We consider the notion of universal sets for ideals. We show that there exist universal sets of minimal Borel complexity for classical ideals like the null subsets of 2ω and the meager subsets of any Polish space, and demonstrate that the existence of such sets is helpful in establishing some facts about the real line in generic extensions. We also construct universal sets for E, the σ-ideal generated by closed null subsets of 2ω, and for some ideals connected with forcing notions: the Kσ subsets of ωω and the Laver ideal. We also consider Fubini products of ideals and show that there are Σ03 universal sets for N[symbol]M and M[symbol]N.
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A theorem of E. Szpilrajn (Marczewski) (1936) on equivalent functions is recalled and its relation to subsequent results published by M. Morayne and C. Ryll-Nardzewski (1999) and M. Kysiak (2005) is briefly discussed.
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We present an example of a connected, Polish, countable dense homogeneous space X that is not strongly locally homogeneous. In fact, a nontrivial homeomorphism of X is the identity on no nonempty open subset of X.
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