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1

Warunki prowadzenia badań terenowych w Karpatach do roku 1914

Ślusarczyk J. M.

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

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2017

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R. 62, nr 1

49--65

EN

In the second part of the 19th century, the Carpathians became a field of widely conducted research by the Polish scientists. On the basis of source materials we can reconstruct the conditions of those research. In the majority of cases the field works were carried on in difficult or even very difficult conditions. While getting to the foothill did not cause major problems, the state of transport and communication in mountainous terrain was very poor. Especially in the area of Eastern Carpathians there was practically no transport at all. Scientists had to cope with serious shortages in infrastructure - both in accommodation and available food; their diet was deficient and poor in nutrients. They were forced to spend the nights in spartan conditions, lack of guides evoked widespread criticism, the maps at their disposal were unsatisfactory, and the scientists were solely left to their own resources. Each time they decided to explore an area, they were aware of its difficult accessibility. The farther east they went, the worse accessibility of particular Carpathian range they encountered, and that situation extremely hampered their research. Thy had no specialist equipment to move in mountainous terrain and so were forced to settle for what they had - mostly things not suitable for field works. One has to remember that they had to use a lot of research equipment, which made it hard to move around. Their research work was also highly dependent on weather conditions and according to the sources, weather often hampered it or even prevented them from undertaking it at all. Despite all those adversities, the Polish scientists representing mainly the Kraków scientific institutions - the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences and its Physiography Committee, as well as the Jagiellonian University - conducted field research in all the ranges of Western and Eastern Carpathian Mountains for decades. Regardless of very difficult, often extreme, conditions of field work, the scientists carried out their responsibilities excellently, making their substantial contribution to the development of Polish and European science.

2

W kręgu nauki, oświaty i polityki. O listach Kazimierza Twardowskiego do Ludwika Finkla

Hoszowska M.

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

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2017

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R. 62, nr 3

7--36

EN

The author of this article presents the didactic-educational and social activity as well as some aspects of private life of one of the most eminent Lvov scientists working at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, Kazimierz Twardowski, who came to Lvov in 1895 to run the department of philosophy. He spent over 40 years in the city on the Poltva river and those years were filled with continuous work for the adepts of philosophical arts and dedicated to preparing professional researchers in philosophy. He managed to build a school not only thanks to his own abilities but also thanks to the university environment, in which he found a group of people thinking alike and sharing common values. Twardowski, who belonged to the group of researchers described as “people-institutions”, was warmly welcomed and supported by an outstanding professor in the Austrian history department and an extraordinary modern-history researcher in Lvov, Ludwik Finkl. They developed true friendship which lasted until the end of Finkl’s life (1930). It does not mean that there were no difficult moments in that relationship and that they agreed on every subject. They were able to distinguish between friendship and support. They highly valued their friendship, also in times when they argued or were supporting opposing sides of various issues. Their friendship was based on deep respect, all the more deeper because it assumed open and honest communication of different viewpoints in their arguments. This is the reason why Twardowski’s letters to Finkl are a valuable source of knowledge and their value is even higher if we consider the fact that in majority they come from the period when the philosopher ceased to continue his Diary. The article discusses the most important issues mentioned in their correspondence and they seem to be the ones indicated in the title of the article. The author is building a context for them, which allows to understand the views expressed by Twardowski, as well as certain actions taken by him.

3

„Terapia czarnorynkowa”. Pomoc wywiadu MSW dla branży farmaceutycznej i biotechnologicznej w PRL 1960-1990

Sikora M.

