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1

Foraminifers from the early basin of the Polish Outer Carpathians: relationship with the Western and Eastern Tethys (Tithonian)

Szydło Andrzej

Geotourism / Geoturystyka

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2023

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nr 1-2 (72-73)

70--70

EN

The formation of the Polish part of the Outer Carpathian Basin was initiated by the rifting process which led to the collapse and disintegration of the southern margins of the European Platform in the Late Jurassic. Fragments of carbonate platform were incorporated into the basin structures which divided the area into several sedimentary zones located at different depth. Under these conditions, most of the carbonate sediments were transported to the basin in the form of submarine landslides and gravity flows of varying densities, or accumulated during pelagic sedimentation. These deposits belong to two formations exposed in the westernmost part of the Polish Outer Carpathians, located near the Polish-Czech border. The first is mainly represented by the Tithonian marls (Vendryne Fm.) which also contain redeposited carbonate rocks and fossils (Oxfordian-Tithonian), the second is composed of limestones and marly shales of the late Tithonian-Berriasian (Cieszyn Limestone Fm.). These oldest sedimentary rocks in the Polish Outer Carpathians contain mainly benthic foraminifers and very scarce plankton occurring in exotic blocks and sometimes directly in sediments forming both formations. The first group includes forms with calcareous walls and also cemented with siliceous or calcareous material. Calcareous benthic forms belong mainly to Vagulinidae (Vaginulina, Vaginulinopsis, Astacolus, Citharina, Citharinella, Lenticulina, Palmula), Nodosariae (i.e. Frondicularia, Nodosaria, Dentalina), Epistominidae (Epistomina), and Polymorphinidae (Guttulina), while agglutinated taxa are represented by Verneulinidae (Uvigerinammina, Paleogaudryina, Belorussiella, Verneuilina), Andercotrymidae (Praedorothia, Protomarssonella, Pseudomarssonella) and Textulariopsidae (Bicazammina, Hagimashella, Textulariopsis). They can be related to the Jurassic shelf microfauna, which are known both from the Tethys and the European Platform. Among foraminiferal benthos there are also very rare aggluinated taxa belonging to several genera: Melathrokerion, Buccicrenata, Alveosepta, Pseudocyclammina, and the more common calcareous forms of Andersenolina, Neotrocholina, Trocholina, Paalzowella, as well as of Discorbis, which inhabited shallow marine environments formed around the elevations within the basin as well as on its coast. Recently, apart from the benthic microfauna isolated Globigerina-like forms have been also found in the Tithonian deposits. These few forms resemble early planktonic foraminifera of the Western Tethys (Gl. oxfordiana, F. hoterivica) as well as the taxa known epicontinental and subTethyan seas located north (“Gl.” stellapolaris) and east (Gl. balakhmatovae, G. terquemi) of the studied area. The taxonomy, abundance and state of preservation of the described foraminifera from the early basin of the Polish Outer Carpathians indicate a connection with the gradually degraded areas of the platform inhabited by benthic and plankton communities from both the Tethyan and Boreal seas. The studied foraminifera resemble the microfauna of Western and Eastern Tethys and adjacent platforms.

2

Factors controlling a depositional architecture in synorogenic Outer Carpathian basins – an example of Oligocene-age successions from the Fore-Magura Unit, Poland

Siwek Piotr, Waśkowska Anna, Wendorff Marek

Geotourism / Geoturystyka

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2023

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nr 1-2 (72-73)

62--63

EN

A Fore-Magura Unit is strongly tectonically-engaged tectonic unit of the Polish Outer Carpathians, sandwiched between Magura and Silesian nappes. Due to poor and sparse exposure of the Fore-Magura Unit, which is covered by the Magura Nappe, there has been no comprehensive interpretation of depositional systems of the Fore-Magura Basin (Eocene–Oligocene), a part of the Paratethys realm. Therefore, in order to broaden our knowledge about depositional conditions in this part of the Outer Carpathian basins, two turbidite sequences (Szczawa and Klęczany) were subjected to detailed lithofacies and sedimentological analysis. The 100 m thick Szczawa section is predominantly composed of thin and medium thick turbidite sandstones associated with co-genetic turbidite mudstones, which thickness greatly exceeds that of underlying sandstone. The latter ones show another peculiar features, like opposite palaeocurrent directions between base and top of a bed, mud-rich banded and heterolithic structures, and combined-flow bedforms, including small-scale hummocky-type structures. All those sedimentary features reflect deposition from mud-rich low-density turbidity currents enclosed within small confined basin, which prevent each flow from further down-current propagation, and eventually resulted in trapping (ponding) of the whole flow within confinement, a process associated with flow reflections and internal Kelvin-Helmholtz waves propagation (Siwek et al., 2023). This mini-basin can be situated on the southern flank of the Fore-Magura Basin, i.e., on the slope of the Fore-Magura Ridge (Siwek et al., 2023). The 170 m thick succession at Klęczany is composed of thick-bedded amalgamated sandstones, grading into sandstone-mudstone turbidite sequences. The former reflect deposition from high-density turbidity currents and hybrid flows, and are stacked into a few to over ten metres thick tabular lobes, and can be interpreted as lobe axis or distributary channel deposits. These lobes are often topped by socalled ‘bypass’ facies indicating the moment a lobe attained a critical thickness which prevented the accommodation of new deposit, thus heralding a feeder channel avulsion. The recurring process of lobe building and feeder channel avulsion resulted in compensational stacking of subsequent lobes (Piazza & Tinterri, 2020). The upper part of the Klęczany section reflects deposition from low-density turbidity currents and aggradation of turbidite beds into upward-thickening sequences resulting from lateral compensation and/ or forward progradation of subsequent lobes. Considered as a whole, the Klęczany succession is fining upward, and shows decrease of sand net-to-gross, accompanied by increase of more distal facies. Therefore, that depositional system can be situated within single submarine base-of-slope fan featured by retrogradational stacking pattern. Ponded turbidite beds, together with their whole inventory of sedimentary structures, are an evidence of the crucial influence of structural confinement on unrestricted flow propagation on the seafloor. The presence of structural confinement on the basin slope may have been associated with regional compression and tectonic activity of the Outer Carpathian basins. In the case of the Klęczany section, shortterm autocyclicity is manifested in compensational lobe stacking pattern and cyclic feeder channel avulsions. A longterm variability, probably covering the whole Fore-Magura realm, can be identified with one sequence stratigraphy cycle – from forced regression resulting from sea-level falling stage to sea-level lowstand, reflected in the transition from amalgamated massive sandstones to sandstone-mudstone turbidite sequences (Catuneanu, 2006). Alternatively, the uplift-denudation cycle due to tectonic activation of source area (Mutti et al., 2003) can be considered as an explanation of retrogradational stacking pattern of the Klęczany Fan, with eustatic sea-level fall involved (Pszonka et al., 2023). To conclude, the regional and local changes of depositional conditions in deep-water basins can be related to tectonics, as well as to eustatic short- or long-term sea-level changes, or combination of both, and can give the readable rock record in sedimentary successions accumulated especially in synorogenic marginal basins (Pszonka et al., 2023). These include foreland-type Outer Carpathians basins during Oligocene times, which were located in the Central Paratethys isolated from the Tethys Ocean during Eocene-Oligocene geotectonic reconstruction of the Circum-Carpathian realm.

