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Geochemistry of the Groundwater of the Temara Aquifer (North-West Morocco)

Taazzouzte Mariam, Haidara Imane, Ghafiri Abdessamad, Lamacha Hassan, El Moutaki Saida

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 6

15--32

EN

Water is a major strategic issue and a key factor in sustainable development for all countries around the world. In Morocco, groundwater has a major importance in the national economic policy. For this reason, sustainable water resources management programs are periodically installed to prevent their qualitative and quantitative degradation, which conditions future development and is part of the research strategy to optimize and mitigate environmental problems. The Temara water table, which extends over nearly 350 km2 is part of these water resources that must be preserved. This issue is of increasing concern to researchers and decision makers in the field of water resources management. The hydrochemical study carried out on 48 samples taken in the study area during a sampling campaign carried out during the low water period showed that the water table has facies of chloride and sulphate calcic and magnesian type according to the Piper diagram. While the classification diagrams of Wilcox and Richards waters revealed the suitability of these waters for irrigation except for some points that present high contents of Nitrate (NO3-), Magnesium (Mg2+), Sulphate (SO42-) and Chloride (Cl-), linked to both the lithological nature of the enclosing formations and the effect of the agricultural activity which induces the phenomenon of return of irrigation water loaded with salts from the fertilizers used, towards the water table.

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Exploring the Hydrochemistry of the Tendrara Aquifer – A Comprehensive Analysis of Water Composition and Quality

Boudchiche Mohammed, Mimoun Boughriba, Walid Elmousse, Ilham Fikri, Yassine Zarhloule, Eddine Barkaoui Alae, Hicham Mhamdi, Bouchra El Guerrouj

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 7

297--310

EN

This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the hydrochemistry of the Tendrara aquifer in the Tendrara region of Morocco. The study encompasses various aspects of the region, including its geography, administration, relief, demography, economy, and climate, to establish a solid understanding of its water facies. Ten water sampling points have been chosen, and standard methods were used to analyze the physicochemical characteristics of the water, temperature, electrical conductivity, and concentrations of different ions and compounds. Descriptive statistics and hydrochemical classifications, including Piper’s, Schoeler’s, Wilcox’s, and ternary classification, were applied to classify and identify different water facies. Additionally, principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted to explore the relationships between different water parameters. The results revealed distinct hydrochemical characteristics within the Tendrara aquifer, with predominantly alkaline water and varying concentrations of potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, chlorides, nitrates, bicarbonates, and sulfates. The numerical results indicated that the concentrations of major ions in the Tendrara aquifer varied within the following ranges: potassium (K+) 2.6–47 mg/l, sodium (Na+) 17–170 mg/l, calcium (Ca2+) 40.882–178 mg/l, magnesium (Mg2+) 33.534–159.72 mg/l, chlorides (Cl-) 22.865–244.201 mg/l, nitrates (NO3-) 2.806–237.85 mg/l, bicarbonates (HCO3-) 183–311.1 mg/l, and sulfates (SO42-) 40.392–336.6 mg/l. The electrical conductivity of the water ranged from 660 to 2640 μS/cm, indicating variations in mineral content and overall water quality analysis of the diagram shows that the Tendrara aquifer’s subterranean waters are predominantly chloride-rich and sulfate-rich in calcium and magnesium. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the hydrochemistry of the Tendrara aquifer and have implications for water resource management in the region. The knowledge gained from this study can inform decision-making processes related to water treatment, conservation, and protection. It highlights the need for sustainable practices to ensure the availability of clean and safe water for the local population. Further research is recommended to investigate temporal variations, sources of contamination, and the long-term impacts of anthropogenic activities on the Tendrara aquifer’s hydrochemistry.

3

Hydrogeochemical processes and evaluation of groundwater in Al-Salman area – Iraqi Southern Desert

Al-Mutawqi Kareem Ghafel, Ewaid Salam Hussein, Abed Salwan Ali, Al-Ansari Nadhir, Salim Mudhafar A., Kadhim Ameer J.