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

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2017

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R. 62, nr 4

65--104

EN

Until now, studies on the PPR’s intelligence have been focused mainly on international relations and the issue of defence. On the one hand, there were analyses of secret operations aimed at infiltration of political and military structures of NATO states and on the other, of attempts of secret exertion of influence on foreign agencies of the anti-systemic opposition (e.g. Solidarity) and, in wider sense, on the stance of the whole Polish community abroad. In general though, historians didn’t pay much attention to the intelligence’s activity in obtaining technological-exploitation documentation, samples, or utility models for the Polish science, industry, and, as a result, for the whole society. Still, judging only from the picture of scientific-technological department of the Ministry and its organisational evolution, we can say that it became a more and more important element of the PPR’s economy. In some fields of science, particularly in development and implementation, operations conducted on the territory of OECD countries by officers of the department generated considerable savings for the Polish State Treasury. An important addition to the assets of the PPR’s intelligence was co-operation and exchange of information with analogous services of other Comecon countries in the framework of socialist intelligence co-operation. This study concentrates on one of the most important, next to microelectronics and IT, aspects of activity of the Interior Ministry’s scientific-technological department. Intelligence channels supported consecutive governments of the PPR in avoiding high costs of licences and enabled access to solutions totally unavailable with foreign contractors. The subjects of operations were, inspired by the needs of the Institute of Pharmacy or chemistry industry, mainly antibiotics, vaccines, heart disease and immunologic drugs, as well as technologies used in transplantology. Other beneficiaries of those secret pursuits were also agriculture and animal husbandry, interested in GMO fertilizers, insecticides, or steroids for animals. Although the drowsy planned economy was not always able to manage innovative solutions, their illegal influx considerably improved PPR’s export balance and contributed to modernization of some segments of chemical industry.

4

Polska wyprawa na Grenlandię w 1937 r.

Kohler P.

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

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2017

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R. 62, nr 4

45--63

EN

The Polish expedition to Greenland in 1937 was the fourth Polish expedition to the Arctic in mid-war period. 7 persons took part in it: Stefan Bernadzikiewicz (1907-1939) - equipment and technical issues, Antoni Gaweł (1901-1989) - geologist, Alfred Jahn (1915-1999) - geographer, geomorphologist, Aleksander Kosiba (1901-1981) - leader, glaciologist and geomorphologist, Stanisław Siedlecki (1912-2002) - meteorologist, Rudolf Wilczek (1903-1984) - botanist, Antoni Rudolf Zawadzki (1896-1974) - photogrammetrist. The expedition also hired six Innuits to help. The expedition was doing research from June 16 to August 23, 1937 on Arfersiorfik fiord (Western Greenland) on its initial section and its inshore strip 100 km inland. Results of the expedition: botany - samples were taken of the peat bog and tundra, geodesy - magnetic declination was mapped out - 56° W; geology - geological-petrographic charting of the outskirts of ice sheet was made, samples of the rock base, moraine and sedimentary ones were taken; geomorphology - structure and genesis of the landscape was studied, mainly of terraces, including isostatic movements; glaciology - shoreline of the ice sheet and its outskirts were studied; cartography, triangulation and toponomy - map of the land on a scale of 1 : 50 000 was published, 23 new names connected with Poland and Polish people were given; climatology - new meteorological data was collected from 2 stations; palynology - high content of pollen of coniferos trees was detected, particularly of pine, whose pollen was found even far to the north near Gothåb; pedology - different types of structural soils and their connection with the climate were described.

5

Obraz matematyki i logiki w polskich encyklopediach okresu międzywojennego

Murawski R.

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

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2017

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R. 62, nr 3

37--60

EN

The article shows the picture of mathematics and logic that can be found in the encyclopaedias published in the Polish interwar period. The most comprehensive three popular encyclopaedias at that time considered in the article are as follows: Ilustrowana encyklopedia by Trzaska, Evert and Michalski, Encyklopedia powszechna Ultima Thule, and Wielka ilustrowana encyklopedia powszechna published by the Gutenberg publishing house. We also explore one thematic encyclopaedia Świat i życie: zarys encyklopedyczny współczesnej wiedzy i kultury, as well as a quite specific publication - not an encyclopaedia in itself but one of encyclopaedic character - prepared by outstanding Polish mathematicians, i.e. Poradnik dla samouków (volumes 1 and 3 of the 2nd series were devoted to mathematics and logic). The view of mathematics and logic in encyclopaedias is important because of an intensive progress in mathematics and mathematical logic in the interwar Poland. Analysis of entries dedicated to these fields of knowledge shows that both mathematics and logic were presented in a reliable and modern way with consideration for the state of research at that time. Also new, developing mathematical disciplines were taken into account, as, for example, set theory, topology, or the rudiments of mathematics. With too much modesty sometimes, the input of Polish scientists in this development was stressed. Furthermore, the article analyses what topics, questions, and forms did not find their reflection in the encyclopaedias, as well as the reasons why it so happened.

6

Dzieje Rosji w piśmiennictwie stanisławowskim po pierwszym rozbiorze

Kurkowski J.