3

Deciphering complex facies distribution in a narrow basin: the western fragment of Skole Nappe (Campanian–Paleocene, Ropianka Formation, Polish Outer Carpathians)

Łapcik Piotr

Geotourism / Geoturystyka

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2023

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nr 1-2 (72-73)

44--44

EN

The evolutionary history of the Skole Basin during the Campanian–Paleocene period exhibits several cycles of progradational and retrogradational movement, accompanied by shifts from carbonate to siliciclastic-dominated sedimentation, which are recorded in the Ropianka Formation deposits (Kotlarczyk, 1978). These changes are primarily driven by fluctuations in relative sea levels and tectonic activity (Kotlarczyk, 1988; Kędzierski & Leszczyński, 2013). The study area is located south of Tarnów and encompasses western part of the Skole Nappe, the most external major tectonic unit in the Polish Outer Carpathians. Skole Nappe stands as a folded and thrust remnants of sedimentary infill of the Skole Basin, being one of a several deep-water basins located at the northern margin of the Tethys Ocean (Ślączka et al., 2012). The progradational-retrogradational cycles initiate with the appearance of sand-rich bodies at the lower part of the sedimentary log, which gradually diminish up the section. The depositional environment of the study area contains a broad range of distinguished submarine fan setting including channel-fill deposits, the transition zone between channels and lobes, and various sub-environments within depositional lobes such as the lobe axis, off-axis and lobe fringe, distal fringe, and interlobe areas. The intricate distribution of facies throughout the studied time interval can be attributed to the basin’s asymmetry, characterized by a steep southern slope and a gentler northern slope, as well as the influence of multiple sediment sources. The significant aggradation of specific depositional elements, variations in calcareous sediment content, and changes in palaeotransport directions indicate the presence of morphological obstacles and/or the semi-confined nature of the Skole Basin in the study area. Further field investigations have identified two distinct submarine depositional settings characterized by sediment bypass: channel-lobe-transition zone and marl-dominated lower slope or base-of-slope bypass zone. Despite domination of marls, the second type of bypass zone tends to show two different end-member variants. The first type involves a higher proportion of thin- and thick-bedded coarse-grained lag deposits, while the second type consists of dune scale bedforms with intraformational. Log with more intermediate characteristics occurs as well, reflecting the spatial continuum of facies changes in the marl-dominated bypass zone and transition to the marl-dominated lower slope and base-ofslope deposits. Record of intervals with siliciclastic sediment bypass within areas of predominantly marly deposition can serve as valuable indicators of turbidite system progradation despite relative sea-level highstand connected with carbonate production. Moreover, such deposits may indicate smallscale sea-level changes or tectonic pulses within deep-water monotonous sedimentary successions predominantly composed of fine-grained sedimentation.

4

Ocena aktywności wybranych osuwisk w rejonie Jeziora Rożnowskiego w świetle badań terenu

Wódka Marcin

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2020

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Vol. 68, nr 1

60--68

EN

The article compares results of field assessment of activity of selected landslides in the Rożnowskie Lake region, obtained in 2010-2014 with a differential digital models (DDM) from airborne laser scanning data of 2010, 2013 and 2018. Results of DDM analyses were similar to those from field studies. The most difficult task in the field research was to distinguish between active landslides, where the last movements took place over three years after the date of landslide registration, and periodically active landslides, the last visible movements that took place five years ago. The article underlines that not all displacements within the landslides, visible on differential terrain models, are the result of colluvium landslide movement. Sometimes they are due to anthropogenic activities. Differential digital model in the Znamirowice landslide presents terrain changes that have resulted from intensive agricultural land use.

