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1

The Use of Chosen Biological Methods for Forest Soil Revitalization in Scots Pine Cultivation

Klimek Andrzej, Rolbiecki Stanisław, Rolbiecki Roman, Gackowski Grzegorz, Stachowski Piotr, Jagosz Barbara

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2020

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Tom 22, cz. 2

1097--1115

EN

The purpose of this investigation was to indicate the most effective method of revitalizing degraded forest area. The different modifications of wood chips were used as a substitute for humus layer. The mites (Acari), and moss mites (Oribatida) as the bio-indicators of soil succession changes were used. The study began 2 years after planting of Scots pine seedlings on the land devastated by military activity, at the former military training ground (GPS: 53.156943N, 17.986440E). The soil on this area was in the type of rusty soils and subtype of the rusty algae soils. Scots pine seedlings were planted in spring 2011, in a distance 1.5×0.8 m. In one-factor experiment four soil mulching treatments were tested: 1. uncovered soil – control (C), 2. soil mulched with wood chips (W), 3. W + mycorrhizal preparation (WM), 4. W + forest litter (WL). Three replicates of microplots arrangement was applied. Each microplot was 5 m long with 3 rows of Scots pine. Each replication covers 10 rows. Mulching with wood chips was carried out on April 12, 2012. On October 25, 2012, the wood chips on the WM microplots were inoculated with the mycorrhizal biopreparation, and on the WL microplots, a 10% addition of fresh forest litter from the ripe fresh coniferous forest was applied. After the end of the growing season of 2012, 2013 and 2014, the measurement of the plants was carried out (the height, the root neck diameter, the length of one-year increments in the last whorl, the number of one-year increments of the last whorl and the lengths of one-year increments of the last whorl). The samples for acarological tests were collected four times. In total, 40 substrate samples with a volume of 50 cm3 each were collected from each treatment. Mites extraction was carried out for 7 days in Tullgren apparatus. Mites were identified to the order, and moss mites to the species or genus, including juvenile stages. Calculated: the average density of mites, the dominance index, the species richness, the diversity of moss mites, the average number of species, and the Shannon general species diversity index. The use of soil mulching with the Scots pine wood chips did not significantly affect the growth and developmental characteristics of the Scots pine plants. After mulching with wood chips, the total number of mites increased many times, and moss mites began to dominate among micro-arthropods. Mulching treatments increased the number and the species diversity of moss mites in the substrate. The number of moss mites increased the most in wood chips without additives. The highest species diversity was observed in the wood chips with the addition of forest litter. Among moss mites Tectocepheus velatus visibly dominated in all study treatments. Oppiella nova and Scutovertex sculptus also constituted numerous mites populations. The study shows that the wood chips are very useful for use in the regeneration of the devastated and degraded forest soils.

2

A Tree-Ring chronology from Allerød–YD transition from Koźmin (Central Poland)

Krąpiec Marek, Szychowska-Krąpiec Elżbieta, Barniak Joanna, Goslar Tomasz, Kittel Piotr, Michczyńska Danuta J., Michczyński Adam, Piotrowska Natalia, Rakowski Andrzej, Wiktorowski Damian

Geochronometria

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2020

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Vol. 47, no.1

101--111

EN

Subfossil trunks of pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) from the Late Weichselian were discovered in the site Koźmin in the Koło Basin, central Poland (Dzieduszyńska et al., 2014a). Another part of organic sediments with trunks was excavated in the frame of the research project. Altogether 224 samples from Koźmin were analysed dendrochronologically; they represented generally young trees, 40 to 70 years old. Based on the most convergent sequences, the chronology 2KOL_A1 was produced, 210 years in length. With the wiggle-matching method, it was dated to ca. 13065–12855 cal BP. Dendrochronological dating of trunks buried in organic sediments, most of which occurred in situ, revealed that tree deaths occurred successively, over more than 100 years. That could have been due to unfavourable climatic conditions, as well as extreme events, e.g. strong winds.