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

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2017

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R. 62, nr 4

7--44

EN

The article constitutes a supplement and summary of the cycle dedicated to the view of Russian history in the writings of the times of the reign of King Stanislaus II (Dzieje Rosji w piśmiennictwie doby stanisławowskiej. Part I: until the 1st partition, „Z Badań nad Książką i Księgozbiorami Historycznymi”, vol. 9: 2015; Dzieje Rosji w piśmiennictwie doby stanisławowskiej. Part II: „Recherches sur les titres...” Feliksa Łoyki, „Z Badań nad Książką i Księgozbiorami Historycznymi”, vol. 11: 2017). The starting point of the preliminary research on this subject was Kazimierz Bartkiewicz’s list, which includes five items concerning Russia. This preliminary research disclosed several more titles and the work also covered cycles of articles „Pamiętnik Historyczno-Polityczny”, entries of Zbiór potrzebniejszych wiadomości, as well as a manuscript thesis of Łoyko Recherches sur les titres portés en différents tems par les souverains de Russie et de Moscovie. It still didn’t consider enough of the dominating role of Russia in public life of the Republic at that time. With certain reservations, only two texts can be viewed as an attempt of a comprehensive review of the history of our Eastern neighbour (Lacombe/Kniażewicz with Wyrwicz’s comments and Syruć/Rousset de Missy). A symbol of superficiality and brevity of Polish opinions on Russian topics is Zbiór potrzebniejszych wiadomości. Interest in the history of our powerful neighbour in the Polish writings of the 18th century became visible already in the Saxon times. It was accompanied by widening of the examination of life and undertaking by people attached to the Załuski Library of an editorial programme based on erudite model of historiography: thus came the questions concerning sources, subject bibliography, chronology, and fact-finding. This kind of “technical” attempts could be observed until 1781. Among the discussed publications translations formed a dominating part but none of them can be considered an adaptation or compilation. Polish translators concentrated on converting measures and values of money into our reality, stressed the issue of international obligations towards the Republic, and were sensitive to the issue of defence of the Catholic Church or Jesuits from external accusations (Syruć). The front runners here were French authors (Lacombe, De Mauvillon, De Bauclair) and German ones but closely connected with Russia (Pallas, Von Stӓhlin, Von Manstein, Schmidt). In Poland, also William Coxe’s Travels into Poland, Russia... were noticed, of which descriptions of the rule and “characters” of the rulers, from the times of Peter I onwards, were made available to the Polish public. Furthermore, there were attempts made to publish Russian texts but the basis of Russian history was still popular Western literature, mainly francophone. Writers of the times of the reign of King Stanislaus II were not willing to use their better understanding of the Russian world, blended in the cultural space of the Republic. They preferred to use French writers compiling texts, to copy or adapt their points of view, formulas and evaluations, even when being aware of structural errors of this historiography. After 1772, also voices of German authors were heard, who had known Russia from personal experience (Pallas, Von Stӓhlin, Schmidt), as well as an English historian, participant of a trip “to Northern countries” (Coxe). We should also confirm a traditional, negative stereotype of a “Muscovite”, which was particularly dominant in the description of the neglected epoch before the rule of Peter the Great. In the historiography of the times of the reign of King Stanislaus II that ruler is the central figure of Russia’s history. Voltaire presentation was for a long time a pattern of the description of his rule and not until the 1780s Coxe’s publication gave rise to the correction of this picture. At the same time an important source of hagiographic legend of the tsar - Von Stӓhlin’s Anegdoty - was translated into the Polish language. At the close of the First Republic, translations of De Mauvillon appeared, and particularly of De Bauclair that were addressed to the audience who welcomed sensational topics, which presented brutality of the fight at the time of Elisabeth, Peter III, and Catherine II. Those publications appeared in the provinces, and the rest in the enlightened Warsaw dedicated for people connected with Stanislaus Augustus. Zbiór dziejopisów polskich and, until certain time, also Kodeks by Dogiel (the work was continued under the auspices of the King) were the only effects of the activities of the milieu of Załuski Library thriving mainly in the Saxon times - “end of the world of noble erudites” can be connected with the turning point of the first partition. Descriptions of Russia’s history were dominated by chronicle perspective and we can try in vain to search for philosophical deliberations, or tribute to Voltaire’s postulates, who demanded from historians to include civilizational, economic, moral threads. A little camouflaged was a journalistic content: we unexpectedly find them in source editions or source theses (Łoyko). A leading subject before the first partition turns out to be the titulature of Russian rulers and international obligations towards the Republic, just before the Four Years Sejm - the question of the succession to the throne (hereditary succession). Those voices didn’t evoke wider discussion, though, but we can find evidence of censorship activities and Russian pressures. Certain “source journalism” based on historical and historical-legal sources came back at the time of the Four Years Sejm thanks to Franciszek Siarczyński.

