu Szynowego

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2020

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R. 27, nr 5-6

35--42

PL

Sieć metra w Bukareszcie składa się obecnie z 4 linii, z których pierwsza została uruchomiona w 1979 r. Bukaresztańska sieć kolei podziemnej jest jedynym w Rumunii systemem metra. Do obsługi zaprojektowano oraz wyprodukowano w krajowej firmie w Arad tabor kolei podziemnej. Metro zostało zbudowane w oparciu o wzorce zachodnie – unikano stosowania marmurów czy ozdób na większą skalę na rzecz prostoty czy funkcjonalności. Skutkowało to także większym tempem budowy sieci metra. Wraz z przystąpieniem Rumunii do UE w 2007 r. oraz możliwością pozyskania dofinansowania, zakupiono tabor pochodzący od renomowanych producentów – Bombardiera i CAF.

EN

The Bucharest metro network currently consists of 4 lines, the first of which was launched in 1979. This underground rail network is the only metro system in Romania. The underground rolling stock was designed and manufactured by the national company in Arad. The metro was built in Western-style - the use of marbles or decorations on a larger scale was avoided for simplicity and functionality. It also resulted in faster construction of the metro network. With the accession of Romania to the EU in 2007 and the possibility of obtaining funding, rolling stock from well-known manufacturers - Bombardier and CAF - was purchased. The metro uses the 1435 mm rail gauge and right-hand traffic.

11

Holocene environmental history of the Bottomless Lake (Tăul fără fund) sphagnum peat bog in Bǎgǎu, Romania

Vári Tamás Zsolt, Molnár Dávid, Sümegi Pál, Sümegi Balázs Pál, Törőcsik Tünde, Szakál Edit, Benyó-Korcsmáros Réka

Studia Quaternaria

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2020

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Vol. 37, Nr 2

69--77

EN

This work focuses on the paleoenvironmental and palaeoclimatological history of the undisturbed core sequence of 8.6 m extracted from the Bottomless Lake (Tăul fără fund) sphagnum peat bog located in Bǎgǎu, Romania, which covers the last 8,600 years based on radiocarbon dating. By comparing results of archaeological and palaeoenvironmental investigations carried out so far in the area, results of the loss on ignition analyses and the data of the chronological analyses, it was possible to reconstruct climatic factors and anthropogenic impacts on the local environment. The undisturbed core sequence has above 86% organic matter content all along excluding the erosion horizons. Anthropogenic effects (building, woodcutting, pasturage, husbandry, farming) and changes in the local climate, vegetation, and environment increased the rate of the erosion and decreased the rate of the accumulation.

12

Changes in the physico-chemical properties of topsoil in a landslide-affected area (western part of the Transylvanian Basin, Romania)

Bălc Ramona, Roba Carmen, Rosian Gheorghe, Costin Dan, Horvath Csaba, Zglobiu Octavia Raluca, Chirtos Diana

Geological Quarterly

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2020

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Vol. 64, No. 4

931--941

EN

Landslides determine increases and decreases in specific soil compounds which is affecting soil fertility. The recovery of soil fertility is a long process and may be used as an indicator of the landslide age and can contribute to the management plan of the affected area. In order to add to data about soil properties affected by landslides, the current study focuses on a young and shallow landslide from the western part of the Transylvanian Depression. Soil samples were analysed from a physico-chemical point of view (pH, organic matter - OM, total organic carbon - TOC, major cations, and iron content) in two places, at between 0 and 60 cm depth (inside and outside the landslide). The results obtained showed lower values of pH inside the landslide, low values of TOC and rock fragments in both places studied (inside and outside the landslide) and no differences in soil texture between disturbed and undisturbed soil. The ammonium, magnesium and calcium content was higher outside the landslide, the sodium level was slightly higher outside the landslide, while the potassium concentration was higher inside the landslide. This study offers new data regarding recovery of soil fertility and highlights the importance of gaining knowledge on soil properties of relevance to future measures to increase the fertility of agricultural soils.

