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Zjazdy międzyzaborowe polskich środowisk naukowych i społeczno-zawodowych w latach 1869-1914. Część II

Cabaj J.

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

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2005

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R. 50, nr 1

51--78

PL

Zjazdy międzyzaborowe polskich środowisk społeczno-zawodowych stały się w latach 1869-1914 ważnym forum wspołpracy i wymiany myśli naukowej. Poza przyrodnikami i lekarzami1 cykliczne spotkania organizowali m. in. technicy, prawnicy i ekonomiści, historycy.

EN

The current paper forms the second part of the article entitled “We are and want to be’. On the organization and statistics of congresses of Polish scientific and socio-professional milieus from all the lands of partitioned Poland, 1869-1914”, published in the 3-4/2004 issue of “Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki”. The first part of the publication presented the conditions in which congresses and meetings of medical and naturalist milieus from all the lands of partitioned Poland were organized. The second part deals with contacts among the remaining scientific and professional groups. The aim of the study was to show the development of ties between scientific and socio-professional milieus from the different lands of partitioned Poland. It has been ascertained that the congresses became a major and permanent meeting place for scientists and specialists in different fields from all over Poland, as well as a forum for the exchange of professional experiences and the presentation of achievements in the respective domains. This is corroborated by the cyclical nature of the majority of such meetings (apart from physicians and naturalists, regular meetings were held by technicians, lawyers and economists, as well as historians and historians of literature), by the ample participation in such meeting by representatives from all the three partitions and by emigres, and finally also by the subject-matter raised at the meetings.

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„Jesteśmy i być chcemy”. Z organizacji i statystyki zjazdów międzyzaborowych polskich środowisk medycznych i przyrodniczych, 1869-1914. część I.

Cabaj J.

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

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2004

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R. 49, nr 3/4

127-156

EN

In the second half of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, when the potential for the development of Polish culture and science was curbed by restrictions imposed by the partitioning powers in the Russian- and Prussian-held parts of the country, an important role in the maintenance of national ties, as well as the exchange of scientific knowledge, and professional achievements and experiences on an international scale, was played by cyclical congresses of scientific asnd socio-professional milieus. A total of sixty five such congresses were held between 1869 and 1914; they were attended by delegates from all the three occupied parts of Poland, representing numerous professional groups and sciences. Thus, for example, congresses of Polish physicians and naturalists brought together specialists from fields as diverse as: anatomy, archaeology, botany, chemistry, pharmacy, philosophy, physics, geology, hygiene, mathematics, psychology, agricultural sciences, veterinary science, forensic medicine, and a variety of medical specializations (surgery, dermatology, gynaecology, dentistry, laryngology, ophthamology, neurology, pediatrics and psychiatiy). Congresses of other professional groups also had such an interdiscplinary character. The congresses were organized and hosted above all by two Polish university centres, Cracow and Lwow (Lemberg), which were situated in the Austrian partition. Four congresses were held in Warsaw, and two in Poznań. The series of congresses was initiated in 1869 by physicians and naturalists. Their meetings were modelled on the example of their German peers, who had held similar congresses regularly since 1822 (the first such congress was organized in Leipzig). The congresses of physicians and naturalists were the most frequent among the congresses of all professional group, but they were not held very regularly. It turned out to be impossible to hold congresses either on an annual basis, as originally planned, or even every three years, as later envisaged. In total, ten congresses of physicians and naturalists from all parts of partitioned Poland were held until the outbreak of World War One. Basing on those congresses, congresses of narrower specializations were held as well: surgeons (seventeen congresses from 1889 to 1911), hygienists (in 1914), psychologists, neurologists nd psychiatrists (in 1909 and 1912), general practitioners (in 1909 and 1914), and balneologists (three congresses: in 1905 . 1909 and 1914).

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Stowarzyszenia techniczne w dwudziestoleciu międzywojennym - spory o model organizacyjny i kierunki działania

Piłatowicz J.

