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1

Laboratory and on-road characterization of exhaust emissions from plug-in hybrid vehicles at multiple battery states of charge conditions

Woodburn Joseph, Bielaczyc Piotr, Merkisz Jerzy, Pielecha Jacek

Transport Problems

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2023

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T. 18, z. 4

99--112

EN

This paper discusses emissions from plug-in hybrid vehicles under various driving scenarios and reports experimental data obtained under laboratory and real-world conditions. Two European plug-in hybrid passenger cars were tested using the two test types in use in the EU (chassis dynamometer and on-road), with some modifications. The best-case and near-worst-case battery states of charge were used for testing. Behavior in terms of CO2 emissions, regulated emissions, and unregulated emissions was characterized and analyzed. Differences were generally much greater for on-road testing, especially for urban driving, during which the potential for purely electrical propulsion of the vehicle is greatest. The long distances covered by current EU legislative test procedures limit the impacts of some effects. Regardless of the traction battery’s state of charge, regulated emissions were well below the applicable EU limits under all driving conditions - for example, combined emissions of reactive nitrogen compounds (nitrogen oxides, ammonia, and nitrous oxide) were consistently < 10 mg/km when tested under laboratory conditions. The two vehicles tested showed that the state of the battery had a large impact on the proportion of electrical propulsion and the resulting CO2 emissions, but differences in regulated pollutants decrease with increasing distance and are generally relatively limited for longer journeys, which include non-urban driving.

2

Comparison of exhaust emission results obtained from Portable Emissions Measurement System (PEMS) and a laboratory system

Adamiak Borys, Szczotka Andrzej, Woodburn Joseph, Merkisz Jerzy

Combustion Engines

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2023

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R. 62, nr 4

128--135

EN

Exhaust emissions testing of vehicles under real driving conditions (real driving emissions, RDE) using portable exhaust emissions measurement systems (PEMS) was introduced a few years ago by the European Commission as a mandatory test during type approval and later also for in-service conformity. This paper compares results from mobile systems for measuring exhaust gas emissions (PEMS) with a stationary laboratory (BOSMAL’s Exhaust Emissions Testing Laboratory). The tests were carried out using a passenger car equipped with a spark ignition engine, which was tested on a chassis dynamometer over the WLTC cycle. The results showed that the differences between PEMS analysers and stationary analysers range from a few percent to a dozen or so percent, depending on the component and the measurement method.

3

Determination of exhaust emission characteristics in the RDE test using the Monte Carlo method

Andrych-Zalewska Monika, Chłopek Zdzisław, Merkisz Jerzy, Pielecha Jacek

Archives of Transport

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2023

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Vol. 66, iss. 2

45--60

EN

The article presents a method of determining the characteristics of exhaust emissions and fuel mass consumption in real driving conditions based on a single test using the Monte Carlo method. The exhaust emission characteristics used are the relations between the emissions and the average vehicle speed, and the characteristic of the fuel mass consumption is the dependence of the fuel mass consumption at the average vehicle speed. The results of empirical research of a passenger car with a spark-ignition engine in the RDE test were used. The use of the Monte Carlo method made it possible to select the initial and final moments of averaging the process values, thanks to which it was possible to determine the discrete values of the characteristics for various values of average vehicle speeds. The determined discrete characteristics of the particulate mass and number emissions and fuel mass consumption relative to the average vehicle speed were approximated by polynomial functions of the second and third degree. The determined discrete characteristics, presented as sets of points, were characterized by a relatively small dispersion in relation to their polynomial approximations. The average relative deviation of the points of discrete characteristics from the value of the polynomial was in most cases small – less than 4%, only in the case of the number of particles emitted deviated from this, as the average relative deviation of the measured points from the determined polynomial was nearly 14%. Combined with the results of RDE empirical studies, the Monte Carlo method proved to be an effective method for determining the characteristics of exhaust emissions, measured in real vehicle operating conditions. The main advantage of the proposed method was a significant reduction in the actual workload necessary to carry out the empirical research – where it became possible to determine the characteristics in a large range of vehicle average speed values with just one drive test. Using standard methods of measuring this type of data, it would be necessary to conduct multiple tests, driving at different average vehicle speeds.