5

The Apectodinium spp. acme as an evidence for the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum from the Polish Outer Carpathians

Cybulska Danuta, Rubinkiewicz Jacek

Geological Quarterly

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2020

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Vol. 64, No. 2

241--251

EN

Numerous Apectodinium taxa, with A. augustum, and the presence of Florentinia reichartii were found in the Bystre slice (Polish Outer Carpathians). Such abundance of Apectodinium is described for the first time in the Outer Carpathians. The occurrence of thermophilic Apectodinium taxa, with co-occurrence of Florentinia reichartii, are interpreted to be strongly related to the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum (PETM). The PETM is characterized by a notable global warming and changes in marine and terrestrial biota, such as a global dispersion of thermophilic dinoflagellates. We are also reporting a new, unrecorded section of the Hieroglyphic beds from the Jabłonka Stream.

6

Comparative petrography and organic geochemistry of different types of organic matter occurring in the Outer Carpathians rocks

Zielińska Magdalena, Fabiańska Monika, Więcław Dariusz, Misz-Kennan Magdalena

Geological Quarterly

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2020

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Vol. 64, No. 1

165--184

EN

The characterization of organic matter (OM) in sedimentary rocks is important in many types of biological, geological and environmental research. The integrated use of microscopy and geochemistry, as here, is particularly useful in any attempt to define the origin and evolution of OM in sedimentary basins. The organic petrography and geochemistry different types of allogenic and authigenic OM from the Polish Outer Carpathian (POC) rocks were studied in present study to compare their genetic type, thermal maturity, depositional environment and post-sedimentation processes. Special attention was paid to redeposited coal clasts occurrences. The used techniques show differences in organic matter type originating from various sources. The organic petrography analysis shows that redeposited coal clasts (CC) and terrigenous organic matter (TOM) are composed predominantly of woody material (the gas-prone Type-III kerogen). Similar results were obtained during the Rock-Eval pyrolysis. Moreover, the GC-MS analysis of extracts indicated the additional source of OM, namely planktonic organic matter (POM) with oil-prone kerogen Type-I or II. This OM is in some cases high thermally mature and could potentially has allochthonous origin. The n-alkane, saturated and aromatic biomarker data revealed deposition of this POM in anoxic deltaic or close-shore sedimentary environments whereas the redeposited coal clasts were probably originally deposited in coal swamps as were the Upper Silesian bituminous coals.

7

Analiza morfotektoniczna form rzeźby osuwiskowej na SW stokach góry Kornuty (Karpaty fliszowe, Beskid Niski)

Zatorski M.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2018

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Vol. 66, nr 2

111--117

EN

On the SW slopes of the Mt. Kornuty (Magura Wątkowska mountain range in the Beskid Niski Mts.) is located one of the largest landslide areas in the Polish Flysch Carpathians. The morphotectonic analysis performed using contour diagrams and rose directional diagrams, made it possible to determine the direction of gravity mass movement. In total, over than 2500 measurements of the spatial orientation of joint surfaces were made within the landslide zone. Changing the direction of the tectonic anisotropy of the in situ and ex situ forms allowed conducting the morphogenetic analysis, i.e. specifying the types of gravitational movements. Besides the commonly occurring toppling, also rockfalls, rotation around the horizontal or vertical axis, and antithetical displacements (thelistric type) were observed. The combination of several types of gravitational movements of different age allows us to unequivocally say that it is a complex type of landslide.

8

Analysis of the seismic image for the Carpathians and their basement resulting from the reprocessing of 2D seismic profiles

Urbaniec A., Bajewski Ł., Bartoń R., Wilk A.

Nafta-Gaz

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2018

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R. 74, nr 8

563--574

EN

Presentation of the of seismic image analysis results obtained by reprocessing two seismic profiles is the main aim of the presented work. The profiles are located in the marginal part of the Outer Carpathians. The mentioned profiles were reprocessed in the Seismic Department of the Oil and Gas Institute – National Research Institute in Krakow, Poland. Proper selection of both the processing sequence and parameters, as well as verification of each stage of processing by simultaneous geological interpretation, resulted in a partly different mapping of the geological structures in comparison with the previous stage. Structural interpretation based on the obtained seismic imagery provides new information that could be used for more thorough interpretation of the Outer Carpathians tectonic units, as well as detailed reconstruction of the fault zones in the analysed area.

PL

Głównym celem prezentowanego artykułu jest przedstawienie wyników analizy obrazu sejsmicznego, uzyskanego na podstawie reprocessingu dwóch profili sejsmicznych, zlokalizowanych w brzeżnej części Karpat zewnętrznych. Opracowana w Zakładzie Sejsmiki Instytutu Nafty i Gazu – Państwowego Instytutu Badawczego sekwencja przetwarzania, wraz z zastosowanymi parametrami, pozwoliła na uzyskanie lepszego odzwierciedlenia budowy geologicznej Karpat zewnętrznych i ich autochtonicznego podłoża. Uzyskany w wyniku zastosowanego niekonwencjonalnego podejścia do procesu przetwarzania zapis sejsmiczny cechuje się wyraźnie lepszą jakością, biorąc pod uwagę ciągłość refleksów oraz stosunek sygnału do szumu. Na przetwarzanym profilu 1, położonym w przybliżeniu prostopadle do kierunków przebiegu głównych elementów strukturalnych, uzyskano zdecydowanie lepsze efekty w postaci bardziej wiarygodnego i przejrzystego obrazu sejsmicznego dla utworów poszczególnych pięter strukturalnych. Finalna wersja profilu 2, zlokalizowanego równolegle lub skośnie do głównych elementów strukturalnych, nie odbiega znacząco od dostępnej wersji archiwalnej, a największe różnice związane są z ciągłością i kierunkami upadów poszczególnych pakietów refleksów. Uzyskany obecnie obraz sejsmiczny ukazuje więcej szczegółów budowy geologicznej tego trudnego do interpretacji rejonu. Na jego podstawie możliwe było bardziej szczegółowe prześledzenie budowy wewnętrznej utworów fliszowych, jak również uszczegółowienie interpretacji płaszczyzn dyslokacji, przecinających utwory poszczególnych kompleksów skalnych. W wyniku przeprowadzonej interpretacji uzyskano bardziej klarowny obraz podłoża zapadliska przedkarpackiego, stopniowo obniżającego się w kierunku zachodnim i południowo-zachodnim, poprzez system uskoków normalnych o charakterze zrzutowym lub zrzutowoprzesuwczym.