7

Zarys historii badań botanicznych Podkarpacia (do 1939 r.)

Köhler P.

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

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2016

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R. 61, nr 1

65--115

EN

The beginnings of botanical studies in Sub-Carpathian region (now: Podkarpackie Voivodeship, Poland) reach back to mid-16th century. Only in the Primitiae florae Galiciae (Besser 1809), however, the first data on the localities of particular species can be found. The next stage in botanical studies started when the Physiographical. Commission was founded (1865), which awarded annual research grants. In the years 1865–1939, 52 research projects were financed and at least 126 works based on those projects were published in 1867–1939. Most of them concerned vascular plants (71), much less – fungi and slime molds (24), algae (11), lichen (9), fossil plants (8) and bryophytes (3). Majority of plants collected during that research are kept in the Herbarium of the W. Szafer Botany Institute of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Kraków. Until 1939, more than 57 botanists conducted botanical research in the area of Sub-Carpathian region.

8

Zarys dziejów recepcji i rozwoju analizy matematycznej w Polsce

Duda R.

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

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2016

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R. 61, nr 4

7--61

EN

Mathematics in Poland had good names in medieval times and in the first two centuries of modern times, e.g. Vitello, Copernicus, Broscius, Kochanski. Since mid-XVII c., however, there begun a decline of the Polish-Lithuanian state and its culture which led to the loss of sovereignty and to partitions 1795–1918. On the other hand, it was a time of Newton and Leibniz who invented calculus and of their followers, the time of its fast development in XVIII and XIX centuries and the emergence of its many new branches, the totality of which is called mathematical analysis. That development was followed in Poland with a large delay and for a long time it resembled a pursuit after a fast running train. In spite of a long run, the pursuit eventually proved successful. The article traces its history since the translation of Bézout’s extensive manual by Jakubowski (1781), soon followed by other translations from French, accompanied by the emerging Polish terminology related to higher mathematics. In consequence, the level of authority of Polish mathematicians concerning the area of higher mathematics was gradually increasing. The first Polish manual of mathematical analysis appeared in 1822 (Buchowski), then there were other ones, and the number of research papers in the area, predominantly concerning differential equations, grew as well. Near the end of the XIXth century some of those papers gained a high status and became widely known, e.g. some by Sochocki (analytic functions), Zaremba (differential equations), Żorawski (Lie groups). The number of Polish mathematicians and books in Polish grew, and in the last decade of XIX c. there appeared Polish mathematical journals. In 1918 there was a wave of a common enthusiasm upon regaining independence. Polish mathematicians have used the opportunity and soon there appeared mathematical schools in Warsaw and in Lvov, centered upon “the theory of sets and its applications”. However, the choice of such a main area of interest meant a conscious neglect of mathematical analysis. Nevertheless, an interest in the latter, although for the time being in the shadow of flourishing schools, has not been altogether abandoned. And when, after War World II, the center of gravity of common mathematics has moved away from the main subjects of the Polish school, it was precisely mathematical analysis which allowed Polish mathematicians to keep abreast. Nowadays Polish mathematics has many areas of interest, including domains of modern mathematical analysis, and in most of them its high level is confirmed by an international cooperation.

9

Zarys dziejów chemii fizycznej w Uniwersytecie Warszawskim po drugiej wojnie światowej

Koczorowski Z., Sadlej J.