3

Impact of air pollution on forest stands in the vicinity of Wodzisław Śląski and Rybnik, Poland

Barniak Joanna, Jureczko Agnieszka

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

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2019

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Vol. 45, no. 4

283--290

EN

Tree-ring analysis was used to investigate the impact of air pollution on forest stands in southern part of the Upper Silesia region of southern Poland. Four about 120 years old Scots pine stands located near Wodzisław Śląski and Rybnik were selected for study and 20 increment core samples from each stand were taken. All study stands were selected based upon their considerable exposure to air and dust pollution. The results of dendrochronological analysis showed strong and significant reductions in tree ring growth especially during the period from 1960 to 1990. A significant number of trees with reductions (85%) was observed in two Scots pine stands both of which are directly exposed to air pollution from mine-owned coking plant and power and heating plants. Since 1990s the improved growth of these pines was clearly noted. A comparison for the period 1970 to 1990 for stands located west from the main emitters’ versus stands east and directly exposed found fewer trees with growth reductions (ca. 40%). At the beginning of the 21st century, a large number of trees in these western stands were observed with growth reductions between 50 and 60%. Probably, these trees were affected by air pollution from a nearby power plant located immediately across the border in the Czech Republic. Relationships between periods of severe reductions in ring width growth or missing rings were noted in a large percentage of pine trees in all four stands; these cross-stand relationships suggested common weather related impacts. Missing rings were noted in 1956, 1963, 1968, 1970, 1971, 1973, 1976 and 1979.

4

Invasion of Raised Bogs by the Scots Pine; a Review of Vegetation History and Case Study in Selected Peat-Bogs in Bieszczady Mts. (Eastern Carpathians)

Koczur A., Michalik S.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2015

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Vol. 63, nr 3

297--310

EN

The objective of this study was to analyse the diversity of pine and spruce bog forests on the domes of Carpathian raised bogs located in the Upper San River Valley. In order to determine the present species composition, 59 phytosociological relevés were performed (32 within spruce forests, and 27 in pine forests). For all relevés, the Shannon-Wiener index, evenness index and mean Ellenberg indicator values were calculated. Detrended correspondence analysis was conducted in order to determine the degree of similarity between distinct units of vegetation and to identify the main environmental gradients that have an impact on species composition. The results revealed considerable similarities between the ground vegetation of both spruce and pine forests growing on peat substrate. Within pine forests there was a greater proportion of certain plant species characteristic of raised bogs, and plants typical of bog coniferous forests. The ground flora of spruce forests was more diverse. Although spruce forests predominantly contained species typical of raised bogs, there was also a group in which Molinia caerulea predominated. Ellenberg indicator values typical of pine forests lay within ranges that were characteristic of spruce forests, but pine forests occupy more humid, more acidic and poorer habitats than most patches of spruce forests. Both spruce and pine bog forests were developed as a result of the colonization of open bogs, but the time-scale and rate of intensity were different. Palaeobotanical and historical data indicate that the Scots pine first reappeared on the domes of raised bogs in the first half of the 20th century. The concept that the spruce forests are older than those of pine is supported by their greater habitat diversity. Conversely, the younger age of pine forests is confirmed by their low habitat diversity, and greater proportion of photophilous raised-bog species.

5

The 443-Year Tree-Ring Chronology for the Scots Pine from Upper Silesia (Poland) as a Dating Tool and Climate Proxy

Opała M.

Geochronometria

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2015

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Vol. 42, no.1

41--52

EN

An annually resolved and absolutely dated ring-width chronology spanning 443 years has been constructed using the historical and living-tree Scots pine samples from the Upper Silesia, south of Poland. The constructed regional chronology, based on six object chronologies, covers the period of 1568–2010. It is composed of 178 wood samples with the mean correlation of 0.51, mean series length of 104 years and mean EPS of 0.85. In total, 65 extreme years were distinguished. Their independent verification, based on the historical and meteorological data, showed significant correlation with the exceptionally cold/mild winters as well as severe droughts. The comparison of the extreme years with the other Polish pine chronologies showed similarities in the years with the anomalous winter conditions. Some extreme years can be associated with the exceptional pluvial conditions; these years are common in the Central European hydroclimatic tree-ring records. The construction of this regional pine chronology enables for the absolute dating of many architectural monuments from investigated region. The application of the new chronology for the dating of local wood can support interpretations of changes in the environment of the Upper Silesian region. In the future it can also be used as the basis for climate reconstruction.