9

Genetic correlation of source rocks and natural gas in the Polish Outer Carpathians and Paleozoic–Mesozoic basement east of Kraków (southern Poland)

Kotarba M. J., Więcław D., Bilkiewicz E., Dziadzio P., Kowalski A.

Geological Quarterly

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2017

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Vol. 61, No. 4

795--824

EN

Natural gas-source rock correlations in the Polish Outer Carpathians and Paleozoic–Mesozoic basement in the Kraków–Brzesko–Nowy Sącz area (southern Poland) have been established. In the Dukla and Sub-Silesian units, mixed kerogen Type-II/III or III/II occurs. The organic matter is immature or low-mature. The Oligocene Menilite beds of the Silesian Unit are rich in TOC and contain gas-prone Type III kerogen of low maturity. In the Paleozoic–Mesozoic basement, the TOC content and residual hydrocarbon potential vary in the Middle and Upper Devonian strata, Mississippian carbonate and clastic facies and Middle Jurassic strata. The Paleozoic strata are capable of thermogenic hydrocarbon generation, while organic matter in the Middle Jurassic rocks is generally immature. Gaseous hydrocarbons accumulated both in the Silesian and Dukla units of the Polish Outer Carpathians and in the Mesozoic basement are genetically related to thermogenic and microbial processes. The Outer Carpathian natural gas was generated mainly from the Type-II/III kerogen of the Oligocene Menilite beds. The thermogenic gases from the Mesozoic basement were generated from Devonian and Mississippian (carbonate) Type-II and mixed II/III kerogens and probably from Silurian/Ordovician Type-II kerogen and Middle Jurassic Type-III/II kerogen occurring at more than 7 km depth. Microbial methane migrated into the Outer Carpathian flysch succession from the Miocene strata of the Carpathian Foredeep.

10

Lower Oligocene Menilite Beds, Polish Outer Carpathians: supposed deep-sea flysch locally reinterpreted as shelfal, based on new sedimentological, micropalaeontological and organic-geochemical data

Dziadzio P. S., Matyasik I., Garecka M., Szydło A.

Prace Naukowe Instytutu Nafty i Gazu

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2016

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nr 213

1--120

EN

The Menilite Beds form a widespread lower Oligocene marker succession in various nappes along the Outer Carpathians in the Slovak Republic, Poland, Ukraine, Romania and the Pannonian Basin System, long analysed in detail, like other lithological divisions in the Carpathians. Although the past 80 years of regional research gave inconsistent bathymetric interpretations, the vast majority of Carpathian geologists insist that all the Jurassic to Miocene deposits are of deep-water origin. Intuitively, however, any evolving array of tectonically active thrust wedge-top basins is likely to include many transient zones of shallow-water sedimentation whose deposits, if not cannibalized by erosion, might locally be preserved within the ultimate nappe stack. This hypothesis is postulated here for the (A) Magdalena Sandstone Member of the Menilite Beds in the Silesian Nappe, and (B) Magura Beds in the adjacent/suprajacent Magura Nappe. An early Oligocene age for both units is confirmed here by micropalaeontology. Measured Section A (Gorlice, Sękówka River) in the Silesian Nappe, was deposited on the northern side of an interpreted tectonic palaeo-highland, the Silesian Cordillera. Section A exposes about 180 m of the Menilite Beds and reinterpreted here (see also [30]) as three shallow-water retrogradational parasequences bounded by marine flooding surfaces, recording an overall tectonically-forced regression, previously interpreted as deep-sea deposits.Measured Section B (Ropica Górna, Sękówka River), of the Magura Nappe (Siary Zone), is likewise interpreted here is shallow-water deposits. Both the environment and the early Oligocene age interpreted here conflict with many previous publications. Palaeogeoraphically, Section B was deposited on the southern flank of the Silesian Cordillera. About 80 m of the Magura Beds are exposed in Section B, part of a ca. 2 km-thick succession. Both sections are thought to have accumulated on a tectonically-steepened narrow shelf. The shelf on the southern flank of the Silesian Cordillera was tectonically active, of stair type, dominated by an interpreted coarse-grained shelf-margin delta. The shelf on the northern flank is interpreted as an accommodation-driven, shallow-water deltaic system. The presented work of a detailed sedimentological research programme showing a different point of view on the sedimentation of the Menilite Beds (see also [29, 30]), which are the main hydrocarbon source rock in the Carpathians and are still poorly understood. This work emphasises the global importance of the interpretation of flysch palaeobathymetry arising from sedimentologists' increasing ability to recognise combined-flow sedimentary structures in flysch. This research is a step towards understanding the facies distributions and sedimentary environments of the Menilite Beds throughout the Carpathians.

