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Intelligence cooperation between the second Republic of Poland and the Republic of Turkey. Part 1 – the 1920s.

Szymanowicz A., Yurdatapan A.

Zeszyty Naukowe / Wyższa Szkoła Oficerska Wojsk Lądowych im. gen. T. Kościuszki

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2017

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Nr 1

124--145

EN

In the period between the two World Wars, Turkey played quite an important role in the security system of the Second Republic of Poland, especially after the May Coup in 1926. Poland promoted the establishment of the Central European Bloc, which in some variants would also include Turkey. Furthermore, the state played an important role in the Polish Promethean politics because it had borders with the Caucasus, and in addition there was a wave of Caucasian emigration. As early as in the 1920s Poland initiated intelligence cooperation with Turkey against the USSR, as a result of which Polish intelligence missions operated in the Turkish territory and Turkish intelligence officers underwent specialized training in Poland. The closer the ties between Turkey and the Western countries before the outbreak of World War II, the more this cooperation intensified.

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Intelligence cooperation between the Second Republic of Poland and the Republic of Turkey. Part II – the 1930s

Szymanowicz A., Yurdatapan A.

Zeszyty Naukowe / Wyższa Szkoła Oficerska Wojsk Lądowych im. gen. T. Kościuszki

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2017

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Nr 4

180--193

EN

In the period between the two World Wars, Turkey played quite an important role in the security system of the Second Republic of Poland, especially after the May Coup in 1926. Poland promoted the establishment of the Central European Bloc, which in some variants would also include Turkey. Furthermore, the state played an important role in the Polish Promethean politics because it had borders with the Caucasus, and in addition there was the large Caucasian emigration. As early as in the 1920s Poland initiated intelligence cooperation with Turkey against the USSR, as a result of which Polish intelligence missions operated in the Turkish territory and Turkish intelligence officers underwent specialized training in Poland. The more Turkey approached the Western countries before the outbreak of World War II the more this cooperation intensified.

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Geopolityczne uwarunkowania bezpieczeństwa narodowego Polski w latach 1918-1939

Wyszczelski L.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2008

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nr 1(70)

265-283

EN

Poland’s geo-political position in 1918-1939 changed as a result of political changes in Europe, especially at the end of the 30s after Germany’s territorial annexes. The Treaty of Versailles provisions, wars for independent Poland’s borders in 1918-1921 and to a certain extent Poland’s annexation of Zaolzie in 1938 contributed to that position. The breakthrough events included signing the Treaty of Versailles (1919), Locarno Treaties (1925), Hitler’s rise to power (1933), the Munich Agreement (1938), consequently the collapse of Czechoslovakia and the subordination of this territory to the Reich and the Molotov - Ribbentrop Pact (23.08.1939). These events were prompted by western superpowers’ policy which in spite of signing political and military agreements with Poland did not act according to them and therefore Poland fought single-handedly with a double aggressor in September 1939 and was severely defeated. Taking into consideration Poland’s geo-strategic position in the problem mentioned above, Poland’s location was stressed on the trail of military expansions from the east to the west and vice versa, location among countries - Germany, Russia - which supported the expansion on the Polish territory, as well as unfavourable shape of Poland’s borders after World War I, especially lack of natural terrain obstacles.

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Polska i Bałtyk między dwoma wojnami 1918-1939

Zuziak J.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2002

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nr 1(46)

219-229

EN

Poland after 123 years of oppression regained its independence in 1918 and together with it free access to the Baltic Sea. Almost front the very early days the idea to build maritime Poland started to be implemented. Due to the Versailles Treaty provisions Poland received a 74-kilometre sea border at the Baltic that significantly increased the possibilities of comprehensive progress, opening enormous economic and trade potential. This article shows Polish effort in the development of maritime economy, in trade harbours' construction, development of fisheries, creating Polish shipyard industry from scratch. Various forms of maritime activities required significant financial expsnditures which, unfortunately, the Polish young state could not afford. The author focuses also on efforts aiming at developing both navy and trade fleets in the twenties and describes its lots in September 1939.