6

An 854-year tree-ring chronology of scots pine for south-west Finland

Helama S., Holopainen J., Timonen M, Mielikainen K

Studia Quaternaria

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2014

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Vol. 31, Nr 1

61--68

EN

A near-millennial tree-ring chronology (AD 1147-2000) is presented for south-west Finland and analyzed using dendroclimatic methods. This is a composite chronology comprising samples both from standing pine trees (Pinus sylvestris L.) and subfossil trunks as recovered from the lake sediments, with a total sample size of 189 tree-ring sample series. The series were dendrochronologically cross-dated to exact calendar years to portray variability in tree-ring widths on inter-annual and longer scales. Although the studied chronology correlates statistically significantly with other long tree-ring width chronologies from Finland over their common period (AD 1520-1993), the south-west chronology did not exhibit similarly strong mid-summer temperature or spring/early-summer precipitation signals in comparison to published chronologies. On the other hand, the south-west chronology showed highest correlations to the North Atlantic Oscillation indices in winter/spring months, this association following a dendroclimatic feature common to pine chronologies over the region and adjacent areas. Paleoclimatic comparison showed that tree-rings had varied similarly to central European spring temperatures. It is postulated that the collected and dated tree-ring material could be studied for wood surface reflectance (blue channel light intensity) and stable isotopes, which both have recently shown to correlate notably well with summer temperatures.

7

Sub-fossil wood from the Rucianka raised bog (NE Poland) as an indicator of climatic changes in the first millennium BC

Barniak J., Krąpiec M., Jurys L.

Geochronometria

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2014

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Vol. 41, no. 1

104--110

EN

The dendrochronological studies were carried out on very well preserved sub-fossil pine wood found in the biogenic deposits of the Rucianka raised bog (NE Poland). Local floating chronol-ogies, covering the period 990-460 cal BC, were dated on the basis of radiocarbon analyses. Growth depressions in annual tree-ring widths indicated periodical deterioration of the environmental condi-tions, which affected tree growth. Identified germination and dying-off phases (GDO) should be re-lated to the wetter climatic periods. The extinction of trees took place during periods of higher groundwater level which, in turn, caused favourable conditions for growth of young pines.

8

Influence of thermal modification of Scots pine wood (Pinus sylvestris L.) on color changes

Jankowska Agnieszka, Kozakiewicz Paweł

Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW. Forestry and Wood Technology

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2014

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No. 88

92--96

EN

Influence of thermal modification of Scots pine wood (Pinus sylvestris L.) on color changes. This study describes experiments of testing color of heat treated wood samples. Heat treatment was done at 150, 160, 170 i 180 °C during 2,5 h in over heated steam. Color measurement was made according CIE LCh system. The experiment show that thermally treatment caused darkening of wood. The higher temperature of modification is, the greater changes in color are and difference between sapwood and heartwood are lower. Heartwood of Scots pine showed higher changes than sapwood.