PL

Głównym zagadnieniem omawianym w niniejszej pracy jest wykształcenie facjalne oraz środowisko sedymentacji warstw menilitowych. Stanowią one regionalny marker w sukcesji utworów dolnego oligocenu występujący w różnych płaszczowinach zachodnich i wschodnich Karpat Zewnętrznych na terenie Słowacji, Polski, Ukrainy, Rumunii oraz w obszarze basenu panońskiego. Od dawna były one poddawane, tak jak i inne wydzielenia litostratygraficzne w Karpatach, szczegółowym badaniom. Jednak w ciągu ostatnich 80 lat badań prowadzonych na poziomie regionalnym nie uzyskano ich spójnej interpretacji batymetrycznej. Większość geologów badających Karpaty twierdzi, że utwory budujące Karpaty w okresie od jury do miocenu mają głębokowodną genezę. Wydaje się jednak bardzo prawdopodobne, że lokalnie – na powstających w wyniku tektonicznej ewolucji wewnątrzbasenowych wyniesieniach (zwanych również kordylierami) – mogło dochodzić do rozwoju stref z płytkowodną sedymentacją, gdy nie uległy one procesowi kanibalizacji w wyniku erozji. Dzięki temu utwory takie mogły również zachować się w obrębie struktur płaszczowinowych. Ta koncepcja poparta badaniami sedymentologicznymi, biostratygraficznymi i geochemicznymi znajduje uzasadnienie w przypadku warstw menilitowych z piaskowcami magdaleńskimi występującymi w obrębie płaszczowiny śląskiej oraz w obrębie warstw magurskich płaszczowiny magurskiej. Obie jednostki obecnie znajdują się w bliskim sąsiedztwie i w obu przypadkach badane utwory z ich obrębu są wieku dolnooligoceńskiego. Sukcesja warstw menilitowych odsłaniająca się w korycie rzeki Sękówki w Gorlicach (profil A) z obrębu płaszczowiny śląskiej ma udokumentowaną, około 180-metrową miąższość. Składa się ona z trzech retrogradacyjnych parasekwencji ograniczonych powierzchniami zalewu morskiego. Została zinterpretowana jako zestaw płytkomorskich parasekwencji powstałych w warunkach wymuszonej regresji [por. 30], a nie (jak to dotychczas było przyjmowane) jako osad głębokomorskich turbidytów. Z punktu widzenia paleogeografii profil A powstał po północnej stronie tzw. kordyliery śląskiej.Profil B (odsłaniający się w korycie rzeki Sękówki w Ropicy Górnej) należy do płaszczowiny magurskiej (strefy Siar). Zinterpretowana zmienność warunków sedymentacji wskazuje na powstanie tych utworów również w obrębie płytkowodnego systemu depozycji. Zarówno zinterpretowane środowisko sedymentacji, jak i wiek tych utworów, określony na dolny oligocen są inne niż te prezentowane w wielu poprzednich pracach. Paleogeograficznie profil B został zdeponowany po południowej stronie kordyliery śląskiej. Ma on około 80 m miąższości i stanowi dolną część mierzącej około 2000 m grubości sukcesji warstw magurskich. Oba profile zostały zinterpretowane jako powstałe na tektonicznie kontrolowanych wąskich szelfach. Szelf po południowej stronie kordyliery śląskiej był bardzo aktywny tektonicznie, miał charakter schodowy i był zdominowany prawdopodobnie sedymentacją, jaka mogła mieć miejsce w systemie gruboklastycznej delty skraju szelfu. Szelf po północnej stronie został natomiast zinterpretowany jako szelf napędzany akomodacją, na którym rozwijał się płytkowodny system deltowy. Zaprezentowane wyniki badań są kompleksowym zbiorem szczegółowych badań sedymentologicznych pokazujących odmienny punkt widzenia na sedymentację i genezę warstw menilitowych [por. 29, 30], które są główną skałą macierzystą dla węglowodorów w Karpatach, a które są wciąż słabo poznane.Niniejsza praca ma znaczenie dla nowej, choć wcześniej sygnalizowanej w kilku publikacjach, interpretacji utworów tzw. fliszu i jego paleobatymetrii oraz pokazuje szereg nierozpoznanych dotychczas struktur sedymentacyjnych. Stanowi ona krok w kierunku zrozumienia rozkładu facji i środowisk sedymentacji warstw menilitowych w obrębie Karpat.

11

Strukturalne uwarunkowania rozwoju rzeźby Karpat zewnętrznych : nowe spojrzenie

Jankowski L., Margielewski W.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2014

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Vol. 62, nr 1

29–-35

EN

The article presents a new concept of structural control on the Outer Carpathians relief. The Carpathians’ relief development originated in the stage of sedimentary basin deposition (e.g., gravitational positioning of fragments of rock massif), as well as in the compressional stage of the orogen formation, and, finally, in the stage of secondary tectonic deformation, such as: strike-slip faulting, radial extension, and great extensional collapse of the Carpathian massifs. The difference in elevation between the Beskidy Mts. and Carpathian Foothills belt is caused by the structural position of these segments of rock massifs within an accretionary prism formed during the compressional stage. The tectonic elements formed during the earliest stage of compression (Magura, Dukla and southern Silesian units forming the High Beskid zone) attain the highest structural and elevation position, whereas the elements included as the last ones to the accretionary prism (Sub-Silesian and Skole units) take a lower topographic position, forming the foothills belt. A concept that gravitational collapse generated back-thrusts and tectonic exhumation of the Carpathian massifs allows us to explain seemingly considerable erosional unroofing of the Carpathian surface, estimated at several kilometres. Alternating position of elevated and lowered mountain ridges (Bieszczady–Beskid Niski–Beskid Wyspowy–Beskid Makowski Mts.) can be explained by their association with a major strike-slip fault. Chaotic complexes frequently occurring in the Carpathians are very important for the relief transformation and development of river network (controlled not only by dislocations, but also by chaotic complexes), as well as for the presence of erosional remnants (isolated hills representing blocks in matrix).