4

Method of verifying the emission level of the exhaust components of a special vehicle in relation to EURO III standard in road conditions

Kaźmierczak Andrzej R., Matla Jędrzej

Combustion Engines

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2022

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R. 61, nr 2

89--93

EN

The following article presents the method of verification of EURO III standard in real conditions for special vehicles. The test object qualified as a special vehicle was tested in road conditions along a defined route, and then the obtained measurement results were compared to the exhaust emission standard (EURO III) applicable for this vehicle. A method of comparing the emission factors in road conditions with the indicators obtained on the engine dynamometer was proposed. An AVL mobile exhaust gas analyzers PEMS dedicated for RDE road tests were used in the research.

5

Measurement of rail vehicles exhaust emissions

Kamińska Michalina, Kołodziejek Daniel, Szymlet Natalia, Fuć Paweł, Grzeszczyk Rafał

Combustion Engines

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2022

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R. 61, nr 2

10--17

EN

The basic problem in terms of measuring exhaust emissions is the approval tests of traction vehicles, which are carried out on engine dynamometers. Therefore, it is impossible to obtain reliable results concerning their actual impact on the natural environment. It is therefore advisable to carry out the tests in real operation conditions, as is the case for road vehicles for which RDE (Real Driving Emissions) tests are carried out. The latest Stage V emission standards push for the introduction of this type of test, but no limit values for toxic exhaust gases have been established and no test guidelines have been defined for assessing actual emissions. This article describes the issues related to the legislative guidelines for non-road vehicles in force in Europe, as well as the measurement tools used, such as mobile equipment for measuring emissions of PEMS (Portable Emissions Measurement Systems) and newly developed emission gates. Additionally, the paper presents examples of locomotive exhaust emission tests in real operating conditions. The aim of the measurements was to assess the emission of toxic compounds against the relevant standards. The subject of the research was a diesel locomotive type T448.P equipped with a modernized internal combustion engine.

6

Impact of the use of comfort devices on the exhaust toxic compounds from a modern PC car with spark ignition engine

Siedlecki Maciej, Merkisz Jerzy, Dobrzyński Michał, Kubiak Kamil

Combustion Engines

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2022

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R. 61, nr 3

50--55

EN

The use of comfort systems, the number of which in vehicles is constantly increasing, has a direct impact on fuel consumption and engine load. As part of the article, the vehicle's drive in real operating conditions was analyzed in terms of the emission of toxic compounds. The tests were carried out without and with the systems turned on, using the PEMS apparatus, where road emissions of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides and solid particles were measured in terms of mass, number and size distribution of diameters. The track was driven four times with different setting of the powertrain of examined car. The differences concerned the number of comfort systems in the vehicle and the mode of operation of the combustion engine.

7

Applications of the continuously rotating detonation to combustion engines at the Łukasiewicz - Institute of Aviation

Kawalec Michał, Perkowski Witold, Łukasik Borys, Bilar Adam, Wolański Piotr

Combustion Engines

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2022

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R. 61, nr 4

51--57

EN

In the paper short information about advantages of introduction of detonation combustion to propulsion systems is briefly discussed and then research conducted at the Łukasiewicz - Institute of Aviation on development of the rotating detonation engines (RDE) is presented. Special attention is focused on continuously rotating detonation (CRD), since it offers significant advantages over pulsed detonation (PD). Basic aspects of initiation and stability of the CRD are discussed. Examples of applications of the CRD to gas turbine and rocket engines are presented and a combine cycle engine utilizing CRD are also evaluated. The world's first rocket flight powered by liquid propellant detonation engine is also described.

8

Use of emission indicators related to CO2 emissions in the ecological assessment of an agricultural tractor

Rymaniak Łukasz, Merkisz Jerzy, Szymlet Natalia, Kamińska Michalina, Weymann Sylwester

Eksploatacja i Niezawodność

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2021

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Vol. 23, no. 4

605--611

EN

The paper presents the proposed proprietary M exhaust emission indicator, which is based on the assumption that CO2 emissions are a measure of the correctness of the combustion process. The measurements were performed using a farm tractor meeting the Tier 3 emission norm, operated in real conditions during plowing work. The tests were carried out for a given land section at three speeds In the analysis of test results, the net engine work was used, as it is carried out in the type approval procedures. When measuring in real operating conditions, the torque read from the OBD system is overstated because it takes into account the engine’s internal resistance. In the analysis of test results, the fuel consumption, emission indicators of gaseous compounds and particulates were determined, and the best conditions for conducting agricultural works were indicated in terms of their impact on the natural environment. The aim of the work is to verify the possibility of determining the emission index for an off-road vehicle and a comparative analysis of its values for various operating parameters of a farm tractor. On this basis, it was found that the lowest values of the M identity were recorded for the test characterized by a vehicle speed of 15 km/h.

