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EN
A common problem in transient rotordynamic simulations is the numerical effort necessary for the computation of hydrodynamic bearing forces. Due to the nonlinear interaction between the rotordynamic and hydrodynamic systems, an adequate prediction of shaft oscillations requires a solution of the Reynolds equation at every time step. Since closed-form analytical solutions are only known for highly simplified models, numerical methods or look-up table techniques are usually employed. Numerical solutions provide excellent accuracy and allow a consideration of various physical influences that may affect the pressure generation in the bearing (e.g., cavitation or shaft tilting), but they are computationally expensive. Look-up tables are less universal because the interpolation effort and the database size increase significantly with every considered physical effect that introduces additional independent variables. In recent studies, the Reynolds equation was solved semianalytically by means of the scaled boundary finite element method (SBFEM). Compared to the finite element method (FEM), this solution is relatively fast if a small discretization error is desired or if the slenderness ratio of the bearing is large. The accuracy and efficiency of this approach, which have already been investigated for single calls of the Reynolds equation, are now examined in the context of rotordynamic simulations. For comparison of the simulation results and the computational effort, two numerical reference solutions based on the FEM and the finite volume method (FVM) are also analyzed.
EN
Since the 1960s, all studies have assumed that a film thickness “h” provides a unique pressure field “p” by resolving the Reynolds equation. However, it is relevant to investigate the film thickness unicity under a given hydrodynamic pressure within the inverse theory. This paper presents a new approach to deduce from an initial film thickness a widespread number of thicknesses providing the same hydrodynamic pressure under a specific condition of gradient pressure. For this purpose, three steps were presented: 1) computing the hydrodynamic pressure from an initial film thickness by resolving the Reynolds equation with Gümbel’s cavitation model, 2) using a new algorithm to generate a second film thickness, 3) comparing and validating the hydrodynamic pressure produced by both thicknesses with the modified Reynolds equation. Throughout three surface finishes: the macro-shaped, micro-textured, and rough surfaces, it has been demonstrated that under a specific hydrodynamic pressure gradient, several film thicknesses could generate the same pressure field with a slight difference by considering cavitation. Besides, this paper confirms also that with different ratios of the averaged film thickness to the root mean square (RMS) similar hydrodynamic pressure could be generated, thereby the deficiency of this ratio to define the lubrication regime as commonly known from Patir and Cheng theory.
EN
Since the sixties, most of numerical studies that model the rotary lip seal lubrication have been restricted by assuming that one of the two opposing surfaces is smooth: either the lip or the shaft. This hypothesis, although it is verified only for a shaft roughness ten times smaller than that of the seal, is the best solution to avoid the transient term “∂h/∂t” in the deterministic approach. Thus, the subject of the present study is twofold. The first part validates the current hydrodynamic model with the international literature by assuming the asperities on the lip and shaft as a two-dimensional cosine function. In the second part the Reynolds equation for rough surfaces with relative motion is solved. The numerical results show that the relative motion between rough surfaces impacts significantly the load support and the leakage rate, but affects slightly the friction torque.
EN
This paper presents a numerical modelling and optimization of a new ‘star-like’ geometric texture shape with an aim to improve tribological performance. Initial studies showed that the triangle effect is the most dominant in reducing the friction. Motivated with this, a ‘star-like’ texture shape consisting of a series of triangular spikes around the centre of the texture is proposed. It is hypothesised that by increasing the triangular effect on a texture shape, the converging micro-wedge effect is expected to increase, hence increasing the film pressure and reducing the friction. Using the well-known Reynolds boundary conditions, numerical modelling of surface texturing is implemented via finite difference method. Simulation results showed that the number of apex points of the new ‘star-like’ texture has a significant effect on the film pressure and the friction coefficient. A 6-pointed texture at a texture density of 0.4 is shown to be the optimum shape. The new optimum star-like texture reduces the friction coefficient by 80%, 64.39%, 19.32% and 16.14%, as compared to ellipse, chevron, triangle and circle, respectively. This indicates the potential benefit of the proposed new shape in further enhancing the hydrodynamic lubrication performance of slider bearing contacts.
