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1

Mass Movements Analysis along a Road Segment (Batushë-Rrasa e Kosharës) in an Alpine Region in Kosovo

Neziri Fjolla, Bytyqi Valbon

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

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Vol. 25, iss. 2

302--310

EN

The article represents a contribution to the assessment of slope processes, with special emphasis on landslides, rockfalls, and creeps along the road sector Batushë-Rrasa e Kosharës (municipality of Gjakova) in Kosova. The analysis of natural factors, as well as their role in triggering and evolving slope processes, was conducted by observing the processes in the field and, with a multidisciplinary approach, analyzing the natural factors (geology, tectonics, climate, vegetation) as well as the role of humans. By using GIS/RS techniques, the causes and features of processes were identified and presented with various illustrations and maps, assessing the potential risk in the future with the aim of proper management, considering the movement of citizens, and preserving the road infrastructure in a segment with historical and touristic values. The slopes with a 35–40° gradient are more prone to landslides, while the presence of unconsolidated rocks and fractured limestone has accelerated slope destabilization and rock mass movements. Slope stability techniques should be implemented in order to keep the road open for future visitors to historical sites.

2

Assessment of the suitability of spectral indices for detecting areas of increased stress among plants - a case study of the botanical garden in Kielce

Sobura Szymon Sylwester

Structure and Environment

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2023

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Vol. 15, no. 4

253--268

EN

An important factor threatening global security is climate change and its impact on changing rainfall patterns and seasonal temperature variability. For this reason, farmers and crop scientists are striving to detect plant stress as soon as possible and introduce preventive measures so that key decisions in maintaining plant health are made in a timely way. Currently, multispectral images acquired from UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) make it possible to provide objective and reliable information related to the state of agro-ecosystems, the dynamics of changes occurring on them and the monitoring of natural resources in a rapid and non-contact method. In the present study, the suitability of low-altitude multispectral imaging for proper stress detection in plants was assessed. The botanical garden in Kielce, a site with a high biodiversity of plant specimens, was chosen as the testing ground. In this study, four spectral indexes maps were analysed in the form of: NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), NDRE (Normalized Difference Red-Edge Index), GNDVI (Green Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) and the less frequently used PSRI (Plant Senescence Reflectance Index) for the assessment of plant health. PSRI values > 0.50 clearly identified areas of high stress, in contrast to the other spectral indices analysed in this study. The study confirmed the suitability of the PSRI for conducting monitoring activities in areas with varying crop characteristics in an efficient and rapid approach.

PL

Ważnym czynnikiem zagrażającym globalnemu bezpieczeństwu są zmiany klimatyczne i ich wpływ na zmiany wzorców opadowych oraz zmienność sezonowych temperatur. Z tego powodu osoby zajmujące się ochroną walorów przyrodniczych oraz upraw dążą do jak najszybszej detekcji stresu roślin i wprowadzeniu działań profilaktycznych, aby kluczowe decyzje w utrzymaniu zdrowia roślin zostały podjęte w odpowiednim czasie. Obecnie zdjęcia multispektralne pozyskane z UAV (ang. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) umożliwiają dostarczenie obiektywnej i wiarygodnej informacji związanej ze stanem agrosystemów, dynamiki zmian na nich zachodzących oraz monitorowania zasobów przyrodniczych w sposób szybki i bezkontaktowy. W niniejszej pracy oceniono przydatność zobrazowań multispektralnych z niskiego pułapu do prawidłowej detekcji stresu u roślin. Jako poligon doświadczalny wybrano ogród botaniczny w Kielcach, będący obiektem o dużej bioróżnorodności okazów roślin. W pracy przeanalizowano cztery mapy wskaźników spektralnych w postaci: NDVI (ang. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), NDRE (ang. Normalized Difference Red-Edge Index), GNDVI (ang. Green Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) oraz rzadziej stosowany wskaźnik PSRI (ang. Plant Senescence Reflectance Index) pod kątem oceny kondycji zdrowotnej roślin. Wartości wskaźnika PSRI > 0,50 w sposób jednoznaczny zidentyfikowały obszary wysokiego stresu w odróżnieniu od pozostałych analizowanych w pracy wskaźników spektralnych. Badania potwierdziły przydatność wskaźnika PSRI do prowadzenia działań monitoringowych na obszarach o zróżnicowanej charakterystyce uprawianych roślin w sposób efektywny i szybki.

