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1

Landscape-Level Spruce Mortality Patterns and Topographic Forecasters of Bark Beetle Outbreaks in Managed and Unmanaged Forests of the Tatra Mountains

Sproull G. J., Bukowski M., Mcnutt N., Zwijacz-Kozica T., Szwagrzyk J.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2017

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Vol. 65, nr 1

24--37

EN

Bark beetle outbreaks and tree mortality patterns should be better understood to control outbreak impacts. We investigated landscape-level patterns of Norway spruce mortality caused by Ips typographus outbreaks across three periods from 1999–2012 in Tatra National Park (Poland) using high-resolution aerial orthophotos and satellite imagery. Shifts in tree mortality related to elevation, slope, and solar equinox radiation were analyzed with ANOVAs (Tukey's HSD tests). Boosted regression trees were employed to assess the forecasting effectiveness of these variables related to mortality period. Spruce mortality severity increased significantly across time in both managed and unmanaged forests. Management activities did not effectively reduce spruce mortality severity. Mortality severity increased significantly at higher elevations over time, while slope and radiation trends varied. Elevation and radiation were the best forecasters of mortality period, exhibiting moderate predictive ability. Beetle-induced spruce mortality increased significantly in Tatra National Park from 1999–2012, particularly at high elevations. Management strategies aimed at minimizing spruce mortality have been ineffective.

2

Effect of high voltage on the development of the plant tissue

Hutová E.V., Marcoň P., Bartušek K.

Informatyka, Automatyka, Pomiary w Gospodarce i Ochronie Środowiska

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2015

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nr 4

38--41

EN

In our experiment the electrical parameters that affect early somatic embryos (ESEs) were investigated. High voltage was generated by a special high voltage generator. High voltages ranging from 5 to 20 kV and frequency of 1 Hz were applied longitudinal and transversal directly on the Petri dish with 2 days old ESEs of Picea abies for periods of 3 hours every day. One Petri dish was placed directly on top of the high voltage generator and on the other Petri dish were fixed two copper plates for transmission of high voltage. Petri dishes were exposed to high voltage for 14 days. After this time, the influence of high voltage was evaluated. To evaluate the experiment were used biological and chemical methods, which confirmed the changes in the growth of ESEs.

PL

W naszym eksperymencie badane były parametry elektryczne, które wpływają na wczesne zarodki somatyczne (ESE). Wysokie napięcie wytworzono za pomocą specjalnego generatora. Wysokie napięcie, z przedziału od 5 do 20 kV i częstotliwości 1 Hz przykładano podłużnie i poprzecznie bezpośrednio do szalki Petriego z 2 dniowymi wczesnymi zarodkami somatycznymi Picea abies, codziennie na okres 3 godzin. Jedną szalkę umieszczano bezpośrednio na górnej części generatora wysokiego napięcia, a na drugiej szalce umieszczono dwie płytki miedziane do przenoszenia wysokiego napięcia. Szalki Petriego poddano działaniu wysokiego napięcia przez 14 dni. Po upływie tego czasu oceniano wpływ wysokiego napięcia. Do oceny zastosowano metody biologiczne i chemiczne. Potwierdziły one zmiany we wzroście wczesnych zarodków somatycznych (ESE).

3

Wieliczka Salt Mine and its history written in annual growth rings of spruce wood

Szychowska-Krąpiec E., Dudek K.

Geological Quarterly

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2014

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Vol. 58, No. 3

617--622

EN

This paper presents results of dendrochronological analysis of spruce wood from the Wieliczka Salt Mine, one of the oldest mines in Poland. The wood came from the first level of the mine, from casings of drifts, chambers, mineshafts, short shafts, galleries and chapels. The oldest wood, representing spruce trees cut down in the 15th century, appears in the Wałczyn, August and Dusząca chambers, Bąkle chamber and Powroźnik gallery, as well as the cast between the Kaczorowski and Sroki chambers. Younger wood, from the 16th and 17th century, was recognized in the Krupiński, Dusząca, Reyna and Weszki chambers, the Leszno and Karol galleries, the Sułów short shaft, and the Lizak chapel. The 18th–19th century wood appears in the August, Wałczyn, Dusząca, Rex and Kloski chambers, the Klemens gallery, the Piżmowa chapel, and the Wałczyn short shaft. In two excavations of the August and Weszki chambers, fragments of 20 th century wood were recognized. Wood from old mines is a valuable source of information on history of the mining excavations or tools used in the mines. It also allows extending the scope of research of the mining archaeology.