9

Influences of special driving situations on emissions of passenger cars

Engelmann Danilo, Hüssy Andreas, Comte Pierre, Czerwinski Jan, Bonsack Peter

Combustion Engines

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2021

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R. 60, nr 1

41--51

EN

Testing of real driving emissions (RDE) offers the opportunity to collect the data about the emissions in special driving, or non-driving situations. These situations are: cold start, warm-up of the engine, stop & go and idling. In the present work, the definitions of the special driving situations were proposed, the emissions of 7 passenger cars (gasoline & Diesel) were extracted from the present RDE data and some special driving situations, particularly the stop & go operation with varying share of idling were reproduced on chassis dynamometer. As expected, the emissions of CO, NOx and PN are in the cold start and in the first part of the warm-up phase (ca. 25 s) considerably higher than in the rest of the investigated urban phase. The singular emitting situations like “stop&go” or idling occur frequently in the warm-up phase, i.e. in the city operation when the engine and the exhaust system are still not warm enough.

10

Numerical modeling of RDE

Folusiak Michal, Swiderski Karol, Wolanski Piotr

Transactions on Aerospace Research

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2020

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Nr 4 (261)

13--47

EN

The idea of using the phenomenon of rotating detonation to propulsion has its roots in fifties of the last century in works of Adamson et al. and Nicholls et al. at the University of Michigan. The idea was recently reinvented and experimental research and numerical simulations on the Rotating Detonation Engine (RDE) are carried in numerous institutions worldwide, in Poland at Warsaw University of Technology (WUT) since 2004. Over the period 2010-2014 WUT and Institute of Aviation (IOA) jointly implemented the project under the Innovative Economy Operational Programme entitled ‘Turbine engine with detonation combustion chamber’. The goal of the project was to replace the combustion chamber of turboshaft engine GTD-350 with the annular detonation chamber. This paper is focused on investigation of the influence of a geometry and flow conditions on the structure and propagation stability of the rotating detonation wave. Presented results are in majority an outcome of the aforementioned programme, in particular authors’ works on the development of the in-house code REFLOPS USG and its application to simulation of the rotating detonation propagation in the RDE.

PL

Pomysł wykorzystania zjawiska wirującej detonacji do napędu był po raz pierwszy rozważany w latach pięćdziesiątych ubiegłego wieku przez zespoły badawcze Adamsona i Nichollsa na Uniwersytecie Michigan. Badania nad silnikiem z detonacyjną komorą spalania zostały wznowione po blisko 40 latach i dziś prace prowadzone są w wielu jednostkach naukowych na świecie, a w Polsce na Politechnice Warszawskiej od 2004 roku. W latach 2010-2014 Instytut Lotnictwa oraz Politechnika Warszawska wspólnie realizowały projekt w ramach Programu Operacyjnego Innowacyjna Gospodarka ‘Silnik Turbinowy z detonacyjną komorą spalania’. Projekt zakłada zastąpienie komory spalania turbowałowego silnika GTD-350 pierścieniową komorą detonacyjną. Artykuł skupia się na badaniach numerycznych wpływu geometrii oraz parametrów przepływu na strukturę i stabilność propagacji wirującej detonacji. Przedstawione wyniki są w większości wynikiem prac autorów nad rozwojem kodu REFLOPS USG w czasie trwania projektu i koncentruje się na rozwoju i implementacji wysokowydajnych metod symulacji silnika z detonacyjną komorą spalania oraz ich zastosowaniu w symulacjach numerycznych propagacji wirującej fali detonacyjnej w silniku RDE.

11

Overview of the light-duty vehicles tailpipe emissions regulations in the European Union: status and upcoming type-approval and market surveillance schema

Valverde-Morales Víctor

Combustion Engines

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2020

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R. 59, nr 1

3--7

EN

In order to curb pollutant emissions from light-duty vehicles in the European Union, a set of complex regulations have been approved in the recent years (2016-2018) including more stringent emissions tests, independent in-service conformity checks, and a novel type-approval framework which includes market surveillance provisions to complement the type-approval requirements. Tailpipe emissions will need to meet stringent emission limits before entering the market at type-approval and at the end of the production line, as well as during their normal life under normal conditions of use. This contribution aims at providing a comprehensive but synthetic analysis of the current regulatory context in the EU.