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

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2016

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R. 61, nr 4

165--198

EN

The work shortly describes scientific, teaching, and organisational activity of the Chair of Chemistry and then of the Division of Physical Chemistry during after-war period. Presentation is made in five short chapters, covering periods defined by substantial and characteristic processes in our country, resulting in changes in the organisation and work of the Faculty of Chemistry at the University of Warsaw. The first two chapters concern the Chair of Physical Chemistry at the Faculty of Mathematical and Natural Science in the years 1947–1955. The Department of Chemistry was founded in the 1955. The next three chapters describe the activity of the Division of Physical Chemistry in the years 1968–1989, 1990–2005, and 2005–2016 respectively. The work also contains a register, probably incomplete, of employees with university degree, who were employed at the Chair and then at the Division of Physical Chemistry during 61-year period of the activity of the Faculty, i.e. in the years 1955-2016.

10

„Ultra prognosticare me sidera non permittunt” i o okolicznościach powstania przepowiedni elekcyjnej Jerzego Joachima Retyka

Choptiany M.

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

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2016

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R. 61, nr 4

85--110

EN

The so-called elective prophecy by Georg Joachim Rheticus (1514–1574) was written most likely in the early 1560s and widely disseminated in a significant number of copies, textual variants, and translations into the German and Polish languages. This abundance of copies led to a great confusion concerning the original character of Rheticus political horoscope, followed by a series of explanatory notices, as the late and corrupted variants had been quite often taken as representative for the entire tradition of this text. This article seeks to discuss the nature of previous misconceptions regarding the original character of the prophecy in the light of the most reliable witness (MS Wrocław, Biblioteka Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego, Akc. 1949/594, fols 56v–57v) and other variants located in European libraries. It also aims to shed some critical light on probable origins of Rheticus’s horoscope and the way it evolved into a popular prophecy, deprived of proper astrological apparatus, and shaped political opinion among the members of the Polish nobility (szlachta).

11

Profesorowie Wydziału Prawa i Nauk Społecznych Uniwersytetu Stefana Batorego w Wilnie 1919–1939

Przeniosło M.

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

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2016

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R. 61, nr 2

7--32

EN

The Department of Law and Social Sciences was the one most numerously attended by students of the SBU. At the end of the 20s, being the first and the only one, the Department exceeded one thousand students. Despite so many students, it did not have an adequate number of posts for professors (they were created by the state authorities). For example, the SBU in the 1931/1932 academic year had 15 chairs, including 8 for full professors and 7 for associate professors, with only 10 professors employed at that time, and 12 during next year. According to the University’s documents, in the interwar period the general number of associate and full professors at the Department of Law and Social Sciences came to 15, while the whole USB employed 141 persons at these posts. Majority of the Department’s professors were lawyers and economists, and all of them were male. Since their prevailing attitude towards scientific, didactic and organisational duties was serious, they spent a lot of time at the University. For example, it was common that the Department scheduled to give classes for half a week. Majority of the Department’s professors, while performing different functions both in the Department and the UBS, were behaving in a responsible and moderate manner, although during elections for the UBS posts also political issues mattered, so on such occasions disputes were particularly bitter. Generally speaking, prudence and solemnity were the traits especially valued among professors – both in their bearing and attire. And such was the majority of professors employed at the Department, also in their private life. Occasionally, though, persons leading quite extravagant life could be found among them.

12

Okupacyjne losy Władysława Konopczyńskiego

Biliński P.