EN
In this paper, authors are presenting conclusions of the numerical calculations of pressure distribution and capacity in a slider bearing with taking changes of oil viscosity in exploitation time into account. Changes of the engine oil’s viscosity, which depend on the exploitation time, were determined on Haake Mars III rheometer and the conclusions were published in Solid State Phenomena and Logistyka in 2015. Numerical calculations were performed by solving of Reynolds equation, using finite difference method and own calculation procedures in Mathcad 15. Reynolds equation was developed by solving the continuity equation and the momentum conservation equation from the fundamentals. For the considerations, the laminar and stationary lubricating of the slider bearing of finite length and full angle of wrap were taken. Assumption of the stationary flow concerns lack of changes in flow parameters in short period of considered phenomena, f. ex. in one hour. Smooth and non-porous bushing were assumed. The aim of this paper was preliminary estimation of influence of viscosity changes in the exploitation time on the load carrying capacities of the cross slider bearing. Wherefore, the viscosity changes dependence on the pressure, temperature and also shear rate, were not taken into account. The basic equations were developed to the non-dimensional form and estimated according to the thin layer theory. In the calculations, the Reynolds boundary conditions concerning pressure distribution were taken into account. Preliminary calculations were performed for different models of viscosity changes in time and circumstances, where the viscosity increases and decreases in exploitation time.
PL
Na pracę wielu układów mikroelektromechanicznych MEMS duży wpływ wywierają siły tłumiące wynikające z istnienia pomiędzy płytkami tzw. filmu powietrznego. Analityczne metody szacowania tych sił występują jedynie w prostych układach. Przy bardziej złożonych kształtach bardzo pomocne są metody numeryczne, których intensywny rozwój jest szczególnie zauważalny w ostatnich latach. Wśród paru znanych na rynku programów umożliwiających analizę układów MEMS wyróżnić można program Comsol Multiphysics, który zawiera specjalistyczny moduł MEMS. Wniniejszej pracy zostanie zweryfikowana przydatność powyższego programu w modelowaniu prostych oraz złożonych płytek zawierających perforacje w postaci otworów. Celem wykonywania w płytkach otworów jest przeważnie chęć redukcji występujących sił tłumiących. Zrealizowany szereg badań analityczno-numerycznych zobrazował liczne niedoskonałości programu Comsol, które należałoby poprawić.
EN
Operation of many micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) is highly influenced by damping forces resulting from the existence of fluid film between the MEMS plates. Analytical methods for estimating of these forces are presented only for simple plates. For more complex shapes of plates, numerical methods are very helpful. Among a few famous market programs, enabling analysis of MEMS, we can distinguish the program called Comsol Multyphysics which includes a specific module for MEMS. In this paper, the suitability of this program for modelling of simple and more complex plates with perforations in the form of holes will be verified. The tile holes are usually made in order to reduce occurring damping forces. The performed analytical and numerical studies, showed numerous imperfections of the Comsol program which needs to be improved by their programmers.
PL
W mikroukładach mechanicznych określanych skrótem MEMS występują pewne siły tłumiące. Na etapie projektowania układów tego typu wartości tych sił muszą zostać dokładnie oszacowane. Jak ukazane zostanie w niniejszej pracy, w układach pracujących z niskimi częstotliwościami najważniejszą siłą będzie siła lepka związana z wypływaniem filmu powietrznego spod pracujących płytek układów. Siłę tę można z dużą dokładnością szacować metodami analitycznymi znanymi z literatury. Wponiższej pracy ukazane zostaną znane rozwiązania analityczne stosowane często w praktyce dla prostych płytek. Wykonane zostaną również proste symulacje zarówno z wykorzystaniem opisanych rozwiązań analitycznych, jak i z użyciem specjalistycznego programu o nazwie Comsol Multiphysics. Przeprowadzone badania analityczno-numeryczne wykażą skuteczność oprogramowania numerycznego.