12

The reflection of human activity in the sediments of Iwankowskie Lake from Subatlantic Phase (Polish Outer Carpathians)

Bucała A., Margielewski W., Starkel L., Buczek K., Zernitskaya V.

Geochronometria

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2014

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Vol. 41, no. 4

377--391

EN

The paper presents the analysis of organic and mineral sediments filling the depression, which developed over the landslide located at the slope (767–773 m a.s.l.) of Lubań ridge decscending to the Ochotnica river valley in the Polish Flysch Carpathians. The landslide formed in an early stage of the Subatlantic Phase (2490 ± 35 BP). The top of peat is dated at 1360 ± 50 years BP and is covered by 72 cm of clayey silts with some sandy intercalations, which indicate slopewash after deforestation. The pollen of ruderal plants and Cerealia (undiff.) reflect agricultural activity in the surroundings. The fragments of charcoal indicate the age of the forest clearance to the first half of the 17th century. The late forest clearance at the elevated north exposed slopes followed 200–300 years later in relation to the foundation of the village at the valley floor.

13

Foraminiferal stratigraphy of Palaeogene deep-water red facies in the Gorce Mountains (Magura Nappe, Polish Outer Carpathians)

Bąk K., Bąk M., Cieśla M., Paul Z.

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

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2013

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Vol. 83, No. 3

201--212

EN

The deposition of red and variegated mudstones and claystones characterized the ancient Tethys Ocean during Cretaceous and Palaeogene times, including in its north-western part, the Alpine–Carpathian deep-water basins. Palaeogene variegated sediments, containing red mudstone and claystone layers, crop out in the Gorce Mountains (Rosocha creek, near Lubomierz) in the Magura Nappe (Bystrica Subunit) of the Polish Outer Carpathians. These sediments occur as layers 1–10 cm thick and as packages of layers 2–3 m thick that are associated with very thin-bedded turbidites. The entire succession is tectonically disturbed and parts of it belong to the Ropianka, Łabowa Shale and Beloveža Formations. The sediments studied contain 27 genera and 59 species that belong to deep-water agglutinated foraminiferal (DWAF) assemblages. Tubular taxa, which are frequent in various Mesozoic–Cenozoic flysch sediments are relatively rare in the section studied. The assemblages are moderately diverse (3–20 taxa per sample). Excluding tubular forms, the most common taxa belong to Trochamminoides – Paratrochamminoides spp., Saccammina placenta, glomospirids, Recurvoides – Recurvoidella spp. and karrerulinids. The oldest part of the red sediments, referable to the Ropianka Formation, represents the upper part of the Rzehakina fissistomata Zone (probably the Upper Palaeocene). The youngest red sediments, forming thin intercalations in the Beloveža Formation, represent the acme of Reticulophragmium amplectens (middle Lutetian). Owing to tectonic disturbances, most of the Lower Eocene part of the variegated facies of the Łabowa Shale Formation is not preserved in the section studied. The upper part of it, a package 2 m thick, represents the lower part of the Reticulophragmium amplectens Zone. The small thickness (10–15 m) of the Łabowa Shale Formation in the section studied is similar to other sections in the southern part of the Bystrica Subunit. It is probably of a sedimentary nature, reflecting a decreasing number of mud-rich, gravitational flows in the southern part of the Magura Basin during the Early Eocene. Nevertheless, the strong tectonic disturbances that took place in this area during the Oligocene–Miocene folding and overthrusting influenced the reduction in thickness of these sediments.

14

Calcite veins in the Terebowiec syncline, the Silesian Nappe, Southeastern Poland

Solecki M.

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

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2012

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Vol. 38, no. 4

535--536

EN

The Terebowiec syncline is a part of the Zatwarnica fold which is located in the SE part of Silesian Nappe in the Polish Outer Carpathians. The Krosno beds (Late Oligocene) - thick-bedded sandstones and thin-bedded flysch consist of claystone alternating by mudstones and thin-bedded sandstones that occur in the axial part of the syncline. In the Wolosaty stream valley which crosses the syncline, two outcrops (Bereżki 1 and Bereżki 2) of thin-bedded Krosno sandstones and shales with calcite mineralization have been studied near village of Bereżki. The aim of the study was to recognize and compare calcite mineralization occurring in the Terebowiec syncline. Structural, petrographic, and isotopic (818O and 813C) investigation have been carried out. In the Bereżki 1 outcrop, calcite mineralization occurs in a fault zone. Blocky, fibrous, and stretched crystals form veins which contain numerous claystone inclusions. Fibrous calcite with these inclusions shows curved shape. Blocky calcite shows twin lamellae. For fibrous calcite the 8 O value is -9.23%o, and the 8 C value is -1.56%o. In the Bereżki 2 outcrop, calcite mineralization occurs in several faults and joint fractures. Joint fracture (20 cm thick) filled by blocky calcite vein has been the main object of analysis. Three generations of calcite were recognized. The oldest, first generation is formed by small crystals (to 0.3 cm) with twins, growing directly on the fracture wall. The second generation is formed by big transparent crystals (up to 1 cm) with twins. These crystals show the zonality based on the cathodoluminescence study. The youngest, third generation is composed of small (to 0.1 cm) crystals without twins, growing directly on crystals which form second generation with observed hydrocarbon inclusions. In veins from the Bereżki 2 the 8 O values are between -9.88%o and -6.81%o and 8 C values vary from -0.24%o to 0.11%o. Values of oxygen isotopes in the second generation are little higher than in other generations. One value of oxygen isotope (-6.81%o) in the third generation is also distinct from other values. Two samples of host sandstone and shale have been investigated and the results of isotopic studies are different than in veins. Both C and O values are higher (for sandstone 818O -4.59%o and 813C 0.97%o, for shale 818O -4.12%o and 513C 0.96%o). Values of O and C isotopes suggest that in both studied sites filling of veins started in similar temperature and salinity conditions. However, the higher oxygen isotope values in sandstone and shale are probably connected with high contents of primary CaCO3. In the Bereżki 1 site, the fibrous calcites are synkinematic, related to faulting. Numerous claystone inclusions indicate that calcite veins were formed in soft sediment. In the Bereżki 2 site, the veins are related to brittle deformation. Based on the relationship between types of deformation and isotopic composition of calcites it seems that mineralization started in sediments showing differentiated lithification.