13

The national defence strategy of Romania

Faur Diana-Maria

Security Review

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2019

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nr 4(13)

3--11

EN

Globally, the security environment is in a continuous transformation, which is mainly reflected in the accentuation of interdependencies and unpredictability in the international relationship system and the difficulty of delimiting the risks and threats of classical type asymmetric and hybrid. Considering that the defence strategy of Romania is the main instrument of defence planning at national level, I chose to talk in the next article about its role and the measures the country has to take to avoid the risks and the various threats to which it is exposed, given the situations that Europe has faced in recent years.

14

The role of IT in the logistics sector : the impact of DuPont model on the profitability of IT companies

Ignat Ioana, Feleaga Liliana

LogForum

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2019

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Vol. 15, no. 2

191--203

EN

Background: The information technology (IT) is presented in all levels of the supply chain, from the communication with suppliers, through the manufacture process and until the delivery to clients. Moreover, IT has a positive effect on the performance of the supply chain. In this context, it is important for the IT sector to register a positive evolution, in other words it is important that the IT companies to be profitable and to continue to exist on the market ensuring the provision of the necessary tools for the logistic sector. Therefore, the objective of this paper was to analyze the profitability of the IT companies and to identify which factors impact it. The importance of our study in the context of the logistic sector can be sustained by the fact that technology information constitutes a crucial strategic aspect for the logistics service providers and it is important to maintain a positive evolution of the IT sector. Methods: There was used a regression analysis which started from the factors of the DuPont model and afterwards supplemented by one factor identified based on the Stepwise method. Results: The results show that the profitability of the Romanian IT companies is influenced by the Net Profit Margin, the Asset Turnover, the Financial Leverage and the Sales Growth. Conclusions: More exactly, the profitability of these companies is impacted by the capacity to generate net income based on the sales performed (and indirectly by the management of the costs), the efficiency with which the assets are used in order to generate revenues, the financing source of the assets and by the growth of the sales volume. Our results may present importance for the financial management, investors and researches offering insights about the factors which should be observed in order to improve the profitability of an IT entity from Romania. The importance of this study for the logistics sector can be interpreted as following: knowing which is the evolution of the IT market from a country and which factors impact the profitability of it represents an asset from the point of view of the logistics aspects, as there can be provided insights in case that the continuity for the tools needed is uncertain. Future research direction may imply the analysis of the correlation between the evolution of the IT companies and the logistic sector. Considering the fact that, as far as we know, no similar study was performed at the level of the Romanian IT industry, the novelty and originality of the research is represented by the performance of the research at the level of this market.

PL

Wstęp: Technologia IT jest obecna we wszystkich obszarach łańcucha dostaw, od komunikacji z dostawcami, poprzez proces produkcyjny aż po dostawy do klientów. Dodatkowo, IT ma pozytywny wpływ na pracę łańcucha dostaw. W tym kontekście ważne jest, aby sektor IT przeżywał pozytywną ewolucję, to znaczy, aby firmy IT były zyskowne oraz kontynuowały swoją działalność na rynku i były w stanie dostarczać potrzebnych narzędzi dla sektora logistycznego. Celem niniejszej pracy była analiza zyskowności przedsiębiorstw IT oraz identyfikacja czynników na nią wpływających. Istotność tych badań w kontekście sektora logistycznego opiera się na fakcie, że informacja technologiczna jest kluczowym aspektem strategicznym dla dostawców usług logistycznych i dlatego ważnym jest utrzymanie pozytywnej ewolucji sektora IT. Metody: W pracy zastosowano analizę regresji, wychodząc od czynników modelu DuPonta a następnie uzupełniając o czynnik zidentyfikowany przy użyciu metody Stepwise. Wyniki: Wyniki wskazują, że na zyskowność rumuńskich przedsiębiorstw IT ma wpływ marża netto, wskaźnik rotacji, dźwignia finansowa oraz wzrost sprzedaży. Wnioski: Zyskowność badanych przedsiębiorstw jest uwarunkowana zdolnością generowania dochodu netto w oparciu o realizowaną sprzedaż (oraz pośrednio przez zarządzanie kosztami), wydajnością wykorzystania posiadanych zasobów, źródłem finansowania zasobów oraz wielkością sprzedaży. Prezentowane wyniki są istotne dla zarządzania finansowego, zarówno dla inwestorów jak i naukowców, oferując informacje na temat czynników, które należy kontrolować w celu uzyskania zyskowności przedsiębiorstwa IT w Rumunii. Istotność uzyskanych wyników dla sektora logistycznego należy zinterpretować następująco: znajomość ewolucji rynku IT w kraju oraz czynników wpływających na zyskowność daje przewagę z punktu widzenia aspektów logistycznych i dostarcza niezbędnych informacji w sytuacjach niepewnych. Dalsze badania powinny obejmować analizę korelacji pomiędzy ewolucją przedsiębiorstw IT oraz sektora logistycznego. Biorąc pod uwagę fakt, że jest to pierwsza tego typu praca dotycząca poziomu przemysłu IT w Rumunii, nowość i oryginalność prezentowanej pracy jest reprezentowana poprzez jej realizację na poziomie tego rynku.