9

The history of Scots pine encroachment and retreat in ombrotrophic bog recorded in woody debris

Woziwoda B., Pawicka K.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2013

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Vol. 61, nr 2

305--318

EN

Using the characteristic of accumulated woody debris, data on vegetation, and data on previous climate fluctuations, we reconstructed the history of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) encroachment and retreat in a raised bog. The available patchy information on plant cover allowed us to pinpoint events in the development of pine seedlings and the first cases of trees dying off on the time scale. The results obtained show that the process of natural bog afforestation and deforestation was very dynamic and lasted only 22 years. These short-term changes in the tree populations were clearly linked to short-term climate fluctuations. The annual precipitation and mean temperature of winter months were the most important variables and the main factors directly influencing the young woodland. We assumed that the woody remnants represent the last stage of the contemporary phase of high germination and dying-off (GDO) of pine trees. The spatial distribution of woody debris and its characteristics indicate the naturalness of vegetation during this temporary ‘woodland phase’. The study show that the investigation of woody debris can be used to further improve our understanding of bog vegetation dynamics, especially with regard to the influence of periodical climate fluctuations on transitions between open and forested peatland.

10

Analysis of the Soil Enzymatic Activity for Lands Reclaimed From Brown-Coal Strip Mines in Stryzhivka

Levytska O., Davydova I.

Logistyka

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2013

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nr 4

EN

We discuss a way to estimate results of forest recultivation process of lands affected by brown-coal strip mines in Stryzhivka. Biochemical transformation of organic compounds on affected lands is studied with the help of analysis of soil enzymatic activity as an important part of the process. Results of the analysis let us divide experimental plots into three categories: areas with higher levels of soil enzymatic activity, areas with a certain degree of inhibition of enzymatic activity, and areas with poor levels of enzyme activity. Achieved results show extents of effectiveness of biological stage of lands reclamation from brown-coal strip mines in Stryzhivka.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki procesu rekultywacji leśnej terenów, na których prowadzona była działalność górnicza kopalni odkrywkowej węgla brunatnego w mieście Stryzhivka, Ukraina. Zbadano biochemiczną transformację elementów organicznych na tych terenach za pomocą analizy enzymatycznej aktywności gleby. Wynik analizy pozwolił podzielić badany teren na trzy kategorie: obszary o wysokim poziomie enzymatycznej aktywności gleby, obszary o wysokim średnim enzymatycznej aktywności gleby oraz obszary o niskim poziomie enzymatycznej aktywności gleby. Otrzymane wyniki pozwalają określić określić poziom rekultywacji biologicznej terenów, na których prowadzona była działalność górnicza kopalni odkrywkowej węgla brunatnego w mieście Stryzhivka.

11

The effect of mining and vegetation scarification on the survival and establishment of Pinus rotundata Link. and P. sylvestris L. in contrasting peat bog habitats

Mach J., Lanta V., Bastl M.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2009

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Vol. 57, nr 2

239-250

EN

The survival and establishment of tree seedlings represents a critical step in the process of forest stand regeneration. In this study, we evaluated the effect of peat mining and vegetation scarification (removal of understorey vegetation and peat moss layer up to depth of 15 cm) on seedling survival and establishment of two congenerous tree species, P. rotundata and P. sylvestris, under different moisture and light conditions. Two long-term experiments with planted and sown seedlings were conducted on three peat bogs in the Bohemian Forest and the Trebon Basin (Czech Republic). Significant differences in seedling survival and establishment for both pine species were found. The positive effect of lower groundwater level and shading was the best predictor for survival and establishment of planted seedlings of both pine species in a mined peat bog, especially for P. rotundata. Nevertheless, low groundwater level and vegetation scarification had negative effect on P. rotundata seedling survival and establishment in pristine peat bogs. P. rotundata seems to be more adaptable to newly appearing conditions in both environments of abandoned mined peat bog and of vegetation scarification. Our results suggest that it is more reasonable to use seedlings of P. rotundata than seedlings of P. sylvestris to restore mined peat bogs.

12

The use of hydrogel in afforestation of postindustrial areas

Ptach W., Boczoń A., Wróbel M.