4

Importance of coarse woody debris (CWD) for moisture control and survival of Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) seedlings

Pichlerová M., Homolák M., Pichler V., Kurjak D., Jaloviar P.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2013

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Vol. 61, nr 3

471--476

EN

Highly decayed coarse woody debris (CWD) is an important seedbed substrate in various forest ecosystems. In Europe, this particularly holds for spruce forests on shallow soils with insufficient water-holding capacity. Effect of Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) seedlings cover on CWD moisture was investigated under field conditions. Our hypothesis was that if CWD provides moisture benefits for successful recruitment and further growth of spruce seedlings, CWD water content should be considerably reduced in nurse logs compared to logs without spruce seedlings. The study was conducted in a natural subalpine Norway spruce forest located in the massif of Poľana (1351 m a.s.l.), Western Carpathians, Slovakia. Six downed spruce logs in advanced stage of decay were selected in the forest, three of them covered with advanced seedlings and the remaining logs devoid of them. CWD moisture was measured by Time Domain Reflectometry during two vegetation periods (2007, 2008). Average difference between CWD moisture in logs with and without advanced seedlings was –0.09 and thus significant at P = 0.02 according to t-test. Based on the tested assumption that throughfall was comparable for both groups of logs, the assessed evaporation of the seedlings cover reached ca 0.73 mm day-1 m-2 of CWD surface (in the horizontal projection) during one vegetation period. This rate is generally comparable with seedlings growing in soils under unconstrained moisture conditions. The role of nurse logs in the recruitment of spruce seedlings is therefore mainly important on soils with limited water-holding capacity.

5

The content of trace metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn) in selected plant species (Moss Pleurozium Schreberi, Dandelion Taraxacum Officianale, Spruce Picea Abies) along the road Cracow – Zakopane

Korzeniowska J., Panek E.

Geomatics and Environmental Engineering

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2012

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Vol. 6, no. 1

43-50

EN

The goal of the paper was to define the phytoindication ability of selected plant species in the conditions of the impact of traffic on the environment. The contents of the following trace metals were analysed: Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn in three plant species: moss Pleurozium schreberi (Brid.) Mitt., dandelion Taraxacum officianale F. H. Wigg. and in Norway spruce Picea abies (L.) H. Karst alongside the communication route Kraków-Zakopane. The plant samples (green parts of moss, leaves of dandelion, and two year old needles of common spruce) were taken in seven transects perpendicular to the road in the following distances from the edge of the road: 5 m, 10 m, 50 m and 100 m. The moss Pleurozium schreberi turned out to be the best indicator among the tested plant species because it accumulated trace metals in the highest concentrations. In the leaves of the dandelion lower concentrations of metals were found, while the lowest ones were in the needles of the spruce.

PL

Celem pracy była ocena zdolności indykacyjnych wybranych roślin wskaźnikowych znajdujących się pod wpływem drogowych zanieczyszczeń komunikacyjnych. Oznaczono zawartości następujących metali śladowych: Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn w trzech gatunkach roślin: mchu rokietniku pospolitym Pleurozium schreberi, mniszku pospolitym Taraxacum officianale i w świerku pospolitym Picea abies pobranych wzdłuż drogi Kraków – Zakopane. Próbki roślin (zielone części mchu, liście mniszka pospolitego oraz dwuletnie igły świerka pospolitego) pobrane zostały w obrębie transeptów rozmieszczonych prostopadle do drogi w odległości 5, 10, 50 i 100 m od jej krawędzi. Rokietnik pospolity Pleurozium schreberi okazał się najlepszym indykatorem, bowiem kumulował największe ilości badanych metali. Niższe koncentracje metali stwierdzono w liściach mniszka pospolitego, a najmniejsze w igłach świerka.

6

The effect of climate on tree-ring chronologies of native and nonnative tree species growing under homogenous site conditions

Feliksik E., Wilczyński S.