12

The impact of RDE test dynamic parameters on the obtained exhaust emission results

Kurtyka Karolina, Pielecha Jacek

Zeszyty Naukowe Instytutu Pojazdów / Politechnika Warszawska

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2019

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z. 1/119

15--24

EN

The article presents and discusses the research results on the impact of RDE test dynamic parameters on the emission of selected exhaust components. The measurements were carried out in compliance with the latest legislative procedures applicable to passenger cars. Five passenger cars with similar curb weight were selected for the tests inreal traffic conditions. All tests were performed on the same research route, which includes urban, rural and motorway conditions. The obtained results were analyzed of RDE procedure’s requirements and the Euro 6c toxicity standard. Then the values of dynamic parameters of all tests were compared (relative positive acceleration and 95th percentile of V·a+) and their effect on the obtained emission results was determined. As a summary, the correlations between the on-road exhaust emission and dynamic parameters were defined.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono i omówiono wyniki badań wpływu parametrów dynamicznych testu RDE na emisję wybranych składników spalin. Badania przeprowadzono zgodnie z najnowszymi procedurami legislacyjnymi odnoszącymi się do samochodów osobowych. Do przejazdów w rzeczywistych warunkach ruchu drogowego wybrano 5 samochodów osobowych, które charakteryzowały się zbliżoną masą własną. Otrzymane wyniki przeanalizowano pod kątem ich zgodności z wymogami procedury RDE oraz normy toksyczności Euro 6. Następnie porównano wartości warunków dynamicznych wszystkich przejazdów (względnego przyspieszenia dodatniego i 95-procentowego centyla iloczynu prędkości i dodatniego przyspieszenia) oraz określono ich wpływ na uzyskiwane wyniki emisji spalin. Jako podsumowanie uzyskanych porównań wyznaczono korelacje między warunkami dynamicznymi i emisją wybranych składników spalin.

13

Exhaust emissions from a EURO 6c compliant PC vehicle in real operating conditions

Fuć Paweł, Siedlecki Maciej, Szymlet Natalia, Sokolnicka Barbara, Rymaniak Łukasz, Dobrzyński Michał

Journal of KONBiN

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2019

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Vol. 49, iss. 4

421--440

EN

The current EURO 6c standard has introduced a limit on the number of solid particles for spark ignition engines equal to that for compression ignition engines (6x10e11). To meet the requirements, manufacturers install particulate filters in the exhaust systems of most new engines. The article presents the results of vehicle testing with this solution during the drive carried out in accordance with the RDE procedure. The measurement results, after taking into account the Conformity Factor in relation to the approval limits, confirmed the efficiency of aftertreatment system in terms of both gas and solid components.

PL

Obecna norma EURO 6c wprowadziła limit liczby cząstek stałych dla silników z zapłonem iskrowym równy temu dla silników z zapłonem samoczynnym (6x10e11). By spełnić wymagania, producenci instalują filtry cząstek stałych w układach wylotowych większości nowych silników. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań pojazdu z tym rozwiązaniem podczas przejazdu przeprowadzonego zgodnie z procedurą RDE. Wyniki pomiarów po uwzględnieniu współczynnika Conformity Factor w stosunku do limitów homologacyjnych potwierdziły skuteczność oczyszczania spalin zarówno pod względem emisji składników gazowych, jak i cząstek stałych.

14

The development status of electric (BEV) and hydrogen (FCEV) passenger cars park in the world and new research possibilities of these cars in real traffic conditions