15

Record of changes in the Oligocene–Miocene sediments of the Menilite–Krosno series of the Skole Unit based on calcareous nannoplankton studies – biostratigraphy and palaeogeographical implications (Polish Outer Carpathians)

Garecka M.

Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

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2012

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nr 453

1--21

EN

The biostratigraphic investigation included the Menilite–Krosno Series of the Skole Unit overlying the Globigerina Marls. Seven calcareous nannoplankton zones (sensu Martini, 1971) were distinguished in these sediments: NP23, NP24, NP25, NN1, NN2, NN3? and NN4. Based on the species diversity of the assemblage, their abundances and preservation, as well as palaeoenvironmental and palaeoclimatic conditions that controlled the basin during deposition of the Menilite and Krosno Beds have been identified. The Skole region was located at the periphery of the Paratethys basin during Late Oligocene–Early Miocene times. Based on the calcareous nannoplankton assemblage, the phase of isolation of the Paratethys (NP23) from the Mediterranean was documented. The restoration of normal marine conditions (NP24–NP25), sea-level fluctuations (sea-level fall?) at the Oligocene–Miocene boundary (uppermost part of the NP25–NN1), a phase of relative sea-level rise (NN2, NN3?, NN4) and the end of flysch sedimentation in the Skole Unit in the NN4 Calcareous Nannoplankton Zone were also identified.

PL

Badaniami biostratygraficznymi objęto utwory serii menilitowo-krośnieńskiej jednostki skolskiej położone w profilu powyżej poziomu margli globigerynowych. W obrębie utworów tej serii wyróżniono siedem poziomów nanoplanktonowych sensu Martini (1971): NP23, NP24, NP25, NN1, NN2, NN3? i NN4. Na podstawie składu zespołu nanoplanktonu wapiennego, jego zróżnicowania gatunkowego, liczebności i stanu zachowania podjęto próbę określenia warunków paleośrodowiskowych i paleoklimatycznych w czasie osadzania warstw menilitowych i krośnieńskich jednostki skolskiej. Są one ściśle związane z warunkami, jakie panowały w późnym oligocenie–wczesnym miocenie w basenach Paratetydy i z położeniem rejonu skolskiego na peryferiach tego basenu. Udokumentowano etap odizolowania basenu Paratetydy (NP23) od innych jego rejonów, etap warunków normalno-morskich, a więc odzyskania połączeń z otwartym morzem (NP24–NP25), wahania poziomu morza na pograniczu późnego oligocenu i wczesnego miocenu (najwyższa część NP25–NN1), etap względnego podniesienia poziomu morza, transgresji (NN2, NN3?, NN4) i końca sedymentacji fliszowej w basenie skolskim w poziomie NN4.

16

A new find of mammoth tusk in loess-like sediments of the Zakliczyn Basin (Outer Western Carpathians, Poland)

Cieszkowski M., Zuchiewicz W., Alexandrowicz W. P., Wojtal P.

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

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2010

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Vol. 80, No 1

89-99

EN

In June 2007, in a valley side of a small stream close to Janowice in the Western Outer Carpathians of Poland, a 1.8 m long mammoth tusk was found within loamy-debris solifluction sediments, ca. 1 m thick. These discordantly overlie a 4-m-high strath built up of steeply dipping sandstones of the Krosno beds of the Skole Nappe, being in turn covered by 7.5-m-hick loessial silts and loess-like slopewash sediments. The latter are overlain at the top by another solifluction cover, ca. 1.5 m thick. The mammoth tusk belonged to an adult animal, probably 30-60 years old. The succession of malacofaunistic assemblages within loess-like sediments indicates a cold, polar climate, and an environment resembling tundra developed upon moderately moist substratum during the last glacial stage. The lower part of malacological sequence enriched in mesophile species probably refers to the Vistulian (Weichselian) interpleniglacial period. The middle part, indicative of more dry habitats, can be associated with the younger Pleniglacial, whereas the top part should represent the terminal phase of the latter. Sediments bearing the mammoth tusk were probably deposited at the turn of the Vistulian older Pleniglacial and Interpleniglacial time.

17

Przydatność profilowań georadarowych w interpretacji budowy tarasów rzecznych (dolina Kamienicy, polskie Karpaty zewnętrzne)

Olszak J., Karczewski J.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2008

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Vol. 56, nr 4

330-330

EN

Studies on river terrace deposits using ground penetrating radar (GPR) were conducted on several river terraces in the Kamienica river valley, Polish Outer Carpathians. All GPR profiles were collected using RAMAC/GPR system with 50 and 200 MHz antennae. The study has been based on 10 GPR profiles from 40 m to 200 m in length from which two as the most characteristic are presented in the paper. Terrace sediments consist mainly of gravels with subordinate sand. A peat layer has been found in one profile. These deposits lie on strath terraces built up with flysch sandstones and shales. Most of the profiles show reflections suggesting that the deposits are composed of multichannel river deposits. Some features of the profiles also indicate the presence of strath terraces and a peat layer. Even though lithology and texture of the investigated sediments are not very diverse, GPR measurements are quite useful in a few aspects of terraces’ structure interpretation.