Geochronometria

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2009

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Vol. 33

49-57

EN

Dendroclimatic studies were carried out in the experimental stands composed of many tree species situated in the Polish part of the Baltic sea-coast. Increment cores were taken from a 100- years old trees of 2 native species: Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.), and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and 3 nonnative species: Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco), Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) and Silver fir (Abies alba Mill.). Thirty trees of each species were cored. The relationships between the diameter increment and the thermal and pluvial conditions during the period from 1925 to 2005 were analyzed on the basis of standardized tree-ring chronologies and climatic data. It was found that precipitation and temperature of the growing season and months preceding that season affected the annual diameter increment of all investigated tree species. The current year winter and early spring temperatures as well as February and August precipitation had a similar effect on the variation of diameter increment of trees. On the other hand thermal and pluvial conditions of the current year June differentiated the increment rhythm of individual species. A very strong negative effect on diameter growth of trees was observed in the case of winter and early spring frosts. Norway spruce turned out to be a species most resistant to low temperatures. The investigated tree species, especially Norway spruce, was susceptible to water deficiency in the soil during spring and summer. In the case of Scots pine a high precipitation in June stimulated its growth. The diameter increments of Douglas fir, Sitka spruce, Scots pine, and Silver fir were more strongly connected with air temperature than with precipitation. So called all-species chronology of tree-ring width, constructed during this study, permitted to verify the factors having a similar effect on growth response of the investigated tree species. It reflected the mutual characteristics of diameter increments of trees of various species.

7

Extreme radial growth reaction of Norway spruce along an altitudinal gradient in the Šumava Mountains

Čejkova A., Kolář T.

Geochronometria

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2009

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Vol. 33

41-47

EN

Extreme radial growth reactions were analyzed over a 79-year period (1922-2000) to compare response of Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) along an altitudinal gradient (376-1221 m a.s.l.) in the Šumava Mountains, the Czech Republic. Extreme growth events were defined as pointer years, when an average percentage of the site pointer years reached at least 50% strength observed at the relevant altitudinal zone (low < ca. 700 m; middle ca. 700-950 m, high > ca. 950 m). The comparison of the pointer years showed a specific pattern for altitudinal zones (Low: negative pointer years 2000, 1992, 1984, 1976, 1971 and positive 1997, 1975, 1960, 1949, 1932, 1926; middle: negative 2000, 1992, 1976 and positive 1997, 1989, 1978; high: negative 1996, 1980, 1974, 1965 and positive 1989, 1963, 1927). Negative pointer years were usually induced by summer drought at low elevations and by wet-cold summer at high altitudinal zone. These two main limiting factors were probably combined at the middle altitudinal zone. Detailed understanding of the extreme tree ring pattern along the altitudinal and geographical scale may be used as one of the additional indicators of dendrochronological dating and provenance identification of spruce sample among altitudinal zones in the Šumava Mountains.

8

Heavy Metals and Sulphur Accumulation in the Picea abies L. Karst. Needles and Soil of the Forest Promotional Complex "Lasy Beskidu Śląskiego"

Kandziora M., Ciepał R., Nadgórska-Socha A.

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. A

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2009

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Vol. 16, nr 7

791-795

EN

The investigation of zinc, cadmium, lead, copper and sulphur contents was carried out in the soil and in the needles of Picea abies L. Karst. in the Forest Promotional Complex "Lasy Beskidu Śląskiego". Samples of soil (from the level 0-10 cm) and annual, biennial and triennial needles of spruce were collected in autumn 2005 and 2006 from top parts of mountains: Rownica, Barania Góra and Czantoria. The highest heavy metals concentrations were determined in triennial needles of Picea abies collected from Czantoria and Barania Góra. The lowest content of sulphur and investigated metals was found in soil samples and heavy metals in plant material from the Rownica. Cadmium content (1.2 ug/g) was higher than normal level (0.2-0.8 ug/g) only triennial needles collected from Czantoria. The lead concentration (118-165 ug/g) in the soil of all investigated areas was exceed, lead level considered as allowable. Relatively low microelement concentrations in the soil and the needles of Picea abies L. Karst. indicated poor plant nutrition.