3

Identification of Groundwater Potential Zones Using Remote Sensing, Geographical Information System, and Analytic Hierarchy Process Techniques – A Case Study in the Nerodime Watershed, Kosovo

Avdullahi Sabri, Hajra Argjend

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 4

147--161

EN

This research was carried out to analyse the groundwater potential areas in the Nerodime River catchment area. This paper used the standard methodology to determine the potential areas of groundwater resources based on the combated remote sensing, geographic information system, and hierarchical analytical process. In this river catchment area, a total of eight groups of criteria have been selected which have an impact on groundwater storage. Groundwater research would not be possible without the use of various data that have a direct impact on groundwater such as drainage, elevation, geology, land use and land cover, lineament, rainfall, slope, and soil. The results obtained through statistical analysis with software were compared with the data collected in the field, a comparison which resulted in an accuracy of approximately 95%. The results are reflected in table form and using maps also prepared with ArcGIS software.

4

Application of geomatic tools for the diachronic monitoring of landscape metrics in the northeastern algerian highlands, case of the city of Setif

Kraria Hocine, Zighmi Karim, Chibani Abdelmouhcene

Geomatics, Landmanagement and Landscape

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2022

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no. 4

67--79

EN

Geomatic tools could be used efficiently for urban development planning. The problem of the study lies in the extensive land use of terrains that are now suitable for heavy construction which slows down the development of new facilities. Furthermore, the authorities are forced to plan future settlements around Setif, at a distance of 8 to 12 kilometers from the city limits, threatening the long-term viability of construction and the ring of farmland that connects them to the core city. This must be done during the planning stage based on a diachronic analysis of all the natural and physical factors/parameters. The main objective of this research is to explore the application of landscape metrics to the analysis and monitoring of urban growth in the city of Setif, north-east of Algeria. For this purpose, our research paper uses Geographic Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) techniques based on Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and the Angle Mapper Algorithm (SAM) target method for the analysis of urban land planning and sustainable urban planning of Setif. In the result of these analyses we propose suitability/buildability maps with more suitable construction sites. The research method is based on a 17-year time series dataset compiled from the Sentinel 2A and Landsat imagery between 2004 and 2021. Additionally, we used a cadastral Vs geotechnical overlay to estimate soil capacity. This work proves again that the integration of RS and GIS techniques allows for scientific identification of the lands suitable for urban development (LAUP).

5

Extraction of urban construction development with using Landsat satellite images and geoinformation systems

Arifjanov Aybek M., Akmalov Shamshodbek B., Samiev Luqmon N.

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2021

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no. 48

65--69

EN

In recent times there have been many changes on Earth, which have appeared after anthropogenic impact. Finding solutions to problems in the environment requires studying the problems quickly, make proper conclusions and creating safe and useful measures. Humanity has always had an effect on the environment. There can be many changes on the Earth because of direct and indirect effects of humans on nature. Determining these changes at the right time and organizing meas-urements of them requires the creation of quick analysing methods. This development has improved specialists’ interest for remote sensing (RS) imagery. Moreover, in accordance with analysis of literature sources, agriculture, irrigation and ecology have the most demand for RS imagery. This article is about using geographic information system (GIS) and RS technologies in cadastre and urban construction branches. This article covers a newly created automated method for the calculation of artificial surface area based on satellite images. Accuracy of the analysis is verified according to the field experiments. Accuracy of analysis is 95%. According to the analysis from 1972 to 2019 artificial area enlargement is 13.44%. This method is very simple and easy to use. Using this data, the analysis method can decrease economical costs for field measures. Using this method and these tools in branches also allows for greater efficiency in time and resources.