EN
A certain damping force occurs in the micro-mechanical systems referred as MEMS. At the design stage of such systems, these forces must be accurately estimated. As shown in this work, in all systems operating at low frequencies, most important force is the one associated with the flotation of air film from the volume between two parallel operating movable MEMS plates. This force can be accurately estimated by analytical methods known from the literature. The paper presents analytical solutions that are frequently used in practice for simple plates. Also some simple simulations, using all described analytical solutions compared with the results of specialized program called Comsol Multyphysics, are shown. Presented research demonstrate the effectiveness of numerical software.
EN
The aim of this work is to determine the hydrodynamic pressure distribution in oil film and the load carrying capacities of conical slide micro bearings with grooved sleeves. The results for some bearings examples are presented. For the bearings taken into account, the Reynolds equation was solved by the method of Finite Differences. In the calculations, the Reynolds boundary condition was applied. The simulation was performed for the conical slide micro bearings with the groves parallel to the cone generating line. The function of lubrication gap height for the conical slide bearings with sleeves covered with microgrooves was assumed on the basis of existing papers. The results obtained for the analogous bearings without the microgrooves are also shown, therefore the influence of microgrooves on the conical slide micro bearings can be observed. On the basis of the results, one can conclude, that applying microgrooves on the bearing sleeve surface causes the increase of the value of hydrodynamic pressure and longitudinal and transverse components of the load carrying capacity of the bearing. Furthermore, the effect of the microgrooves and their impact is noticeable in graphs of hydrodynamic pressure distribution. The applied method of investigation of the impact of microgrooves on a bearing operation is simpler and less expensive than the experimental studies, however it is necessary to verify that the results obtained with this method are correct and whether in fact applying microgrooves, besides form facilitate lubrication, causes the improvement in bearing operating parameters.
EN
Thrust bearing model is developed for fluid flow calculation and for determination of bearing integral characteristics in the presence of sliding surfaces closure and shaft angular displacements. The model is based on the coupled solution of the problem of incompressible fluid flow between the sliding surfaces and the problem of bearing and shaft elements deformation under the action of the fluid film pressure. Verification of the bearing model results is carried out by the comparison versus the fluid flow calculation results obtained by STAR-CD software and the experimental and theoretical results represented in the certain literature. Thrust bearing characteristics are determined versus sliding surfaces closure and rotating disk (runner) angular displacements. The contribution of the sliding surfaces deformations into bearing integral characteristics is estimated.
PL
Opracowano model łożyska oporowego przeznaczony do obliczeń przepływu płynu i wyznaczania całościowych charakterystyk dla warunków gdy występuje zamknięcie szczeliny między ślizgającymi się powierzchniami i kątowe przemieszczenie wału. Model jest oparty na połączonych rozwiązaniach zagadnienia przepływu nieściśliwego płynu między ślizgającymi się powierzchniami i zagadnienia deformacji elementów łożyska i wału pod wpływem ciśnienia w warstwie płynu. Weryfikacja wyników modelu łożyska jest przeprowadzona przez ich porównanie z wynikami obliczeń przepływu płynu uzyskanymi przy użyciu oprogramowania STAR-CD oraz wynikami eksperymentalnymi i teoretycznymi podawanymi w literaturze. Charakterystyki łożyska ślizgowego są wyznaczone z uwzględnieniem zamknięcia szczeliny smarnej i przemieszczeń kątowych tarczy obrotowej (oporowej). Oszacowano wpływ, jaki mają odkształcenia ślizgających się powierzchni na całościowe charakterystyki łożyska.