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2009

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no. 13b

125-135

EN

Some areas intended for afforestation are characterised by a lack of moisture and mineral nutrients. One of the approaches to improve water retention capacity of soils is the use of hydrogels (polymer soil conditioners). The presented experiment was performed with 4 different methods of hydrogel applications and control in a post-industrial area - a dumping ground of the Brown Coal Mine Bełchatów (Forest District Administration Bełchatów). The Aquaterra product (pure hydrogel) and hydrogel with nutrients (TerraVit) produced by Terra-Gubin company were used in all experiments. From 292 to 306 one-year old seedlings of Pinus sylvestris L. of an average height of 80-101 mm were planted in each plot. The influence of hydrogel application method on successful afforestation and growth of seedling was analyzed after the first vegetation year. Maximum number of survived seedlings (93.3%) was observed for hydrogel applied through roots coating, minimum (72.4%) for hydrogel with fertilizers applied under plants. Results obtained for pure hydrogel surface application (89.1%) and pure hydrogel applied under plants (85.3%) can be compared with results from control plot (89.7%). Mean heights of surviving seedlings were similar (128-130 mm) for root coating, and both methods of hydrogel application under plants, in contrast with surficial hydrogel application (117 mm) and control where they were minimal (111 mm). Mean height increments in surviving seedlings were minimum in control plot (31 mm), and similar (38-40 mm) for root coating and surface application. The best results of height increments (47 mm) were obtained when hydrogel mixed with fertiliser was applied under plants. To sum up, in view of plant survival the best method of polymer soil conditioner (hydrogel) application was root coating; this method gave also satisfactory increments of plant height.

PL

Na niektórych terenach przeznaczonych do zalesienia występuje brak wody i niedobór substancji pokarmowych. Jednym ze sposobów poprawy pojemności wodnej gleb jest wykorzystanie hydrożeli (polimerowych kondycjonerów glebowych). Prezentowane wyniki uzyskano, realizując na zalesianych powierzchniach składowiska kopalni węgla brunatnego w Bełchatowie doświadczenia z wykorzystaniem czterech metod aplikacji hydrożelu oraz doświadczenia kontrolnego. W przeprowadzonych eksperymentach wykorzystano hydrożel o handlowej nazwie Aquaterra bez domieszek oraz hydrożel z domieszką związków nawozowych (TerraVit), aplikowane do gleby o składzie granulometrycznym odpowiadającym piaskowi słabogliniastemu. Na 5 poletkach doświadczalnych wysadzono od 292 do 306 jednorocznych sadzonek Pinus sylvestris L. o średniej wysokości 80-101 mm. Wpływ aplikacji hydrożelu na skuteczność zalesienia i wzrost sadzonek poddano analizie po pierwszym roku wegetacji. Najwięcej sadzonek, które przetrwały po I roku wegetacji (93,3%), zaobserwowano na poletku, na którym hydrożel zastosowano w postaci pokrywającego korzenie roztworu wodnego, najmniej (72,4%), gdy hydrożel z dodatkiem związków nawozowych zastosowano jako posypkę. Wyniki stosowania hydrożelu bez domieszek aplikowanego powierzchniowo (89,1%) oraz jako podsypka (85,3%) są porównywalne z uzyskanymi na poletku kontrolnym (89,7%). Średnia wysokość przetrwałych sadzonek są porównywalne (128-130 mm) w przypadku stosowania nakorzeniowej aplikacji roztworu hydrożelu i obu metod podsypki (czysty hydrożel i hydrożel z posypką) w porównaniu z metodą powierzchniową (117 mm) i poletkiem kontrolnym, gdzie były najmniejsze (111 mm). Średnie przyrosty pomierzone po roku od nasadzeń były najmniejsze na poletku kontrolnym (31 mm), porównywalne (38-40 mm) z uzyskanymi, gdy korzenie pokrywano roztworem i hydrożel stosowano powierzchniowo. Największe przyrosty (47 mm) uzyskano, stosując metodę podsypki hydrożelu z nawozami. Podsumowując: ze względu na przetrwalność sadzonek (udatność nasadzeń) za najlepszą metodę stosowania hydrożelu można przyjąć pokrywanie korzeni sadzonek jego roztworem. Metoda ta daje również zadowalające przyrosty sadzonek po pierwszym roku wegetacji.