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

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2016

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R. 61, nr 1

7--39

EN

During the 2nd World War’s Sonderaktion Krakau operation, Konopczyński was arrested by the Germans and sent to Sachsenhausen concentration camp. After returning to Kraków, he committed himself in underground educational activities of the Jagiellonian University and became the head of the history faculty. Throughout the period of German occupation, he lived in his family’s manor house at Młynik near Ojców, where from 1944 he was hiding a Jewish family. He wrote many important scientific worksduring the war, and only part of them was published, the rest remained in typescript in his family collection. In the years 1940–1942, Konopczyński prepared a two-volume work entitled “Piłsudski a Polska” and simultaneously drafted the Polish history of the years 1918–1939. Then he wrote “Konfederacje w rozwoju dziejowym”, which was not published at all and until today remains in typescript. The reason it was not published was that his name was on the blacklist of the censorship in the Polish People’s Republic. His next important work was a methodology manual “Historyka”, which because of the abovementioned censorship at that time was not published as well. Only 70 years after the work had been finished by the author it was published by Maciej Janowski, with his detailed introduction, under the imprint of the Institute of the History of Science. After finishing this work, Konopczyński got down to writing a biography of his long-standing friend, Stefan Surzycki (the typescript of the unpublished work is in the PSB editorial office). Next, he wrote a monograph entitled “Pierwszy rozbiór Polski”, which was published only after 60 years, compiled by Zofia Zielińska and thanks to the efforts made by the “Arcana” publisher. An academic book entitled “Kiedy nami rządziły kobiety” was devoted to the times of the reign of Stanislaus II and the Confederacy of Bar. It was published only in 1960 in London. The third trend in his writing was represented by the works: “Fryderyk Wielki a Polska” (1947) and “Kwestia bałtycka do XX wieku” (1947). After completing his work on Kwestia bałtycka, Konopoczyński got down to writing “Dzieje Inflant”, i.e. the history of three nations: Latvians, Estonians and Baltic Germans, addressed to the general public. Currently, this typescript is being prepared for publishing by the Center for Political Thought in Kraków. Konopoczyński was simultaneously writing numerous minor sketches and syntheses for the general public, e.g. “Krótki zarys dziejów Polski”, “Polska w dobie pierwszego rozbioru” and biographies of “Stanisław Dunin Karwicki”, “Józef Sawa Caliński”, “Andrzej Zamoyski” and “Ferdynand Nax”. Only part of those works went to print. Among the works most vital to the science were: “Chronologia sejmów polskich 1493–1793” (1948) and “Reforma elekcji – czy naprawa Rzeczypospolitej. (Wybór źródeł 1630–2)” (1949).

13

Kształcenie bibliotekarzy – dzieło Aleksandra Birkenmajera i jego kontynuacja

Woźniak-Kasperek J., Franke J.

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

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2016

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R. 61, nr 4

71--83

EN

The article presents Aleksander Birkenmajer’s services and contribution to the development of form and content of librarians’ education in Poland, with particular consideration for academic librarianship education at the Warsaw University. Birkenmajer’s activities at the University described in the article cover the years from the beginning of librarianship education (creation of the Librarianship Department), i.e. from the 1951/1952 academic year, through 1960 (Birkenmajer’s retirement), to 2016, when the Institute of Scientific Information and Librarian Studies was dissolved. Major organisational and curricular changes that were made in those years are shown in the article. Reader’s attention is drawn to Birkenmajer’s contribution to acquiring by librarianship (today: bibliology and informatology) a permanent place among other scientific disciplines of higher education.

14

Anatomia w ujęciu Kazimierza Kostaneckiego

Gryglewski R. W.

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

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2016

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R. 61, nr 2

57--87

EN

Kazimierz Telesfor Kostanecki (1863-1940) remains one of the most important figures in the history of Polish medicine and natural science. He was the creator of one of the biggest scientific schools on Polish soil, a researcher versatile, working in parallel on many fields of natural science exploration. In his view, anatomy has become a dynamic and comprehensive science, that combines what today belongs to histology, cytology and embryology. Kostanecki has created an universal model of research, referring to comparative methods and based on planned series of experimental studies, especially when it came to issues related to developmental anatomy and mechanics of fertilization. This model was used and developed by his students and followers. It is not surprising, therefore, that the name Kostanecki has been repeatedly reported in the world literature, and a number of phenomena and facts established by him has kept its value, which comes obviouswhen we still can find citations of Polish scholar works in the contemporary monographs and articles.

15

Aleksander Birkenmajer jako historyk filozofii

Olszewski M.

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

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2016

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R. 61, nr 4

63--70

EN

The figure of Alexander Birkenmaier is well known among modern medievalists and it was several times presented (e.g. by M. Kurdziałek, B. Korolec and Th. d’Alverny), notwithstanding, it is worth to be re-analyzed and re-estimated along the changing context in which his studies are read. Though for Birkenmaier a history of medieval philosophy was not the main point of interest, he managed to formulate many theses that paved the way for the next generations of scholars. Among his academic achievements the discovery of the fragments of Quaternuli by David of Dinant and the sketch of the Aristoteles Latinus project have and will be always recalled. From the today’s perspective the effects and style of Birkenmaier’s research evoke a kind of nostalgia for the pioneer’s period of the medieval studies that offered much broader possibilities than the times, in which we work now.

16

Współtwórca wrocławskiej szkoły kartografii. Profesor Władysław Pawlak (1931-2016)

Spallek W.