15

The Aptian Gura Râului conglomerates (Southern Carpathians) : remains of an extended subaqueous gravity flow deposit from the eastern flank of the Getic Nappe

Ungureanu Răzvan, Săsăran Emanoil, Bucur Ioan I., Mircescu Cristian Victor, Ungureanu Alexandra, Ungur Ciprian Gheorghiţă

Geological Quarterly

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2019

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Vol. 63, No. 1

88--105

EN

The Getic Nappe belongs to the Central Dacides or Dacia Mega Unit. Gravity flow deposits were generated by the Lower Cretaceous overthrust and uplift of this unit over the External Dacides. In the Piatra Craiului Syncline (part of the Getic Nappe), such detrital deposits are represented by the Aptian conglomerates and the uppermost Albian-Cenomanian conglomerates. Part of the infill of the syncline consists of a thick pile of NW-SE oriented conglomerates. Sedimentological study documents the presence of an association which consists of three distinct facies types, represented by: massive conglomerates; alternating conglomerates, sandstones and microconglomerates; and fining- and coarsening-upwards conglomerates. These deposits were accumulated through a series of debris flows, and hyperconcentrated or concentrated flows. The entire assemblage represents a complex routing system within submarine channels, an interpretation made by interpreting facies associations, palaeoflow directions and clast fabrics. A large part of this succession was removed by post-Albian erosion. Thus, the interpretation of the depositional system could be as a series of feeder channels or the submarine sector of a fan-delta system representing a foreland basin fill.

16

Occurrence of clastic injectites in the Oligocene strata of the Carpathians and their significance in unravelling the Paleogene and Neogene evolution of the Carpathian orogeny (Poland, Ukraine and Romania)

Jankowski Leszek, Wysocka Anna

Geological Quarterly

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2019

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Vol. 63, No. 1

106--125

EN

The irregular distribution of sand injections, traditionally termed “dykes” in the Polish geological literature, within individual Carpathian units and within individual lithofacies were observed during long-lasting field works. Injectites have been observed in the Magura Beds and in the Inoceramian Beds of the Polish and Romanian Carpathians, and in the Central Carpathian Paleogene deposits. However, they are most common in the Oligocene-Miocene Menilite Beds, where they are typical and abundant, particularly in the Skole Unit. Two clastic injectite types were distinguished: sedimentary (S-type) and tectonized (T-type). Based on the occurrence and interpretation of these injectites a new two-stage conceptual model is proposed for the Polish segment of the progressive Oligocene-Miocene Carpathian orogenic belt evolution. Type S clastic injectites are interpreted as having formed in the compressional stage, during foredeep basin migration while depositional slope changes were taking place in the Late Oligocene to Early Miocene. Type T injectites are interpreted as having formed by reactivation of S-type injectites in the last, mainly strike-slip, phases of Carpathian orogenic belt formation.

