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Magistrala Siedlce-Bołogoje jako przykład kolei strategicznej

Massel Andrzej

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

2021

T. 66, nr 4

107--156

The article presents a comprehensive view of the origins, technical characteristics and functioning of the Siedlce-Bologoye railway line. This railway, with an impressive length of 1.100 km, was built in the years 1902-1907 as a connection between the lands of the Kingdom of Poland and the governorates of central Russia in order to ensure the efficient transport of troops and their supplies given the anticipated war with Germany and Austria-Hungary. The work aims to illustrate to what extent the assumptions of the construction promoters were confirmed and how it was used in particular periods.

Zabudowania jezuickie w Połocku

Paszenda J.

Kwartalnik Architektury i Urbanistyki

2002

T. 47, z. 4

325-341

The Jesuit College in Połock (Polotsk) survived the longest among all the Jesuit institutions in the Kingdom of Poland and the grand Duchy of Lithuania - from 1580 to 1820, i.e. for 240 years. The College was founded by King Stefan Batory, who chose a site between the castle and the town. For 150 years the Jesuits erected wooden buildings, which frequently were destroyed by fire. A wooden church was built nine times on the same spot. The tenth was finally constructed out of brick, but it was located further away from the castle and its main facade was facing the market square, i.e. to the east (with the towers facing the west). The construction was initiated in 1733, and the church was consecrated in 1745. In 1750 a fire ravaged the roofs and towers reconstruction entailed considerable changes, and in 1751 the dome got a new shape, probably in order to divide it into parts (a similar elbow-shaped devise was applied two years later in the church of St. Kazimierz in Wilno). In 1753 the wooden roof rafters were replaced by brick arches, identical to the ones built in Wilno in 1750. In 1754 the towers were supplemented with two added brick floors instead of wooden helmets. The main altar was erected in 1762, to be followed by brick side altars covered with white stucco. Windows in hight the presbytery and the main nave were "doubled" to provide better illumination of the altars. In order to carry out this innovation it was necessary to break the main cornice in the church interior. Organs and a pulpit (nonextant) were added in 1765. In 1830 the building was adapted for the purposes of a Russian Orthodox church. Consequently, part of the outfitting was removed: the organs were transferred to Wilno (1837 or 1838) and installed in the university church of St. John. Paintings, vestments and silver were sent to Warsaw (1848), and divided between assorted churches in the Kingdom of Poland. A comparison of iconographic and written sources makes it possible to perceive certain changes in architecture, unrecorded in history. The originally Baroque church was redesigned in the classical style. Distinctly classical features are displayed on the pulpit seen in a photograph of the interior, and concurring with a description in the inventory from 1820. The roofs were lowered and the facade niches were bricked up probably after 1815, since their history has not been recorded. The length of the church totals 57 m, and the width - 27. The main nave is 10,2 m wide (as in Nieśwież) and 24,2 m high (similarly as in Wilno). The brick College was built in 1748-1760 on a plan of the letter E; it is about 100 m long and 65 m wide, and equals the size of the Poznań College. In 1787 the school, built in 1747-1749, was linked with a new building known as the "Museum", which housed chemistry, experimental physics, natural science, mechanic, astronomy, and architecture rooms as well as a painting gallery. After the Jesuits were expelled from Russian Empire (1820) the college was handed over to the Piarists, who already in 1839 made way for a cadet corps. The church, was seriously damaged during the second world war and finally pulled down in 1964. Housing estate was built in its place in 1978. Only preserved part of the College is presently being in use as a military hospital.