Gis Wojciech, Merkisz Jerzy

Combustion Engines

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2019

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R. 58, nr 3

144--149

EN

Major markets across the European Union (EU) are concentrated on rapid development of electromobility. This policy is demonstrated - among others - by recent sales of electric cars: within the past 3 quarters of 2018 - 24.7 thousand electric cars have been registered in Germany, 20.3 thousand in France, 15.3 thousand in the Netherlands and 31.4 thousand in Norway. Unfortunately, only 867 EVs have been registered in Hungary, 469 in the Czech Republic, 468 in Romania, 411 in Poland and 348 in Slovenia. Unit energy consumption of electric cars was often defined in NEDC cycle. In real conditions of road traffic, it may differ from values recorded in a drive cycle. The article presents results of a study on energy consumption of electric cars in Poland along RDE (Real Driving Emissions) testing route in terms of vehicle energy consumption per drive unit (km, 100 km). The use of fuel cells in cars may bring a change in the type of used vehicles in the long run. Both globally and in the EU wide-ranging actions are undertaken to implement fuel cell technology. Also, the infrastructure of hydrogen filling stations is developed. At present the most rapidly developing country in this area is Japan. The article addresses the issue of energy consumption per drive unit by cars equipped with fuel cells as both type of vehicles, i.e. EV and FCV use electric motors. The article also discusses infrastructure development in the EU and Poland, charging and fuelling of the said vehicles, respectively.

15

Development of RDE/ISC test methodology in light of Euro 6d/VI emissions limits

Pajdowski Piotr, Woodburn Joseph, Bielaczyc Piotr, Puchałka Bartosz

Combustion Engines

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2019

|

R. 58, nr 3

274--282

EN

This paper discusses the fact that vehicle and powertrain test methods have long been guided by type approval requirements - with a focus ot the recent/current example of real driving emissions (RDE) and in-service conformity (ISC) test requirements. The implications - current and future - of these testing requirement, which force the use of portable emissions measurement system (PEMS) are discussed. In this context, BOSMAL Automotive Research and Development Institute’s PEMS systems are presented, and the systems’ attributes and versatility are explored. Considerations for testing a very wide range of vehicle, engine and fuel types are mentioned. Non-legislative applications of PEMS systems are briefly explored; finally, it is shown that the emissions laboratory and its chassis dyno remain indispensable when conducting work on light duty exhaust emissions, even in the era of RDE.

16

Determining the route for the purpose light vehicles testing in Real Driving Emissions (RDE) test

Gis Wojciech, Pielecha Jacek, Merkisz Jerzy, Kruczyński Stanisław, Gis Maciej

Combustion Engines

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2019

|

R. 58, nr 3

61--66

EN

In the regulations concerning approval of light vehicles starting from September 2019 it will be necessary to conduct exhaust emissions tests both on a chassis dynamometer and for real driving emissions. It is a legislative requirement set forth in EU regulations for the purpose of the RDE (Real Driving Emissions) procedure. To decide on the RDE route for the purpose of the LV exhaust emissions tests many requirements must be fulfilled, regarding for example external temperature and the topographic height of the tests, driving style (driving dynamic parameters), trip duration, length of respective test sections (urban, rural, motorway, etc.). The works on outlining RDE routes are continued across the country in various research centres. Specifying the RDE route for test purposes, i.e. works in which the authors of this article are actively involved, has become a major challenge for future approval surveys concerning the assessment of hazardous emissions from light vehicles and for development studies focusing on - for example - the consumption of energy in electric and hybrid vehicles. The test route has been chosen to ensure that the test is performed on a continual basis. Data were recorded on a constant basis with the minimum duration of the test achieved. The test involved light vehicles and PEMS device for measuring the exhaust emissions, vehicle’s speed, completed route, etc. The device was installed in such manner as to ensure that its impact on the exhaust emissions from the tested vehicle and on the device’s operation is the least. The vehicle load was consistent with the requirements of the standard and included the aforesaid measurement device, the driver and the operator of PEMS. The tests were carried out on working days. The streets and roads used for the tests were hard-surfaced. Measurements were performed in accordance with the requirements of RDE packages (Package 1-4), i.e. taking into account - among others - the engine cold start. The article discusses the method of outlining the test route fulfilling the specific requirements for RDE testing. Chosen results of exhaust emissions from a passenger car with a spark-ignition engine along the defined RDE test route have been provided. The tests discussed in the article are introductory in the area of RDE tests and provide an introduction into further studies of exhaust emissions and energy consumption in real driving conditions in conventional vehicles and vehicles with alternative engines, e.g. hybrid and electric vehicles.