PL

Prowadzono badania dotyczące zawartości metali ciężkich (Zn, Pb, Cu, Cd) w glebie i szpilkach Picea abies L. Karst. na terenie Leśnego Kompleksu Promocyjnego "Lasy Beskidu Śląskiego". Próbki gleby (z górnego poziomu) oraz szpilki jedno-, dwu- i trzyletnie świerka pobierano ze szczytowych partii gór: Równicy, Baraniej Góry i Czantorii jesienią 2005 i 2006 r. Stwierdzono najwyższe stężenia metali ciężkich w igłach trzyletnich zbieranych na Baraniej Górze i Czantorii. Najniższe koncentracje badanych metali i siarki zanotowano w próbkach gleby oraz w materiale roślinnym z Równicy. Zawartość Cd (1.2 ug/g) w trzyletnich igłach świerka pobieranych na Czantorii była wyższa od określanych jako stężenie nonnalne (0.2-0.8 ug/g). Stwierdzono przekroczenie dopuszczalnego poziomu dla Pb w glebie wszystkich badanych powierzchni (118-165 ug/g). Stosunkowo niskie stężenia mikroelementów zarówno w glebie, jak i igłach świerka wskazywać mogą na zły stan odżywienia roślin.

9

Evaluation of Heavy Metal Load in Selected Nature Reserves of Southern Poland

Kandziora M., Ciepał R., Nadgórska-Socha A.

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. A

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2009

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Vol. 16, nr 9

1151-1158

EN

In this study we investigated heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu and Fe) accumulation in upper layer of soils (from three levels: 0-10 cm, 10-20 cm, 20-30 cm) and in the leaves of Pinus syhestris L., Picea abies [L.] Karst., Maianthemum bifolium [L.] F.W. Schmidt and Hedera helix L. collected from nature reserves: Bukowa Kępa, Ostreznik, Zielona Góra, and Slotwina situated south of Poland. The investigations were carried out in 2004-2007. In soil samples from reserves Ostreznik and Slotwina higher concentrations of Cd was noted than -1normal-1 level for protected area (l mg/kg). Elevated Pb content in upper layer of soil were estimated in reserves of Bukowa Kępa (84.9 mg/kg) and Ostreznik (68.9 mg/kg). The level of Pb and Zn in plants leaves was below the values considered as toxic. However the concentration of Cd in leaves of Hedera helia L. collected in nature reserves Bukowa Kępa, Ostreznik and Zielona Góra was higher than the level considered as toxic (5-10 mg/kg d.m.). Relatively low Cu concentration in the leaves of investigated plants indicated poor plant nutrition.

PL

Badano akumulację metali ciężkich (Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu i Fe) w glebie (z głębokości 0-10 cm, 10-20 cm, 20-30 cm) oraz w szpilkach Pinus sylvestris L., Picea abies [L.] Karst, i liściach Maianthemum bifolium [L.] F.W. Schmidt i Hedera helix L. rosnących na terenach wybranych rezerwatów przyrody południowej Polski (Bukowa Kępa, Ostrężnik, Zielona Góra i Słotwina). Materiał do analiz zbierano w okresie wegetacyjnym 2003-2004 (rezerwat Słotwina) oraz 2006-2007 (pozostałe rezerwaty). W próbkach gleby z rezerwatów Ostrężnik i Słotwina odnotowano przekroczenie normy zawartości Cd dla gleb obszarów chronionych (l mg/kg), a z kolei ponadnormatywną zawartość Pb odnotowano w wierzchniej warstwie gleby z rezerwatu Bukowa Kępa (84,9 ug/g) i Ostrężnik (68,9 ug/g). W żadnym z badanych rezerwatów nie stwierdzono przekroczenia fitotoksycznych wartości progowych Pb i Zn. W przypadku Cd w liściach Hedera helix L. z rezerwatów Bukowa Kępa, Ostrężnik i Zielona Góra stwierdzono stężenia mieszczące się w dolnym zakresie wartości uznawanych za fitotoksyczne (5-10 ug/g). Odnotowane w roślinach badanych terenów chronionych stężenia Cu wskazują na niedobór tego pierwiastka i zły stan odżywienia roślin.

10

Development of genetic structures in a norway spruce (Picea abies Karst.) population colonizing the abandoned agricultural land : a look back and a look ahead

