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PL
Ostatnie lata obfitują w prace jednostek tworzących ważne dokumenty, które dotyczą lub w najbliższym czasie będą dotyczyły producentów kruszych. Może minąć kilka lat, zanim nowe normy i wymagania pojawią się na rynku oraz zaczną obowiązywać, ale wiedza na temat kierunków tych zmian pozwoli przygotować się na nie.
EN
This article presents the results obtained from geophysical measurements as a supplement to and refinement of geological information obtained from engineering geological studies for the newly constructed highways. The research was conducted using two geophysical methods: Ground Conductivity Meters (GCM) and Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT). The above measurements were made on three research fields located along the planned express road S-19 (Kraśnik-Janów Lubelski section). These areas were selected due to the large amount of available archival data and varied geological conditions. The publication focuses primarily on the presentation of the results obtained using the very fast and extremely efficient GCM method. By processing GCM data, using Laterally Constrained Inversion (LCI) and Spatially Constrained Inversion (SCI) algorithms, the values ofelectrical resistivity of the surveyed centers were derived. The results are presented in the form of cross-sections and maps of electrical resistivity from different depths, which were collated and compared with the results from another geophysical method, ERT. These examples show that the use of inversion has a significant impact on the refinement of geological boundaries between layers of different electrical resistivities. Thanks to the correlation of geophysical data with boreholes and engineering geological probes, detailed models of the geological structure of the analyzed areas were elaborated, which are necessary for the selection of appropriate solutions for the construction and modernization of road infrastructure.
PL
Transport towarów niebezpiecznych może być realizowany poprzez transport drogowy – ADR, transport kolejowy – RID, transport materiałów niebezpiecznych śródlądowymi drogami wodnymi – ADN, transport morski materiałów niebezpiecznych – IMDG, transport lotniczy materiałów niebezpiecznych – ICAO IT.
EN
Every year in Poland, approximately 22 million tons of dangerous materials is transported, which, apart from the German railway, places it on the second position in Europe. The most numerous group of dangerous materials include items of class 3 (liquid, flammable materials), especially liquid fuels. In order to prevent accidents and remove their effects, the European Union countries have developed an international code regulating transport of dangerous materials by railway, RID. Every year 110 billion ton kilometres of dangerous materials are transported on the territory of the EU. Materials carried by road transport account for 58%, by railway 25% and by water 17% of all the transported dangerous products. Transport of dangerous materials accounts for 8% of all freight transports in the European Union. Having in view natural environment protection and safety of people, there are carried out works on one legal act to account for all the three transport branches. Railway transports of dangerous materials are performed in a safe way and rare, in terms of the transports number, accidents and failures do not cause harmful effects, neither on people nor the natural environment. In the paper, there has been made an analysis of transport procedures and threats which occur while carrying dangerous materials. On the basis of carried out investigations an assessment of the risk factor in the studied process has been presented. General rules for transport of dangerous materials by railway and their classification have been presented, markings according to RDI regulations. An attempt of threats identification and analysis of the maim causes of undesirable events occurrence during railway transport of dangerous materials has been made by the authors of this work.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono techniczne metody transportu benzyny dwoma najbardziej rozpowszechnionymi środkami transportu: transportem drogowym i kolejowym. Duży nacisk położono na możliwości wykorzystania transportu kombinowanego, mającego największe, zdaniem autorów, perspektywy rozwoju, gdyż jest to najbardziej efektywny, ekologiczny, a w pewnych warunkach także najbardziej ekonomiczny sposób przewozu. Za pomocą przedstawionych metod, po ustaleniu kryteriów oceny, można dokonać optymalizacji wyboru środka transportu.
EN
The paper presents selected carriage technology of dangerous goods in example of petrol carriage by road and rail. Big emphasis was placed on combined transport. The kind of carriage system, in authors' opinion, has the greatest possibilities of development, as the most efficient (speed) and enviromental compatibility (low and take, reduced pollution, noise and energy comsumption). On the basis of presented carriage technology and criterions suggested by the authors, optimalization of choosing mean of transport can be done.
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