EN
The main topic of the presented paper concerns the method of determination and calculations of the general and particular numerical solutions of modified Reynolds equation in curvilinear orthogonal coordinates for curvilinear boundary conditions for hydrodynamic pressure distributions in bearing gap. A general solution matrix was derived and determined for various orthogonal coordinates of two cooperating bearing surfaces separated by the oil existing in slide Journal bearings. From mathematical point presented method of solution of modified Reynolds equation leads this problem to resolving the partial recurrence non homogeneous, linear equation of second order with variable coefficients. As an example the numerical hydrodynamic pressure calculation for slide bearing two cylindrical surfaces limited bearing gap with various eccentricities was in this paper performed. In numerical calculations are applied the formulae and calculation algorithm derived in this paper. Moreover, presented numerical topology of calculations in this paper enables to find the optimum way of determination of pressure values for an applied difference method regarding to the stability of solutions, convergences of the obtained values with various orthogonal shapes of cooperating surfaces. An adaptation of the known numerical difference method to the various curvilinear orthogonal boundary conditions applied during the hydrodynamic pressure determination on the two various curvilinear cooperating surfaces, to be decisive after author knowledge about a new achievement consisted in presented paper.
PL
W referacie omowiono i przedstawiono rozwiązanie numeryczne równania Reynoldsa opisującego laminarny, stacjonarny przepływ czynnika smarującego o strukturze mikropolarnej w poprzecznym cylindrycznym łożysku ślizgowym. Założono stałą gęstość oraz lepkości dynamiczne charakteryzujące ciecz mikropolarną. Punktem wyjścia są równania pędu, momentu pędu oraz rownanie ciągłości przepływu, z ktorych otrzymano rownanie Reynoldsa. Wyniki są przedstawione w postaci rozkładu ciśnienia, jego wartości maksymalnej oraz nośności hydrodynamicznej w zależności od wartości liczby sprzężenia N² i bezwymiarowego parametru długości �[lambda]&sub1 cieczy mikropolarnej. Prezentowane wyniki przedstawiono w postaci charakterystyk bezwymiarowych i porównano z rozwiązaniami dla oleju newtonowskiego o stałej lepkości dynamicznej.
EN
Present paper shows the results of numerical solution Reynolds equation for laminar, steady oil flow in slide bearing gap. Lubrication oil is fluid with micropolar stucture. Properties of oil lubrication as of liquid with micropolar stucture in comparison with Newtonian liquid, characterized are in respect of dynamic viscosity additionally dynamic couple viscosity and three dynamic rotation viscosity. Under regard of build structural element of liquid characterized is additionally microinertia coefficient. In modeling properties and structures of micropolar liquid one introducet dimensionless parameter with in terminal chance conversion micropolar liquid to Newtonian liquid. The results shown on diagrams of hydrodynamic pressure and capacity forces in dimensionless form in dependence on coupling number N² and characteristic dimensionless length of micropolar fluid [lambda]&sub1. Presented calculations are limited to isothermal models of bearing with infinite length.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono przykadowe wyniki rozwiązania zmodyfikowanego równania Reynoldsa opisującego laminarny niestacjonarny przepływ oleju smarującego w szczelinie smarnej płaskiego poprzecznego łożyska ślizgowego o liniowo zbieżnej wysokości szczeliny smarnej. Uwzględniono niestacjonarne zaburzenia prędkości przepływu oleju na powierzchni bieżni i suwaka łożyska. Wyniki rozwiązania dotyczą izotermicznego modelu łożyska o nieskończonej szerokości smarowanego olejem o lepkości dynamicznej zależnej od ciśnienia. Analizowano zmianę nośności hydrodynamicznej łoyska przy różnych zaburzeniach prędkości przepływu oleju w kierunku wzdłużnym łożyska. Wyniki obliczeń przedstawiono w postaci bezwymiarowych charakterystyk zmiany siły nośności i jej położenia
EN
This paper shows results of numerical solutions an modified Reynolds equations for laminar unsteady oil flow in slide journal bearing with planar linear gap. This solution example apply to isothermal bearing model with infinity breadth. Lubricating oil used in this model has Newtonian properties and dynamic viscosity in dependence on pressure. It shows a preliminary analysis change of capacity forces in the bearing by laminar, unsteady lubrication caused by velocity perturbations of oil flow in the longitudinal direction of a bearing.
