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Schematy komunikacji miejskiej - spojrzenie kartografa

Mućko A., Opach T.

Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny

2009

T. 41, nr 4

344-362

Schematy komunikacji miejskiej są jednym z bardziej rozpowszechnionych sposobów graficznej prezentacji informacji przestrzennej. Mimo że sporządzane są co najmniej od lat międzywojennych, nie wypracowano szczegółowych zasad ich redakcji. W artykule omówiono najważniejsze zagadnienia związane z przygotowaniem takich schematów. Zwrócono szczególną uwagę na schematyzację, geometryzację i dobór stylu. Wskazano kluczowe problemy ich redakcji, m.in. prezentację przystanków, punktów węzłowych i odcinków z nagromadzeniem linii. Omówiono również wybrane schematy komunikacji polskich miast.

Schemes of urban transportation systems are used everyday by millions of people all around the world. Their preparation, however, still raises disputes. Optimal ways of presenting bus or tram lines and changing nodes have been sought for many years. A schematic way of presenting transportation network is not new. As early as in the third century B.C. a scheme known as Tabula Peutingeriana was developed in the Roman Empire. It showed imperial roads stretching from the British Isles to Ceylon. A revolution in the methods of preparation of transportation schemes took place between the world wars, when in 1931 H. Beck suggested a simplified map ofthe London underground. His map was updated and modernized, the concept, however, remained the same. It became the standard, although indMdual authors introduce certain modifications. As a result there appeared several scheme 'styles': classical, French, Scandinavian and Dutch (A. Morrison 1996). Schemes of urban transportation networks show high variety of contents and graphic design, but the problems encountered during their preparation are similar. Level of schematization is the key issue. Information has to be simplified and limited so that the conveyed contents is comprehensible and the picture as simple as possible. As a result spatial relations of objects are partially altered and geographical location changed. Nevertheless the scheme of network can be considered accurate. One of the types of schematization is geometrization, which presents routes in straight lines (vertical, horizontal or at 45°). Also lines at 0°, 30°, 60°, 90° are often used. It is important to select a proper style of a scheme and schematization, but also to appropriately show stops, changing points and nodes. Another challenge is to present routes which are used by several transportation lines. Showing many parallel lines affects functionality of the scheme; it is especially unfavorable in the case of dense bus lines. Proper numbering of lines, which makes it easy to follow the routes and choose connections, is also vital. During the preparation of a transportation scheme one should consider how detailed the contents, main and background, should be. The assumption is that bus lines generally require more detailed city topography, while other means of transportation can be presented against a more basie background. One should not forget levels of reading (S. Bonin 1989). The contents concerning transportation should be well exposed (lines, nodes, stops) and geographical context moved into the background. The type of background affects readability and differentiation of linear symbols (A. Morrrison 1996). Transportation network should be presented in such a way, that it would not be mistaken for elements of background. Polish transportation schemes are not different from those from other countries: most of them are poor or average, a few (mainly tram lines) can be considered good. The scheme of Warsaw tram network is interesting from a methodological point of view. Its graphic form is also well thought over. Most schemes present a single means of transportation, probably because they are easier to prepare. For bus lines the simplest (classical) approach is most common. In the case of tram lines, most editors surprisingly opt for the same style - French, which results in highly geometricized contents with relatively poor background contents. Maps presenting more than one means of transportation cause more editorial problems. For that reason for many major Polish cities (Kraków, Łódź, Wrocław and Poznań) there is no complete online scheme of all the public transportation. Warsaw has such a map, but it is not a proper scheme, but rather a simplified city plan with overlaid transportation contents. Few Polish cities have schemes of two means of transportation. A well designed and thought over scheme of Szczecin presents buses in classical and trams in French style. Schemes of Gdańsk and Toruń are surprising because they look more like preliminary sketches than finished maps, which could be used by e.g. foreign tourists. Aesthetically the worst are schemes from Gorzów and Toruń. The scheme from Gorzów has a strikingly infantile form, while the one from Toruń lacks it completely. The difficulty in preparing good transportation schemes results from the lack of unified rules of editing and evaluating such maps. Transportation schemes are a sort of information design, which besides functionality should also show artistic value. This, in tum, is difficult to measure and depends on graphic talent and aesthetic sense of the author. In the process of education of cartographers it is important to develop a certain graphic sense, which is necessary for map edition. Preparation of a scheme of public transportation network seems to be a very good practical exercise. Warsaw University students specializing in cartography at the Chair of Cartography of the Department of Geography and Regional Studies realize such tasks during their 'Map graphic design' elasses.