Geodeta : magazyn geoinformacyjny

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2016

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nr 9

44--47

17

Związki Stanisława Estreichera z Akademią Umiejętności i Polską Akademią Umiejętności (w świetle jej akt)

Skarżyński T.

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

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2015

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R. 60, nr 2

39--55

EN

Stanisław Estreicher, member of the Estreicher family, which rendered great service to Polish science and culture, was one of the most prominent Polish researchers in the history of law and vice-chancellor of the Jagiellonian University. This future professor for the first time appeared in the files of the Academy already in 1888. In 1914 he was elected associate member and in 1930 – full member of the Academy. Because of his diverse interests, Estreicher’s activity in the Academy included, i.a., his involvement with the Academy’s authorities and the Department of History and Philosophy, his work dealing with general publications of the Academy, publishing his own writings and source editions, activity on the forums of six commissions, representing the Academy and giving opinions on scientific works to be published by the Academy. His involvement in the Academy was growing but these ties did not dominate his diverse activities. From the point of view of the Academy, the most of important was Professor Estreicher’s participation in general publications’ issues and his increasing influence on the institution’s authorities, on the Department of History and Philosophy and the Legal Committee. On the other hand, from the point of view of Professor Estreicher himself, the most significant was “Polish Bibliography”.

18

Uwagi nad mechanicznością powozu

Pfleiderer C. F., Łopatecki K.

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

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2015

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R. 60, nr 2

69--92

19

The contributions of J. E. Gilibert to the studies of Lithuanian flora

Rickiene A.