6

Production and Microstructural Characterization of Nb-Si based in-situ Composite

Garip Y.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2020

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Vol. 65, iss. 2

917--921

EN

The Nb-Si based in-situ composite was produced by resistive sintering (RS) technique. In order to identify present phases, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was used on the composite. XRD analysis revealed that the composite was composed of Nb solid solution (Nbss) and α-Nb5Si3 phases. The microstructure of the composite was characterized by using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) was performed for the micro-analysis of the chemical species. SEM-EDS analyses show that the microstructure of composite consists of Nbss, Nb5Si3 and small volume fraction of Ti-rich Nbss phases. The micro hardness of constituent phases of the composite was found to be as 593±19 and 1408±33 Hv0.1, respectively and its relative density was % 98.54.

7

Nieinwazyjne badania spektroskopowe rysunków Szymona Czechowicza i jego uczniów

Doleżyńska-Sewerniak Ewa, Jendrzejewski Rafał, Klisińska-Kopacz Anna

Wiadomości Konserwatorskie

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2019

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Nr 59

133--144

PL

Badania przedstawione w niniejszej pracy miały na celu scharakteryzowanie narzędzi rysunkowych stosowanych w warsztacie Szymona Czechowicza (1689–1775). Badaniom poddano 41 prac pochodzących ze zbiorów Muzeum Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, Muzeum Narodowego w Krakowie oraz Muzeum Narodowego w Warszawie. Rysunki były badane za pomocą technik nieinwazyjnych, takich jak spektroskopia Ramana (RS), spektroskopia fluorescencji rentgenowskiej (XRF), technika „fałszywych kolorów” (IRFC) oraz bliska podczerwień (NIR). Trzy próbki poddano również energodyspersyjnej mikroanalizie rentgenowskiej (SEM-EDS). Badania pozwoliły na analizę składu chemicznego linii rysunków oraz rozpoznanie wśród narzędzi rysunkowych: sangwiny oraz czerwonej kredki składającej się z czerwonej ochry, minii oraz białych wypełniaczy w postaci kredy i gipsu, sepii, bistru, czarnego tuszu węglowego, ołówka grafitowego, węgla a także czarnej kredki (z czerni kostnej). Zidentyfikowane materiały są charakterystyczne dla XVIII wieku oraz obszarów geograficznych, na jakich artysta działał. Wyniki przeprowadzonych badań mogą być wykorzystywane do porównań z innymi szkicami przypisywanymi malarzowi w celu weryfikacji ich atrybucji.

EN

The research presented in this study was to characterise the drawing tools used by Szymon Czechowicz (1689–1775). 41 works from the collections of the Jagiellonian University Museum, the National Museum in Krakow and the National Museum in Warsaw were analysed. The sketches were examined using the non-invasive technologies such as: Raman spectroscopy (RS), x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), infrared false colour (IRFC) and near-infrared (NIR). Three samples also underwent Energy Dispersive Xray microanalysis (SEM-EDS). The research allowed for analysing the chemical content of drawing lines and identifying the following among drawing tools: sanguine and a red crayon consisting of red ochre, red lead and white fillers such as chalk and gypsum, sepia, bistre, carbon-based black ink, lead pencil, charcoal and ivory black (bone char). The identified materials are typical for the 18ᵗʰ century and the geographical areas in which the artist worked. The results of the carried out research can be used for comparison with other sketches attributed to the painter in order to verify the claims.

8

Development of a new method for estimating SCS curve number using TOPMODEL concept of wetness index (case study: Kasilian and Jong watersheds, Iran)