18

Granica oligocen/miocen w polskich Karpatach zewnętrznych na podstawie nanoplanktonu wapiennego

Garecka M.

Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

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2008

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nr 432

1-53

PL

Badaniami objęto utwory serii menilitowo-krośnieńskiej jednostek śląskiej i skolskiej wschodniej części polskich Karpat Zewnętrznych powyżej korelacyjnych poziomów wapienia jasielskiego i/lub wapienia z Zagórza. W jednostce śląskiej granica oligocen/miocen przebiega w wyższej części warstw krośnieńskich dolnych, w południowej części jednostki - w otryckim regionie facjalnym, w wyższej części łupkowo-piaskowcowej serii nadotryckiej warstw krośnieńskich dolnych, natomiast w południowej części leskiego regionu facjalnego jednostki śląskiej - w obrębie serii przeławicających się pakietów gruboławicowych piaskowców i drobnorytmicznych osadów turbidytowych warstw krośnieńskich dolnych. W bardziej północnej części jednostki seria ta jest zastępowana przez kompleks gruboławicowych piaskowców facji leskiej i w wyższej części tego wydzielenia stwierdzono obecność gatunków mioceńskich. W jednostce skolskiej, w jej południowej części, granica przebiega w niższej części warstw krośnieńskich dolnych, a w bardziej północnej i zachodniej części tej jednostki - w obrębie warstw menilitowych. Jako gatunki wskaźnikowe dla wyznaczenia granicy oligocen/miocen zaproponowano: Helicosphaera mediterranea Muller, Helicosphaera recta Haq, Helicosphaera scissura Miller, Dictyococcites bisectus (Hay, Mohler et Wade) Bukry et Percival, Zygrhablithus bijugatus Deflandre i Sphenolithus delphix (Bukry).

EN

The aim of this work was to establish the Oligocene/Miocene boundary in the eastern part of the Polish Outer Carpathians on the basis of calcareous nannoplankton analysis. The investigations focused on the Menilite-Krosno Series of the Silesian and Skole Units overlying the Jasło and/or Zagórz limestone chronohorizons. In the Silesian Unit, the Oligocene/ Miocene boundary is placed in the upper part of the Lower Krosno Beds. In the Otryt facial region (southern part of the Silesian Unit), this boundary runs within the upper part of the shaly-sandy Supra-Otryt series of the Lower Krosno Beds. In the southern part of the Lesko facial region, the boundary is established within a series of thick-bedded sandstones and fine-rythmical turbidite deposits of the Lower Krosno Beds. In the northern part of this region, the series is replaced by thick-bedded sandstones of the Lesko facies. Miocene taxa were recorded in the upper part of these deposits. In the southern part of the Skole Unit the Oligocene/Miocene boundary runs within the lower part of the Lower Krosno Beds, whereas in the more northern and western parts of the unit - within the Menilite Beds. Among taxa proposed as indicative for the Oligocene/Miocene boundary, Helicosphaera mediterranea Muller, Helicosphaera recta Haq, Helicosphaera scissura Miller, Dictyococcites bisectus (Hay, Mohler et Wade) Bukry et Percival, Zygrhablithus bijugatus Deflandre, Sphenolżthus delphix (Bukry) were recorded.

19

Drobne uskoki przesuwcze oraz towarzyszące im struktury niższego rzędu - przykład z kamieniołomu w Lesznej Górnej, jednostka cieszyńska (Karpaty zewnętrzne)

Koprianiuk M.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2007

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Vol. 55, nr 5

395-404

EN

The paper focuses on the analysis of small-scale strike-slip faults and second-order fractures in flat-lying Cieszyn Limestones of a quarry in Leszna Górna. In the western part of the Polish segment of the Outer Carpathians, the Silesian Nappe consists of two tectonic units: Cieszyn Unit and Godula Unit. The study area is located within the Cieszyn Unit. Several different kinds of tectonic structures have been distinguished, including mesoscale strike-slip faults, en echelon arrays, tip structures and linking structures. The investigations, including geometric and genetic analysis of strike-slip faults and fractures, have enabled reconstruction of structural evolution stages. Two evolutionary models are proposed in terms of the geometries of damage zones for small displacement strike-slip fault zones.

20

Architektura depozycyjna warstw magurskich w strefie Siar na południe od Gorlic (płaszczowina magurska, polskie Karpaty zewnętrzne)

Warchoł M.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2007

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Vol. 55, nr 7

601-610

EN

Detailedanalysis of lithofacies and their distribution in the Magura Beds in 11 transects in the eastern part of the Siary zone, revealed 16 facies and 6 associations of genetically and spatially related facies. The facies spectrum evidences deposition from a variety of mass gravity processes and subordinately by hemipelagic rain. The facies associations reveal depositional patterns of submarine fans and include: channels, channel-levees, channel-lobe transitions, depositional lobes and slump bodies. Correlation results (9 sections) and facies distribution together with paleocurrent directions suggest that the deposition of this part of Magura Beds took place in a submarine ramp/apron hybrid setting fed from a multipoint source. The depositional pattern of the Magura Beds in the study area records a two-stage development, which began with the emplacement of a sand/mud-rich type system and was followed by a mud-dominated system.