17

Determination of pollutant emission of electric vehicle in real traffic conditions in Poland

Gis Maciej, Bednarski Mateusz, Lasocki Jakub

Combustion Engines

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2019

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R. 58, nr 3

9--14

EN

Alternative drives have an increasing share in the global, European and Polish market. The city authorities support primarily the development of electromobility. Progress in these issues is also noticeable in Poland. The increasing number of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) requires increasing energy costs of the country. Therefore, it is necessary to increase energy production. This work estimates how large this energy surplus should be. For this purpose, it was necessary to determine the average energy consumption of an electric vehicle in real traffic conditions, and then to calculate the average energy demand for a selected number of vehicles. Obtained results were related to pollutant emission considered in the well-to-wheel perspective (including generation of electricity). In the article, the authors also referred to the minimum number of charging stations for electric vehicles on the Trans-European Transport Network (TEN-T) in Poland. This is a necessary condition on which depends the use of BEV vehicles not only on the territory of cities, but also throughout the country.

18

Comparison of exhaust emission from Euro 3 and Euro 6 motor vehicles fueled with petrol and LPG based on real driving conditions

Jaworski Artur, Lejda Kazimierz, Lubas Janusz, Madziel Maksymilian

Combustion Engines

|

2019

|

R. 58, nr 3

106--111

EN

Constantly increasing requirements regarding emission limits for harmful exhaust components force vehicle manufacturers to improve the construction of vehicle engines as well as exhaust gas cleaning systems. In addition to modifications in the field of technology of motor vehicles themselves, it is also important to study the impact of alternatives to petrol or diesel fuels. One of the most popular fossil fuel is liquid petroleum gas. In the paper, the results of comparative studies on the emission of harmful exhaust components of vehicles meeting the Euro 3 and Euro 6 standards in the field of petrol and LPG fuel use are presented. Emission measurement was performed using a portable emission measurement system from Horiba OBS-2200 under real traffic conditions. The presented results show the differences between the tested vehicles and the fuels used.

19

Comparative tests of a passenger car with compression ignition engine on chassis dynamometer during NEDC and WLTC tests and during RDE road test

Gis Wojciech, Gis Maciej, Wiśniowski Piotr, Bednarski Mateusz

Combustion Engines

|

2019

|

R. 58, nr 3

228--234

EN

Air pollution is a challenge for municipal authorities. Increased emission of PM10 and PM2.5 particles is particularly noticeable in Poland primarily the autumn and winter period. That is due to the start of the heating season. According to the above data, road transport accounted for approximately 5% of the creation of PM10 particles, ca. 7% of PM2.5 and approximately 32% for NOx. In Poland, suspended particles (PM10 and PM2.5) cause deaths of as many as 45,000 people a year. The issue of smog also affects other European cities. Therefore, it is necessary to undertake concrete efforts in order to reduce vehicle exhaust emissions as much as possible. It is therefore justifiable to reduce the emission of exhaust pollution, particularly NOx, PM, PN by conventional passenger cars powered by compression ignition engines. Emissions by these passenger cars have been reduced systematically. Comparative tests of the above emission of exhaust pollution were conducted on chassis dynamometer of such passenger car in NEDC cycle and in the new WLTC cycle in order to verify the level of emissions from this type of passenger car. Measurements of fuel consumption by that car were also taken. Emission of exhaust pollution and fuel consumption of the this car were also taken in the RDE road test.

20

Evaluating the environmental costs in Poland of city buses meeting the Euro VI norm based on tests in real operating conditions

Rymaniak Łukasz, Fuć Paweł, Lijewski Piotr, Kamińska Michalina, Daszkiewicz Paweł, Ziółkowski Andrzej

Archives of Transport

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2019

|

Vol. 52, iss. 4

109--115

EN

The article analyzes the environmental costs which consisted of determining the annual cost for gases and particles released into the atmosphere by city buses meeting the Euro VI norm. To this end, exhaust emissions of a city bus equipped with a conventional drive system were performed. The vehicle had a length of 18m and was powered by a CI engine with a swept volume of 10,5 dm3, with a maximum power of 240 kW. In order to measure the ecological indicators, tests were performed in real driving conditions using the PEMS system. The apparatus made it possible to measure the concentration of gaseous compounds and particulate matter in the exhaust, which made it possible to determine the road exhaust emissions of the tested vehicle. The research was carried out on a test route including urban and suburban roads in accordance with legislative guidelines. The measurements showed that the bus met the exhaust emission limits determined on the basis of measuring windows defined in relation to the work generated by the drive system. In addition to information on the emissivity of the vehicle, the annual emissions from city buses meeting the Euro VI standard in Poland were also estimated. The information contained in the central vehicle register for the number of vehicles registered in Poland that meet the latest emission standards has been used for this purpose.