Gomory Dušan, Fabrika Marek, Chudy Frantisek, Paule Ladislav

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2006

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Vol. 54, nr 1

127-136

EN

Changes in the genetic variation and spatial genetic structures were modelled in a Norway spruce (Picea abies Karst.) population colonizing abandoned pasture area of 100 hectares at the locality Prislopy, Pol'ana Mts. (Carpathians, Central Slovakia, 48[degrees] 38[minutes] N, 19[degrees] 25[minutes] E, approx. 900 m a.s.l.). The development in the past was reconstructed on the basis of a series of historical aerial photographs, reflecting primarily the population growth and the colonization process. The future development was predicted using the individual-tree model SIBYLA developed by Fabrika (2003), whereby it reflects the future density-dependent mortality. No significant changes of the allelic richness or gene diversity were observed during the whole period of modelling (1956 to 2065). Fixation index (reflecting the degree of inbreeding) has steadily increased since the initial stage up to the present, and is predicted to increase further, indicating the accumulation of inbres individuals due to the formation of spatially continuous kin groups. This assumption is supported by the development of spatial genetic structures (non-random distribution of genotypes). The distograms of the number of alleles in common (NAC) showed that spatially proximate individuals share significantly more alleles than expected under random distribution of genotypes. Spatial genetic structures were formed at the very early stage of colonization, have persisted until the present and are predicted to be even enhanced in the future. Isolation by distance due to a limited seed dispersal, strong fertility variation and facilitation of seedling establishment in the vicinity of early colonizers are proposed as explanation. The results indicate that Norway spruce, although being the component of many climax forest communities, is capable under certain circumstances to behave as a very efficient pioneer. The species disperses enough seeds on medium distances to reach suitable sites within open areas and establish as seedlings, whereas a strong seed dispersal at short distances and modification of environment near the early colonizers allow the extension of kin groups and gradual occupation of the whole available space.

11

Application of multivariate statistical analysis to biological data : variations of monoterpene content in fresh needles of Picea abies (L.) Karst

Helanova V., Chvilickova I., Martinkova M., Meloun M., Kuban V.

Chemia Analityczna

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2006

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Vol. 51, No. 4

551-565

EN

Gas chrom atographic-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) analysis using an HP-INNO Wax capillary column (30 m x 0.25 mm x 0.5 ;μm film of polyethylene glycol) has been used for determination of individual monoterpenes in fresh coniferous needles ofPicea abies (L.) Karst. Concentration and composition pattern of monoterpenes were investigated with respect to the year of differentiation of needles (age of needles) and characteristics of shoots (length and total dry matter weight, DMW). Principal component analysis, analysis of variance, and cluster analysis allowed one to specify the content and composition pattern of essential oils and to find interrelations (also the latent ones) between year classes of needles.

PL

Opracowano chromatograficzną metodę (chromatografia gazowa sprzężona z detektorem masowym, GC-MS), stosując kolumnę kapilarną HP-INNO Wax (30 m & 0,25 mm x x 0,5 jam film glikolu polietylenowego), do oznaczania pojedynczych monoterpenów w świeżych igłach świerku pospolitego, Picea abies (L.) Karst. Określano stężenie i skład monoterpenów w zależności od wieku igieł i charakterystyki parametrów wzrostu pędów (długość i całkowity ciężar suchej masy, DMW). Analiza głównego składnika, analiza wariancji i analiza grup pozwoliły na określenie ilości i składu olejków eterycznych i znalezienie zależności (także tych ukrytych) występujących między klasami wieku igiei.

12

Altitudinal trends in needle chlorophyll content and chlorophyll fluorescence of Norway spruce (Picea abies Karst.) seedlings exposed to increased ultraviolet-b radiation

Robakowski P., Modrzyński J.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2000

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Vol. 48, nr 1

49-62

EN

The main purpose of this study was to determine the relation between the altitude of Norway spruce seed origin and seedling response enhanced UV-B irradiation. There were threeUV-B treatments: high UV-B with a dose of 22.76 kJ m^-2 d^-1 UV-B[BE] (biologically effective dose), low UV-B-5.69kJ m^-2 d^-1 UV-B[BE] and control>> ~ 0 kJ m^-2 d^-1 UV-B[BE]. The plants were exposed to enhanced UV-B during 120 days in the greenhouse. Needle chlorophyll content and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were investigated. The chlorophyll content in irradiated needles was lower relative to control after 30 days of exposure to UV-B, but it was higher after 70 days. All the measured chlorophyll fluorescence parameters including relative vitality indexes were reduced for needles exposed to an increased UV-B radiation. Generally, the needles' chlorophyll content was increased and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were decreased with altitude of seed origin. The results suggest that the acclimation to higher altitudes may also consist of an increased chlorophyll production. The alterations in chlorophyll concentration among the seedlings originating from different altitudes showed that response of Norway spruce to an enhanced UV-B irradiation depends on the altitude of origin.