13
Content available remote Performance of magnetic fluid based rotating rough circular step bearings
EN
An attempt has been made to analyze the performance of a magnetic fluid based rotating rough circular step bearing. The roughness of the bearing surface is modeled by a stochastic random variable with non zero mean, variance and skewness. The associated Reynolds' equation is solved with appropriate boundary conditions to obtain the pressure distribution, which in turn, is used to get the load carrying capacity leading to the calculation of response time. Results are presented graphically as well as in a tabular form. It is noticed that the bearing suffers on account of transverse surface roughness. This article makes it clear that pressure, load carrying capacity and response time increase with increasing the magnetization parameter. However, the negatively skewed roughness and radii ratio induce better performance. It is noticed that the load carrying capacity decreases when both plates rotate in the same direction. This trend reverses when the plates move in the opposite direction. This article reveals that the negative effect caused by porosity and roughness can be compensated to a considerable extent by the positive effect induced by the magnetization parameter and the aspect ratio in the case of negatively skewed roughness when the plates rotate in opposite direction.
EN
An attempt has been made to study and analyze the performance of a hydromagnetic squeeze film between conducting porous rough infinitely long rectangular plates with electrically conducting lubricant in the presence of a transverse magnetic field. The bearing surfaces are assumed to be transversely rough. The random roughness is characterized by a stochastic random variable with non zero mean, variance and skewness. The associated Reynolds' equation is then stochastically averaged with respect to the random roughness parameter. This equation is solved with appropriate boundary conditions to find the pressure distribution, which is then used to obtain the load carrying capacity. Lastly, the response time is calculated. The results are presented graphically as well as in a tabular form. It is seen that the bearing system gets affected adversely owing to transverse surface roughness. But variance (-ve) tends to increase the load carrying capacity. Also, the bearing system resists an enhanced performance due to hydromagnetization. In addition, the load carrying capacity increases considerably due to conductivity while it decreases with respect to the aspect ratio The combined effect of porosity, the aspect ratio and the standard deviation associated with roughness is substantially adverse. However, this negative effect can be compensated to some extent by hydromagnetization and conductivity in the case of negatively skewed roughness. It is also observed that the bearing with magnetic field can support a load even when there is absence of flow. This investigation makes it plain and clear that roughness must be given due consideration while designing the bearing system.
PL
Praca przedstawia analityczną metodę wyznaczenia rozkładu ciśnienia oleju w łożysku korbowym, stanowiące rozwiązanie równania Reynoldsa. Odpowiednie warunki brzegowe rozważono adekwatnie do modelu klasycznego ślizgowego łożyska poprzecznego zgodnie z parametrami technicznymi, charakteryzującymi łożysko wału korbowego silników S-4002/4003 stosowanych w ciągnikach rolniczych. Celem pracy było przeprowadzenie analizy porównawczej teoretycznych parametrów charakteryzujących pracę łożyska ślizgowego, jako wartości parametrów sygnału diagnostycznego. Równanie Reynoldsa ( przy stałym współczynniku lepkości dynamicznej) metodą rozdzielenia zmiennych, sprowadzono do układu równań różniczkowych zwyczajnych, ostateczne rozwiązanie zapisano w postaci ogólnej.
EN
The paper presents an analytical method of determining oil pressure distribution in a crank bearing, which makes a solution of the Reynold's equation. Proper boundary conditions were considered according to the classic model of a radial slide in agreement with technical parameters typical for the crankshaft bearing of S-4002/4003 engines used in agriculture tractors. The goal of this work was to conduct a comparative analysis of theoretical parameters characterizing the work of the slide bearing as the value of the diagnostic signal parameters. By using the method of seperation of variables, the Reynold's equation(with constant coeffi cient of dynamic viscosity) was brought to the system of ordinary differential equations, and the ultimate solution was written in general form.
PL
W artykule analizowano łożysko płaskie o liniowo zbieżnej wysokości szczeliny smarnej. Uwzględniono niestacjonarne zaburzenia prędkości przepływu oleju na powierzchni bieżni i suwaka łożyska. Uzyskano rozwiązania w postaci zmian ciśnienia dla izotermicznego modelu łożyska o nieskończonej szerokości smarowanego olejem o lepkości dynamicznej zależnej od ciśnienia. Periodyczne zaburzenia prędkości wzdłuż szczeliny smarnej mogą być spowodowane drganiami wzdłużnymi elementów łożyska: bieżni i suwaka.