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

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2015

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R. 60, nr 1

69--94

EN

Jean Emmanuel Gilibert (1741–1814), francuski botanik, lekarz i polityk, część swojego życia spędził w Rzeczpospolitej Obojga Narodów. W latach 1775–1781 mieszkał w Grodnie, gdzie założył Królewską Szkołę Lekarską i ogród botaniczny, modernizował nauczanie medycyny i nauk przyrodniczych, a także przyczynił się do rozwoju badań. W 1781 r. przeniósł się do Wilna i tutaj na Uniwersytecie Wileńskim objął Katedrę Historii Naturalnej, i Ogród Botaniczny, zorganizował studia przyrodnicze i badania. W 1783 r. Gilibert opuścił Wilno, powrócił do Lyonu, gdzie praktykował jako lekarz i uczestniczył w życiu politycznym Francji. Podczas pobytu w Wielkim Księstwie Litewskim Gilibert kolekcjonował miejscowe rośliny z okolic Białegostoku, Brześcia, Merecza, Nowogródku, Nieświeża, Wilna, Waki, Trok, Warszawy. Od 1781 r. do końca życia ogłosił drukiem aż 16 prac poświęconych przyrodzie Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego. W większości z nich podał informacje o roślinach. Takie prace Giliberta, jak Flora Lituanica inchoata; Exercitium botanicum, in schola principe universitatis Vilnensis…; rozdziały zatytułowane Flora Lithuanica inchoata i Plantae rariores et communes Lithuaniae w książce Caroli Linnaei ... Systema plantarum Europae… oraz Exercitia phytologica… określane są (traktowane) jako Flora. W powyższych publikacjach cytuje ponad 1200 roślin występujących na terytorium Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego. W 1945 r. szwedzki uczony Nils Hylander opublikował artykuł, w którym zalecał zrezygnować ze wszystkich nazw naukowych zaproponowanych przez Giliberta w pracach Flora Lituanica inchoata i „Exercitia phytologica jako sprzecznych z zasadami nomenklatury binarnej Linneusza. W 1949 r. Roger McVought po dokonaniu analizy opracowania Giliberta Flora stwierdził, że spośród 1200 gatunków roślin, które opisał tu Gilibert, aż 850 nazw zostało przez niego zaproponowanych jako nowe, z których tylko 85–90 nazw teoretycznie mogłoby być używanych w wykazach roślin. Obecnie wszystkie Flory Giliberta są wciągnięte do Międzynarodowego Kodu Nomenklatury Glonów, Grzybów i Roślin (International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants) Appendix VI Opera utique oppressa. W tym rejestrze zamieszczono nazwy glonów, grzybów i roślin nieużywane i niepublikowane we współczesnych pracach z zakresu botaniki. Jeżeli właściwie wszystkie zaproponowane przez Giliberta nazwy roślin nie nadają się do publikowania, wówczas powstaje pytanie, jaką wartość mają prace Giliberta dla współczesnych badań flory Litwy. Zbadałam cytowania Giliberta w sześciotomowym rejestrze „Lietuvos TSR flora” [ 1-6 tomai. Valstybinė politinės ir mokslinės literatūros leidykla, Vilnius 1959-1980.] opublikowanym w latach 1959-1980, który do dziś dnia jest największym i najważniejszym wykazem roślin na Litwie. W tym wydaniu obok podstawowej nazwy gatunku rośliny zostały podane ważniejsze nazwy synonimiczne oraz wskazane bardziej znaczące źródła pisane, w których gatunek ten został przedstawiony. We wszystkich sześciu tomach rejestru wiele razy są cytowane dwie publikacje Giliberta: Flora Lituanica inchoata i Exercitia Phytologica. W 1. tomie wydania „Lietuvos TSR flora”, gdzie zostały opisane Pteridophyta i Gymnospermae, Gilibert cytowany jest tylko raz. W 2. tomie, w którym znajduje się opis roślin jednoliściennych z 18 rodzin i 135 podrodzin, Gilibert cytowany jest 55 razy. W 3. tomie, gdzie dokonano opisu roślin dwuliściennych z 27 rodzin i 143 podrodzin, jest cytowany 79 razy. W 4. tomie poświęconym roślinom dwuliściennym z 39 rodzin i 155 podrodzin, wśród których znajdują się rośliny należące do takich dużych rodzin, jak Rosaceae i Leguminosae, Gilibert cytowany jest 104 razy. W 5. tomie, w którym opisane są rośliny dwuliścienne z 32 rodzin i 188 podrodzin, w tym też rośliny z dużych rodzin, jak Labiatae i Scropulariaceae, Gilibert cytowany jest 133 razy oraz w 6. tomie, w którym przedstawione zostały rośliny dwuliścienne z 3 rodzin i 68 podrodzin, cytowany jest 72 razy. Niektóre rośliny, jak Zannichellia palustris L., Setaria verticillata (L.), Pulsatilla vernalis (L.) Mill., Euphorbia palustris L. do rejestru „Lietuvos TSR flora” zostały wpisane wyłącznie na podstawie danych Giliberta, ponieważ w tym czasie, kiedy powyższa publikacja była wydawana, brakowało dodatkowych informacji o występowaniu tych gatunków na terytorium Litwy. Część cytowanych nazw roślin podawanych przez Giliberta, które są zawarte w pracy „Lietuvos TSR Flora“, jest identyczna z nazwami proponowaymi przez Linneusza, część zaś nazw jest inna, utworzona przez Giliberta. Wszystkie nazwy roślin proponowane przez Giliberta cytowane w pracy „Lietuvos TSR Flora“ występują jako dodatkowe, uzupełniające źródło, jednakże częstość cytowania świadczy o tym, że wkład tego uczonego do badań flory Litwy jest istotny nie tylko pod względem historycznym, lecz i botaniczno-florystycznym.

20

Stanisława Zaremby filozoficzna koncepcja nauki

Polak P.

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

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2015

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R. 60, nr 4

99--130

EN

This paper presents Stanislaw Zaremba’s contribution to the philosophy of science. Zaremba is widely known as a mathematican but his philosophical works are less known. His philosophical view of physics and mathematics is strlongly influenced by the French philosophy of science (H. Poincré, P. Duhem). We could also find parallels with D. Hilbert’s view on axiomatization of physics. He proposed some interesting methodological concepts (e.g. distinction between two stages of theory building: creative and axiomatic, which is similar to later famous Reichenbach’s distinction between “the context of discovery and the context of justification.”). Zaremba presented consistent view of the theory of physics as a deductive structure but certain assumptions related to methods of physics are controversial. His philosophical articles were known to continental philosophers of science, mainly French ones. Unfortunately, Polish philosophers of science from the Lvov–Warsaw School only occasionally cited Zaremba’s papers. It seems that members of the Viena Circle did not know Zaremba’s philosophical papers. In this paper I try to show that Zaremba’s philosophical publications are an important, but forgotten, part of Polish philosophy of science before World War II.