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

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2003

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R. 48, nr 1/2

83--108

PL

After Poland regained independence in 1918, all kinds of public associations could develop freely. The associations that began to form coalesced according to various criteria: the level of education, specialization, territorial range (town, province, region), and membership of ethnic minority. Altogether, in the period of twenty years between the two world wars, over one hundred technical associations were active, often for only a very short period, and thus there appeared the need to embark on collaboration and to coordinate the activities of the particular associations. Attempts to embark on collaboration dated back to the First Congress of Polish Technicians, which had been held in Cracow [Krakow] in 1882, but the structures appointed to deal with task at successive congresses were not able to do much, practically restricting themselves to organizing the congresses. Soon after the regaining of independence, discussion started anew on how Polish technical associations should be organized, with the idea that there should be an umbrella organization in the form of a national union of such associations, but there soon appeared divergences of views, mainly between associations which grouped only qualified engineers and those that united both engineers and technicians. In 1924 a compromise was reached with the establishment of a Polish Union of Technical Association [Związek Polskich Zrzeszeń Technicznych], which in 1934 had a membership of 7000 in 31 associations. However, spurred by young mechanic engineers, the debate soon reopened again, this time relating not only to organizational matters, but also the areas of activity of the associations. Some engineers, for instance the mechanic engineers, accused the associations of focussing on social activity and demanded that their activities be reoriented, as was the case of similar associations in America, towards advanced technical and scientific work, appropriate for the level of engineers. One consequence of such views was the establishment of an Association of Polish Mechanic Engineers (Stowaryzszenie Inżynierow Mechanikow Polskich) in 1926, and the Chief Organization of the Engineers of the Republic of Poland (N01 - Naczelna Organizacji Inżynierow Rzeczyspospolitej Polskiej) in 1935. The latter soon (in 1938) united 15 organizations with a total membership of 5,500, which constituted ca. 38% of all engineers, whose number is estimated at around 14,500. The greatest success of NOI was that it oiganized the First Polish Congress of Engineers in Lwow (12-14 September 1937), at which 88 papers were presented, later published in seven copious volumes. In response to the formation of NOI, technicians’ associations agreed in December 1935 to set up a Chief Organization of Technicians’ Associations (Naczelna Organizacja Stowarzyszeń Technikow Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej). At the time of the organization’s constitutional congress, which was held on 25 October 1936, it comprised more than a dozen technicians’ associations with over 10,000 members in total. Thus the final outcome of the debate on the way that technical associations should be organized was that there appeared two loosely federated national unions, organized according to the educational status of their members and their specialization.

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Chemiczne stowarzyszenia inżynierów i techników w Polsce do 1939 r.

Piłatowicz A.

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

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2003

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R. 48, nr 3/4

95--112

EN

The author of the paper is engaged in work for the Federation of Scientific-Technical Associations - NOT on A dictionary o f Polish scientific-technical associations until 1939, which is to contain 170 entries. The current paper presents five chemical associations: the Polish Association of Dyestuff-Chemists in Łodź, the Chemical Section of the Warsaw Chapter of Society for Promoting Russian Industry and Trade, the Association o f Technical Managers of Dye- Works, the Union of Polish Chemists, and the Union of Jewish Chemists in Poland. Each entry carries information on the following matters: the period o f activity of a given association, its seat, its organizational structure, the number of its members, its presidents and secretaries, its range of activity, its serial publications, as well as the sources and writings on a given association. The entries also present the circumstance in which particular associations were formed, the aims and tasks of the associations, the main directions of their activities - lectures, publications, expert reports, and contacts with other Polish and foreign associations. The information of the associations in question have been derived mainly from technical journals, such as „Przegląd Techniczny”, „Chemik Polski”, „Czasopisma Chemiczne”, which published the statutes of the associations and reports of their activities, notices of lectures and information on their topics.

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Ruch stowarzyszeniowy techników polskich do 1918 r.

Piłatowicz J.

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

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2002

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R. 47, nr 3

17--42

EN

Technical associations began to appear in the first half of the 19th century, first in England and then in Germany and France. The first Polish technical associations were organized by Polish emigres in Fance in the 1830s and 1840s. Stable structures of such associations formed in the 1870s in Lwow [Lemberg/Lviv] and Cracow, slightly later in Poznań, and only at the very end of the 19th century (1898) in Warsaw, which was due to the restrictive policies of the Tsarist authorities. As Poland was deprived of independent statehood at the time, the associations played an important role on several planes. Since they brought together Poles engaged in technology and since their language of proceedings was Polish, they became major centres of Polish culture, a role that was reinforced by their work on Polish technical vocabulary, which was especially important in the parts of Poland which were held by Prussia and Russia, where Polish society was subject to an increasing wave of Germanization and Russification respectively. The associations inspired scientific research of Polish engineers, and enabled them to publish the results of such research in their journals. The lectures and journals for which the associations were responsible helped to popularize the achievements of world science and technology among Polish technicians and engineers, and also among the public at large. Apart from Galicja, the Austrian-held part of Poland, and a short episode in Warsaw (1898-1905), there were no tertiary-level technical schools in the lands of occupied Poland, and therefore the associations, especially in Warsaw, tried at least partially to compensate for that lack by organizing all kinds of courses and by publishing textbooks for technicians and engineers (such textbooks were at first translations, but then also original works by Polish engineers). Many of the subsequent professors of the Warsaw Technical University [Politechnika Warszawska] were first active members of the Technicians’ Association in Warsaw. It is particularly worth stressing the activities of Polish technical associations during the First World War, when, in anticipation of Poland regaining independence, they began work on outlining the conceptual framework of the directions for the technologicaleconomic and also social development of the Polish state. The associations gave an account of the state of particular industries and called for a speedy industrial expansion, especially of the most modem industries, based on the latest developments in science and technology.