13

The effect of climate on tree-ring chronologies of native and nonnative tree species growing under homogenous site conditions

Feliksik E., Wilczyński S.

Geochronometria

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2009

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Vol. 33

49-57

EN

Dendroclimatic studies were carried out in the experimental stands composed of many tree species situated in the Polish part of the Baltic sea-coast. Increment cores were taken from a 100- years old trees of 2 native species: Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.), and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and 3 nonnative species: Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco), Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) and Silver fir (Abies alba Mill.). Thirty trees of each species were cored. The relationships between the diameter increment and the thermal and pluvial conditions during the period from 1925 to 2005 were analyzed on the basis of standardized tree-ring chronologies and climatic data. It was found that precipitation and temperature of the growing season and months preceding that season affected the annual diameter increment of all investigated tree species. The current year winter and early spring temperatures as well as February and August precipitation had a similar effect on the variation of diameter increment of trees. On the other hand thermal and pluvial conditions of the current year June differentiated the increment rhythm of individual species. A very strong negative effect on diameter growth of trees was observed in the case of winter and early spring frosts. Norway spruce turned out to be a species most resistant to low temperatures. The investigated tree species, especially Norway spruce, was susceptible to water deficiency in the soil during spring and summer. In the case of Scots pine a high precipitation in June stimulated its growth. The diameter increments of Douglas fir, Sitka spruce, Scots pine, and Silver fir were more strongly connected with air temperature than with precipitation. So called all-species chronology of tree-ring width, constructed during this study, permitted to verify the factors having a similar effect on growth response of the investigated tree species. It reflected the mutual characteristics of diameter increments of trees of various species.

14

Opis pojemności zbiornika intercepcyjnego sosny zwyczajnej (Pinus silvestris) - SO

Osuch B., Homa A., Feliks M.

Czasopismo Techniczne. Środowisko

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2005

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R. 102, z. 10-Ś

87--101

EN

The paper concerns the method of determining reservoir capacity of pine trees (Pinus silvestris) commonly occurring in Poland and Europe. Based on cumbersome and many-year measurements, experimental and field studies on plots in the Trzebuńka stream experimental catchment of the Hydrology Section of the Institute of Water Engineering and Water Management of Cracow University of Technology, a physical model is presented of the interception reservoir of an individual tree. The tree green (needle) surface and surface of stem and branches is the basis of the reservoir. Its height is determined by the depth of water layer that can be retained on the surface. However, if it can be accepted that the whole green surface retains rain water of the same average depth, then the depth of this layer on the bark surface depends on the stem or branch diameter. The older the stem or branch are the greater is the possibility of intercepting water because ofincreased roughness and fracturing of the intercepting surface. The magnitude of the green and bark surface of an arbitrary tree, as well as the depth of water intercepted by these surfaces, can be made using the relation with physical characteristics of the tree that are relatively easy to be measured: tree height, breast height diameter or both. If the green and total pine surface areas are to be calculated, the pine crown height may be added. It can be then calculated the green surface area of a tree taking into account the total surface area, not only the surface of the leaf projection onto the plane surface, FL1, (so FL2), stem surface, FB, and the bark total surface, FkC, as well as the depth of water stored on the bark surface Rk, versus the stem and branch diameter d. Water storage on the green surface was divided into wetting storage which will leave the surface by evaporation, and free water storage that gravity can force to flow down.All calculation formulas have high indices of correlation significance and enable the interception calculation to be carried out of a pine canopy consisting of trees of any age and density.

