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A Novel Steganographic Method with Four-Pixel Differencing and Modulus Function

Xin Liao Xin, Qiaoyan Wen Qiaoyan, Zeli Zhao Zeli, Jie Zhang Jie

Fundamenta Informaticae

2012

Vol. 118, nr 3

281-289

To improve the stego-image quality and provide a larger embedding capacity, a novel steganographic method based on four-pixel differencing and modulus function is presented. We process a block of four neighboring pixels, and form three two-pixel groups to record the information of secret data. In each group, the difference value between two pixels is exploited to estimate how many secret bits will be embedded. Two pixels will be adjusted so that the sum of the remainders of them is equal to secret data. In order to extract the secret data exactly, four pixel values in a block are adjusted synchronously by using modulus function. An optimization problem is formulated to minimize the embedding distortion. A theoretical proof is given to ensure the solvability of the problem. The experimental results show the proposed method not only has a larger embedding capacity but also provides better stego-image quality.

Generalizations of Pixel-Value Differencing Steganography for Data Hiding in Images

Liu J-C., Shih M-H.

Fundamenta Informaticae

2008

Vol. 83, nr 3

319-335

Generalizations of the pixel-value differencing (PVD) method for data hiding in gray-level images are proposed. Two extensions of the PVD method are analyzed: the block-based approach and the Haar-based approach. For the block-based PVD, the cover image is divided into non-overlapping horizontal or square blocks of n pixels. In each block, n-1 differences are calculated between consecutive pixels. These differences are classified to embed the secret message. For the Haar-based PVD, the 2-D integer Haar wavelet is applied to decomposed the cover image. The high-frequency components are used to hide message. Higher level of Haar decomposition allows more bits to be embedded. For both proposed generalizations, the capacity of the embedded message is significantly increased. Moreover, both generalizations are invulnerable to the RS-diagram and histogram steganalysis.