EN
This paper shows results of numerical solutions an modified Reynolds equations for laminar unsteady oil flow in slide journal plane bearing gap. It shows a preliminary analysis of pressure distribution change in the bearing by velocity perturbations of oil flow in the longitudinal direction of a bearing. Described effect can be used as an example of modeling the bearing friction node operations in reciprocating movement during exploitation of engines and machines. Plane crossbar journal bearing occur in ship combustion engine as a crosshead bearing.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono przykład rozwiązania numerycznego zmodyfikowanego równania Reynoldsa dla laminarnego niestacjonarnego smarowania poprzecznego cylindrycznego łożyska ślizgowego. Przyjęto izotermiczny model łożyska o nieskończonej długości, smarowanego olejem o własnościach newtonowskich i lepkości dynamicznej zależnej od ciśnienia. Wyznaczono rozkłady ciśnienia hydrodynamicznego w łożysku przy zaburzeniach prędkości przepływu oleju w kierunku obwodowym na czopie i na panewce.
EN
This paper presents the results of numerical solutions modified by the Reynolds equation of laminar unsteady lubrication of a cylindrical slide journal bearing. The particular solutions are limited to isothermal models of bearing with infinite length, lubricated by Newtonian oil with the dynamic viscosity dependent on pressure. The disturbances are related with unsteady velocity of oil flow on the sleeve and on the journal. The results are shown in the diagram of hydrodynamic pressure in the dimensionless form in time intervals of displacement duration.
EN
The paper addresses the problems of flow of Ellis pseudo-plastic fluid in the clearance of thrust bearing with curved surfaces. On the basis of analytic solutions to the equations of motion - presented in the orthogonal curvilinear coordinates system - formulae for pressure distribution are given. The research focuses on the determination of the effect of inertia components (suitably simplified equations of motion) on the flow area. The solutions obtained are illustrated with examples of flows in flat and spherical bearings.
PL
W artykule autorzy przedstawiają zagadnienia przepływu płynu pseudoplastycznego Ellisa w szczelinie krzywopowierzchniowego łożyska wzdłużnego. W oparciu o rozwiązania analityczne równań ruchu - przedstawionych w krzywoliniowym ortogonalnym układzie współrzędnych - podano formuły na rozkład ciśnienia. Badania w szczególności koncentrowały się na określeniu wpływu składników bezwładnościowych (odpowiednio uproszczonych równań ruchu) na pole przepływu. Otrzymane rozwiązania zilustrowano przykładami przepływów w łożyskach płaskich i kulistych.
EN
The paper discusses some possibility of the arising damp vibrations under inertia input for asymmetric rotor supported in the cylindrical slide bearing lubricated by electro fluid. It is shown that the effect of the electric field on the individual bearings junction makes it possible to achieve similar vibrations for both journals bearing although with strong asymmetry. The phenomenon discussed that increasing intensity of the electric field causes a reduction of the forced vibration but the self - excitation threshold moves in direction to the lower rotation speed.
PL
Praca przedstawia analityczne rozwiązanie równania Reynoldsa służące do wyznaczenia teoretycznego rozkładu ciśnienia oleju wewnątrz łożyska poprzecznego ślizgowego. Ogólne równanie Reynoldsa (przy zadanych warunkach brzegowych oraz funkcji zużycia łożyska ) sprowadzono do postaci uproszczonej (równanie Riccatiego), podano ostateczne rozwiązanie analityczne.
EN
The paper presents analytic solution of the Reynolds equation intended to determine the theoretical oil pressure distribution inside a lateral friction bearing. The generalised Reynolds equation (with given boundary conditions and the function of bearing wear) has been simplified (Riccati equation), and ultimate analytic solution has been given.
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