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2021

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no. 50

220--228

EN

A field survey has been conducted for the study area using the Global Positioning System (GPS) and geological and geomorphological maps of the area. The study area is one of the important areas in Iraq characterized by scarce water resources. The purpose of the study is to determine the hydro-chemical processes and their relationship to groundwater quality carried out in the southwestern desert region of Iraq, where the region lacks extensive studies of water resources. Twenty-eight groundwater samples were collected from wells distributed between the eastern borders of Saudi Arabia and the West Bank of the Euphrates River. For the purpose of hydrogeochemical analyses, the Fetter method was used to collect and examine samples. A large part of the recharge area is located in Saudi Arabia, where the groundwater bearing aquifer represented by the Dammam formation extends to Iraq and Saudi Arabian International borders. The analysis determined the order of cations (Na+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+) and anions (Cl– > SO42– > HCO3–). High values of the variation coefficient (CV) correspond to the concentration of potassium, sodium and chloride ions (CV: 68.7, 64.7 and 64 respectively). To identify the hydrochemical water facies, the Piper diagram was used. It was found that 53% of the water samples belong to the Na-Cl type and 40% are of the Ca-Mg-Cl type, while the rest of the samples are the Ca-Cl type. To identify geochemical processes, it was found that ion exchange processes via chloroalkaline indices 1 and 2 are prevalent between Ca2+, Mg2+ in the groundwater and Na+, K+ in water bearing rocks. To learn more about the processes that led to the concentration of certain ions, such as sodium, it was found that they tend to be of silicate minerals related to surface runoff of water in recharge areas and carbonic rocks. It was also found that rock / soil-groundwater interaction and evaporation processes were the formal processes in the saturated zone and evaporation in the unsaturated zone are prevalent processes of groundwater ion concentration.

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Characterization of Algerian Sahara groundwater for irrigation and water supply : Adrar region study case

Bendida Ali, Kendouci Mohammed Amin, Tidjani Abdellatif El-Bari

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2021

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no. 49

235--243

EN

Groundwater hydrochemistry of Algerian Sahara (Southwest, Algeria) was used to assess groundwater quality to determine its suitability for drinking and agricultural purposes. A total of 26 groundwater samples were analysed for 14 parameters. Standards laboratory methods were used to determine physicochemical groundwater properties. This study shows that these pH, electric conductivity, total hardness, bicarbonate, and phosphate were within WHO limits. The concentration of magnesium ranging from 30.49 to 120 mg∙dm–3 with an average value of 67.21 mg∙dm–3. 38.56% of the water points analysed have a concentration lower than the value set by the WHO at 75.00 mg∙dm–3. It also showed that 70% of the points studied have potassium concentrations that exceed World Health Organization standards. Groundwater of Algerian Sahara is low in nitrogen (NO3–) and the higher concentration may result in various health risks. The result for this study showed that the water was to be found suitable for drinking purposes except for few samples. Piper diagram indicates that groundwater in Adrar belongs to chlorinated-sulphated, sodium and magnesium facies. The groundwater samples of Adrar present high salinity and low alkalinity fall into the field of C3S1 and C3S2. Based on the RSC values, all samples had values less than 1.25 and were good for irrigation.

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Sensory Quality of Portuguese Natural Mineral Waters: Correlation with Chemical Composition

Sozo Jenny Sumara, Pardal Ana, Carvalho Maria João, Almeida Adelaide, Chaves Humberto, Carvalho Maria de Fátima

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2021

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Vol. 22, iss. 3

129--141

EN

Portugal is one of the richest countries in terms of the variety of natural mineral waters in relation to the territorial size. The aim of this work was to characterize the sensory features of eleven Portuguese natural mineral waters and correlate those with their chemical characteristics. The study of the Piper diagram concluded that the vast majority of these waters have low or very low mineralization content, with total mineralization values not more than 500 mg/L, predominantly sodium bicarbonate or mixed sodium. The sensory analysis was carried out by 10 trained panelists according to ISO 8586:2012 and showed that the tasters were able to distinguish the sensory attributes of the waters, and thus it was possible to establish some correlation between the physical-chemical and sensory parameters. With Principal Component Analysis (PCA), it was possible to explain the percentage of variance between the main chemical components of the studied waters and its sensory characteristics. A significant positive correlation of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) with HCO3-(0.97), Ca2+ (0.93) and Mg2+ (0.91) was shown, as well as the pH of the natural mineral waters with the salty (0.71) and the sweet (0.69) taste. The sweetest waters were Monchique Chic (3.4) and Monchique (3.3) and the least sweet was Luso. The most acidic were Vitalis (3.4) and Luso (3.3) and the least acidic ones were Monchique Chic (1.9) and Vimeiro Original (1.8). In terms of the salty taste, the most salty samples were Monchique (4.2) with significant differences between all the other samples, and the least salty one was Salutis (1.8). The bitter waters were Monchique Chic (3.5) and Vimeiro Lisa (3.4) and Vitalis was the least bitter (2.3). The water with the highest score in mineral flavor was Vimeiro Original (4.9) and the lowest one was Salutis (2.7).