15

Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) ecosystem response to climate on a temperate to boreal forest transect : project description

Reed D.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2003

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Vol. 51, nr 4

399-401

EN

This brief paper describes the history and conceptual framework underlying the research presented in the remaining papers in this volume. This project began in 1996 as an international effort to examine Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) ecosystem structure and function in one of the few accessible areas on earth where similar forested ecosystems exist over a 20 stopni range in latitude. Widely predicted climate warming leads to serious concerns about how ecosystems may respond to stresses created by climate change. In order to recognize evidence of warming and predict likely future responses, it is necessary to understand how ecosystems that are distributed along climatic gradients accommodate wide climatic differences. Few tree species are distributed as widely as Scots pine, which ranges over much of Europe. This species is ideal for investigations that address questions regarding climate change effects on forest ecosystem structure and processes. Its distribution over comparable sites extending from temperate to boreal zones (over more than 20 stopni of latitude from northern Finland to southern Poland) permits characterization of this ecosystem over a relatively wide climatic range (covering a mean annual temperature difference of 9 stopni C). This transect: 1) provides information concerning numerous ecological processes over this wide range of conditions; 2) serves as a template for the development, testing, and evaluation of specific ecological indicators related to climate change; and 3) allows evaluation, comparison, and projection of ecological properties and processes among similar ecosystems with varying climate.

16

Carbon pools and storage along a temperate to boreal transect in Northern Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) forests

Reed D., Nagel L.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2003

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Vol. 51, nr 4

545-552

EN

A significant portion of global terrestrial carbon is stored in forested ecosystems, particularly in systems north of 50 stopni N latitude. Carbon fluxes to and from these systems have the potential to greatly influence global terrestrial C storage, and provide feedback loops in the global carbon cycle. This study examines total ecosystem C storage, and its allocation among ecosystem components, in nine study sites located in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) forests located from 50 stopni N (southern Poland) to 70 stopni N (northern Finland). Results indicate a remarkable similarity in total ecosystem C, despite great deal of change in total C storage in these systems. The two component C pools that differ the most are the overstory biomass and the organic soil horizons; this raises the concern that these sites could be short-term sources of atmospheric C due to more rapid decomposition in the face of channing climate, but the overstory biomass could be a longer-term, possibly offsetting sink of atmospheric C.

17

Effect of Heavy Metals on the Chlorophyll Concentration in Some Plants Around Steelworks KH "Huta Katowice"

Łukasik I.

Chemia i Inżynieria Ekologiczna

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2003

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Vol. 10, nr 3-4

265-273

EN

Chlorophyll content (a + b) was measured to indicate the physiological effects of heavy metal deposition and heavy metal soil concentration on following plants species: Pinus sylvestris L, Betula pendula Roth, Fragaria vesca L. The leaves of investigated plants were collected at distances of 1000, 4500 and 6000 m from the steelworks KH "Huta Katowice" (Upper Silesia, Southern Poland). Generally, close to the steelworks chlorophyll contents in the leaves was about 10-13% lower. This result suggests that the smelter emissions have a negative effect on the physiology of investigated plants. However, a significant positive correlation was found between the chlorophyll (a + b) content and lead and cadmium content in leaves of Pinus sylvestris. That can explain a specific stress reaction - it means on increase of chlorophyll a and b synthesis in older needles (2-years old) under intensive heavy metaIs pollution.

PL

Zbadano oddziaływanie metali ciężkich pochodzących z emisji "Huty Katowice" na zawartość chlorofilu (a + b) w liściach wybranych gatunków roślin: Pinus sylvestris L, Betula pendula Roth i Fragaria vesca L, dominujących w ekosystemach wokół huty. Liście zbierano z powierzchni badawczych wyznaczonych w odległości 1000,4500 i 6000 m od emitora. Wykazano, że zawartość barwników asymilacyjnych była 010-13% mniejsza w liściach roślin występujących na powierzchni usytuowanej najbliżej źródła emisji. Jednocześnie w przypadku szpilek Pinus sylvestris stwierdzono istotną korelację dodatnią pomiędzy zawartością ołowiu i kadmu a koncentracją chlorofilu (a + b). Przypadek ten można tłumaczyć specyficzną reakcją na stres środowiskowy, która przejawia się wzmożoną syntezą barwników asymilacyjnych w starszych szpilkach (Z-letnich) pod wpływem intensywnej emisji pyłów zawierających metale ciężkie [18].