17

160 lat rumuńskiego przemysłu naftowego (1857-2017)

Calcan G.

Wiek Nafty : zeszyty naukowo-historyczne

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2018

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R. 27, nr 1

24--37

18

Społeczeństwo rumuńskie uwięzione w stereotypach

Radelczuk J., Tomaszewska A.

Roczniki Studenckie Akademii Wojsk Lądowych

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2018

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R. 2

7--20

PL

Celem niniejszego artykułu jest przedstawienie zagadnienia stereotypów istniejących na temat społeczności rumuńskiej. Artykuł koncentruje się na przybliżeniu teoretycznego zagadnienia istoty stereotypów, ich źródeł, funkcji oraz różnicy między uprzedzeniami. Artykuł przedstawia główne problemy dotyczące niechęci poznawania nowych kultur oraz braku zaangażowania w weryfikację ogólnie przyjętych stereotypów.

EN

The main purpose of this paper is to present basic stereotypes about Romania. The article shows origin and differences of stereotypes and prejudice. Also there was mentioned functions which stereotypes provide. Authors tried to present the main problems regarding the reluctance to learn about new cultures and the lack of commitment to the verification of generally accepted stereotypes.

19

First report of a Pliocene pike (Esocidae: Esox) in Transylvania, Romania

Codrea V. A., Trif N., Toth L.

Geological Quarterly

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2018

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Vol. 62, No. 3

644--652

EN

Pliocene fish species based on skeleton remains and associated teeth ever reported from the inner Carpathian area in Romania in the Braşov Basin (Baraolt sub-basin), which refers to a pike (Esox sp.). The fish fossils illustrating a large-sized specimen originate from the South Racoş coal open pit (Racoşu de Sus, Covasna County), in the so-called “Formation with Limnocardium” (Dacian, Lower Pliocene). Comparisons with osteological material of recent pikes originating from various localities in Romania are presented. The associated mollusc fauna known from the formation that yielded the pike remains suggests the presence of a lake with a stratified water column in the Baraolt sub-basin.

20

An Early Jurassic braided river system from Mehadia, South Carpathians, Romania

Kędzior A., Popa M. E.

Geological Quarterly

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2018

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Vol. 62, No. 2

415--432

EN

The Lower Jurassic (Hettangian–Sinemurian) continental deposits of the Mehadia area (Caraş–Severin County) belong to the Presacina Basin, Upper Danubian Units of the South Carpathians, Romania. This un-named succession is exposed along large areas within the Greaţca Quarry where deposits of a complex braided river system can be seen. Nine clastic facies are identified within the Mehadia section and grouped into two facies associations reflecting two main sub-environments. (A) a fine-grained association, up to 6.5 m thick, composed of greyish black and dark grey massive and horizontally laminated mudstones interbedded with fine- to medium-grained sandstones showing ripple lamination, tabular low-angle large-scale cross-bedding and in some places massive sandstones. Within this association coarsening and fining-upward sequences are visible, while subordinate pensymmetrical-like sequences were observed. The sediments of the fine-grained association are interpreted as having been deposited along an alluvial plain from flood waters. The sandstone interbeds are interpreted as crevasse channel-fills and the thinner sandstone bodies as proximal crevasse splays. (B) a coarse-grained facies association represented by sandstones and conglomerates, both clast- and matrix-supported, from granule to pebble clast sizes. Almost all basal members of this association are underlain by erosional surfaces, while internal erosional surfaces occur at some levels. The coarse-grained facies association is interpreted as having been deposited within active river channels of a sandy braided river system. The occurrence of numerous erosional surfaces, the recurrence of the facies within this association (channel bodies), as well as the abundant mudstone and sandstone intraclasts all point to frequent conditions of erosion (including redeposition) of previously deposited sediments. The relatively low fine-grained sediment content (<25%) can be explained by two factors: (1) a creation rate for accommodation space was not enough for the accumulation of a large amount of overbank deposits; (2) a lack of larger quantities of fine-grained material being transported in the river system. Both factors may have operated independently or interacted.