Azizian Asghar, Shokoohi Alireza

Acta Geophysica

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2019

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Vol. 67, no. 4

1163--1177

EN

In recent years, several empirical and mathematical methods have been developed to estimate runof, among which the SCS curve number (SCS-CN) method is one of the simplest and most widely used methods. The SCS-CN depends mainly on a CN parameter which corresponds to various soil, land cover, and land management conditions, selected from look-up tables. An application of GIS and RS techniques along with fled investigations made it possible to enhance the method from a lumped one to the level of semi-distributed models in which a specifc value can be assigned to each cell in raster maps. The up-to-date procedures require several datasets, feld measurements and overlying issues which limits the use of SCS-CN in data-scarce regions. In this research a new method has been developed which estimates the SCS-CN over the catchment with a minimum input dataset and acceptable accuracy and is based on the saturation-excess concept, which is used in the semi-distributed model: TOPMODEL. The proposed method depends on three parameters, including ndrain (soil porosity), z̄ (average distance to watershed water table surface) and m (which controls the efective depth of the saturated soil) and one input dataset, the so-called topographic index. Results showed that the maximum and minimum diferences between the basin-averaged CN based on the GIS and RS techniques and the proposed method for Kasilian and Jong watersheds are 12% and 0.3%, respectively. Also, the fndings indicated that, of the three parameters of proposed method, the m parameter plays a key role and that by increasing this parameter the basin-averaged CN tends to decrease and vice versa. Because of the dependence on a topographic index, the proposed method is strongly afected by DEM resolution and there are signifcant diferences between low and high-resolution DEMs. However, for a small scale watershed, similar to Kasilian, using DEMs with resolution lower than 100 m considerably decreases the above diferences. As an overall conclusion, the proposed method provides acceptable values of SCS-CN which is important for running rainfall-runof model in a data-limited or data-scarce regions. In addition, creating the gridded map for CN, which is required in most hydrological models, is one of the most important advantages of the proposed method.

9

Potencjał ekoturystyczny prowincji Ngounié-Nyanga w Gabonie

Mouketou-Tarazewicz D.

Teledetekcja Środowiska

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2014

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T. 50

1--128

EN

Ecotourism is considered as the most attractive subset of tourism industry which can contribute natural resource conservation and local development if it is properly managed. Gabonese government, 2003, stated several advantages of establishing forest parks and natural recreation areas such as attracting larger numbers of tourists through providing a place for spending their leisure times as well as creating new jobs and natural resource conservation. Although great numbers of people annually visit Gabon, in Mougalabadoudou, petit Loango, to enjoy its brilliant landscape and its moderate ecologic condition; still there isn’t an applicable ecotourism plan for many natural attractive zones in this country. As a result, some specific most known areas would be threatened by being overused by visitors while other unknown or less familiar ones remain unvisited. Therefore, proper comprehensive ecotourism plans are required to prevent overusing most widely known forests as well as new integrated plans for introducing the unknown potential areas to people. In this research, a feasibility study was conducted to identify potential ecotourism zones within the study area, and then applicable strategies were suggested for optimal exploitation of the area. Both Geographic Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) techniques had accelerated our research process, enhanced the accuracy and reduced the expenses of this study. In continue, the map of slope, height and orientation had been produced using a SRTM DEM data in an ArcGIS environment. These three maps were overlaid to provide the Land shape map of the study area. The primary evaluations of available ecotourism potentials in the study area were carried out using Remote sensing data and methods. To make an accurate decision about the most appropriate ecotourism land use, two maps of soil and vegetation cover were overlaid to produce a geoenvironmental unit map.

10

Audyt BRD drogi wirtualnej z wykorzystaniem symulatora wysokiej klasy

Balawender K., Jaworski A., Kuszewski H., Lejda K., Ustrzycki A., Woś P.

Logistyka

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2014

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nr 6

1596-1604

PL

Audyt projektów infrastruktury drogowej w zakresie bezpieczeństwa ruchu drogowego (BRD) jest istotnym czynnikiem, mogącym poprawić to bezpieczeństwo. Poziom korzyści, jaki audyt może przynieść zależy głównie od jakości tego audytu oraz etapu, na którym jest prowadzony. Im wcześniej zostaną wychwycone błędy, tym większe będą oszczędności, gdyż koszty ulepszeń na etapie projektu będą zawsze niższe niż koszty modernizacji gotowej drogi. W związku z tym, możliwość prowadzenia audytu projektu infrastruktury drogowej w sposób zbliżony do audytu drogi istniejącej, gdzie łatwiej można zauważyć wszelkie niedoskonałości wpływające na BRD, wydaje się ważnym zagadnieniem z punktu widzenia zarówno, jakości powstającej infrastruktury drogowej, jak również kosztów jej realizacji. W artykule przedstawiono proces audytu BRD drogi znajdującej się w fazie projektu szczegółowego z wykorzystaniem symulatora wysokiej klasy, przedstawiono możliwości takiego audytu oraz problemy mogące wystąpić podczas budowy wirtualnej drogi i jej otoczenia oraz samego audytu takiej drogi, jak również określono wymagania, jakie powinien spełniać symulator jazdy.

