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Eco-District, an Ideal Framework to Initiate Large-Scale Urban Energy Renovation in Morocco

Echlouchi Khalid, Ouardouz Mustapha, Bernoussi Abdes-Samed

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 9

100--114

EN

In the perspective of the large-scale application of the Moroccan Thermal Construction Regulations (RTCM) to existing buildings, eco-districts represent an ideal framework to initiate, test, and evaluate such an action. This study aims to present a methodological framework to improve the decision-making process for the energy upgrade of a future eco-district transformation. The case study of a neighborhood in northern Morocco shows that thermal insulation of buildings allows a significant reduction of energy needs that can reach an average annual gain of 52.72% compared to the existing situation. While installing PV systems on 50% of the roof surfaces allows a more critical improvement of the obtained gain: the average annual income in the case of monocrystalline PV can reach 108.14% and 94.87% for polycrystalline PV at the scale of the district.

2

Reliable and redundant RTK positioning for applications in hard observational conditions

Bakuła M., Pelc-Mieczkowska R., Walawski M.

Artificial Satellites : Journal of Planetary Geodesy

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2012

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Vol. 47, No. 1

23--33

EN

It is well known that RTK (Real Time Kinematic) positioning is a very efficient technique for determination of coordinates in real time, directly on location. Although this technique has been well known since the mid-nineties of the last century, the common use of this technique developed since permanent reference GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite Systems) stations started operating as the national reference systems. Positioning in real time is very convenient for users who do not need to know any advanced technique of post-processing, especially in cases when no obstructions exist around the measured point exist. However, in practice, there are some situations when the use of RTK technique makes some difficulties, especially if the GNSS receiver has no full availability of satellites. Obstructions caused by trees, buildings, power lines etc. limit satellite availability and in consequence decrease the reliability of determined coordinates significantly. In those situations gross errors of even meters can appear in RTK positioning. In order to avoid misleading coordinates occurring we can use more than one RTK receiver simultaneously. The paper presents an approach to the RTK technology based on the simultaneous use of three different RTK receivers. Three different GNSS/RTK receivers can be set on a special mounting beam and additionally RTK positions are sent in real time to a computer. The computer software analyses not only the precision but also checks the accuracy and reliability of the RTK positions determined. Consequently, the new approach to RTK survey presented can allow obtaining reliable coordinates of centimeter accuracy even under very severe forest conditions.

3

The use of RTCM 2.X Dekoder Software for Analyses of KODGIS and NAWGIS Services of the ASG-EUPOS SYSTEM

Kaźmierczak R., Grunwald G., Bakuła M.

Technical Sciences / University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn

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2011

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nr 14(2)

229-243

EN

The paper presents preliminary results of KODGIS and NAWGIS analyses with the use of RTCM 2.x Dekoder software. The software was created in the Chair of Satellite Geodesy and Navigation in Olsztyn. It allows analyzing values of pseudo-range corrections (PRC) being transmitted in the RTCM format by the ASG-EUPOS system. The analyses of PRC values over time for each satellite can allow to research the accuracy of differential positioning in KODGIS and NAWGIS services with the use of different GNSS receivers. The paper presents initial tests of the RTCM 2.x Dekoder software as well as some general information on the RTCM structure.

PL

W pracy przedstawiono wstępne wyniki badań serwisów KODGIS i NAWGIS z wykorzystaniem autorskiego oprogramowania RTSM 2.x Dekoder. Program RTCM 2.x Dekoder opracowano w Katedrze Geodezji Satelitarnej i Nawigacji, UWM Olsztyn. Umożliwia on analizę wartości poprawek kodowych (PRC), transmitowanych w czasie rzeczywistym przez system ASG-EUPOS, w formacie RTCM. Analiza wartości przebiegu PRC dla poszczególnych satelitów umożliwia badanie wpływu dokładności wyznaczonych pozycji z wykorzystaniem różnych odbiorników GNSS oraz serwisów KODGIS i NAWGIS. W pracy przedstawiono wstępne testy wykorzystania programu RTCM 2.x Dekoder, jak również informacje dotyczące formatu RTCM.

4

Transmisja danych w pomiarach RTK GPS Systemem GPS 500

Uznański A.

Geomatics and Environmental Engineering

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2007

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Vol. 1, no. 3

173-180

PL

W artykule opisano transmisję danych służących wyznaczaniu pozycji w pomiarach RTK GPS. Przedstawiono zagadnienia dotyczące rodzaju transmitowanych danych, protokołów ich transmisji, ze szczególnym zwróceniem uwagi na ogólnodostępny format RTCM w różnych aktualnie stosowanych wersjach. Omówiono sposób konfiguracji odbiornika GPS, w szczególności SR530, do komunikacji z modemem zewnętrznym, telefonem komórkowym oraz dalmierzem laserowym, umożliwiającym wyznaczanie współrzędnych punktów niedostępnych dla anteny sygnałów satelitarnych odbiornika GPS. Szczegóły przedstawionych zagadnień dotyczą rozwiązań firmy Leica w Systemie GPS 500, jednakże w ogólności będą one istotne niezależnie od producenta sprzętu GPS.

EN

The paper deals with the transmission of data necessary for position determination in the real-time kinematic (RTK) GPS surveys. The problems pertaining to the type of transmitted data and transmission protocols are presented, with particular attention given to the popular RTCM format in different actually used versions. Receiver configuration, in particular of the SR 530, for communication with an external modem, cellular phone and a laser distancer, which allows positioning of points inaccessible for GPS antenna, is discussed. Though the details of the presented problems pertain to the solutions used in the Leica System 500 GPS receivers, the general outline is valid for GPS receivers of any manufacturer.