EN

An audit of road infrastructure projects in the field of road safety (RS) is an important factor that could improve this safety. It can bring a lot of benefits but it depends mainly on the auditing quality and the phase on which it is performed. The sooner errors are captured the greater will be the profits, since the cost of improvements at the design stage are always lower than the cost of upgrading the finished road. Therefore, the possibility to audit infrastructure project in a manner similar to an audit of the existing road, where it is easier to note any imperfections affecting road safety, seems to be an important issue from the point of view of both new road infrastructure quality as well as the costs of its implementation. The article presents the RS audit process on the detailed road design phase with use of an advanced truck driving simulator; the possibility of performing such audit and problems that may arise during the construction of the virtual road and its surroundings, and the audit process of such roads itself are presented. The specific requirements to be met by a driving simulator are also defined.

11

Method for determining the parameters of surface roughness by usage of a 3D scanner

Siewczyńska M.

Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering

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2012

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Vol. 12, no. 1

83--93

EN

Appropriate methods and parameters best describing the surface roughness are searched for. Concrete is a heterogeneous material and various types of damage and surface cleaning cause an increase of the roughness. Surface roughness depends i.a. on the quality and method of cleaning used. Mapping the shape of the profile is usually performed using profilografs. Description of surface roughness is usually expressed via standards parameters or fractografic parameters that must be determined using the cycloid grid imposed on selected images of surface profiles. This method is approximate. Described in this article is a new method for measuring shapes which can be applied for any area (not just concrete), and most importantly, gives information about the roughness of the entire surface in an accurate manner. The calculations are made directly from geometric measurements of the whole surface, and not based on averaging the results of the selected profiles. The method uses a 3D scanner and CAD capabilities available in research centers or freeware programs.

12

Porównanie magnetosprężystej i rentgenograficznej metody pomiaru naprężeń własnych

Marczak Z., Krztoń H.

Prace Instytutu Metalurgii Żelaza

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2006

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T. 58, nr 3

46-46

PL

Celem pracy było wykorzystanie rentgenograficznej metody pomiaru naprężeń własnych /NW/ do weryfikacji metody magnetosprężystej w zakresie bezdotykowego pomiaru NW. Przeprowadzono pomiary NW próbek z różnych gatunków stali i w różnych stanach naprężeń warstwy wierzchniej. Wykonano wózek do pomiaru NW bezdotykową głowicą pomiarową.

EN

The purpose of this paper was using rontgenographic method for measuring resudual stresses (RS) to verify the magnetoelastic method as regards non-contact RS measurement. RS measurements for samples of different steel grades and with different cortditions of stresses of the surface layer were taken. A carriage for RS measurement using non-contact measuring head was made.

13

Water quality study of the Condor and Capivara Streams, Porto Alegre Municipal District, RS, Brazil, using epilithic diatom biocenoses as bioindicators

Lobo E.A., Callegaro V. L. M., Wetzel C.E., Hermany G., Bes D.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2004

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Vol. 33, No. 2

77--93

EN

The aim of this work was to evaluate the water quality of two urban streams, Condor and Capivara, in the Municipal District of Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, by measuring physical, chemical and biological variables. Between May 1999 and August 2000, six field trips were taken to sample five sites distributed along the streams. Multivariate canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was applied for the complete evaluation of physical, chemical and biological data. It was confirmed that phosphate had the largest impact on ordination and exhibited an evident eutrophication gradient. Mayamaea atomus, Amphora montana, Sellaphora pupula and Cyclotella meneghiniana were extremely abundant under such conditions.