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Kamienie i znaki apotropaiczne w murach romańskich kościołów w Siewierzu i Mokrsku Dolnym

Bromowicz Jan, Magiera Janusz

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2022

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Vol. 70, nr 2

91--99

EN

Sacral edifices, in particular churches, no matter an epoch, were created of the most imposing and durable building material, mostly stone, available in the area or imported. Identification of the stone is crucial for conservation and reconstruction. However, in many cases, it is not done properly. Thorough mineral and geological studies on the stones and their provenance are thus strongly advisable. Romanesque churches in Siewierz and Mokrsko have recently been subject to such studies. They are located in different geological regions, which obviously reflected in different stones used for their construction. Church in Siewierz (founded probably at the beginningof the twelfth century) was constructed mainly of well-shaped regular blocks of local “Diplopora” dolomite (Middle Triassic). Only a few (out of a few hundred) blocks represent sandstone. Their provenance is unclear (Carboniferous or Lower Triassic sandstones that occur SW of Siewierz?). Church in Mokrsko (erected probably in the first quarter of the thirteenth century) was originally built of also well-shaped regular blocks of limestone and sandstone. They are: very typical for the area Pińczów (“Lithotamnium”), limestone (Neogene), and Upper Triassic sandstone. The former shows up on the surface a few km E of Mokrsko, the latter occurs ca 10 NE of the site. The distribution of the stones and sizes of the blocks shows some regularity. Bigger and of more uniform size blocks were used in the parts of the buildings located closer to the high altar, it is in the apse of the church in Siewierz and the presbytery in Mokrsko. It seems clearly connected with special attention paid to those parts of the temples. Moreover, resistant sandstone was used more frequently than soft limestone in lower parts of the walls in Mokrsko, more exposed to the action of water raised from the ground. Numerous caverns, holes, and crevices have been spotted on external surfaces of the dolomitic and sandstone blocks. Caverns in the dolomites (in Siewierz) developed naturally, while those in the sandstones (in Mokrsko) have obvious anthropogenic provenance. They are interpreted widely in the literature as apotropaic marks. Here it seems that excavation of stone sand and dust for magic consumption by humans or livestock or(and) ignition of holy fire could be reasons for the scratching and drilling.

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Tradycje poszukiwań i wykorzystania surowców mineralnych na Ponidziu

Urban J., Gągol J.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2015

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Vol. 63, nr 8

475--484

EN

Mineral resources of the Ponidzie region, whose usage played an important role in the economic and cultural history of Poland, or whose geological surveys contributed to the development of geological sciences include: Pińczów limestones, gypsum, sulphur, oil and salt (although salt does not occur in this region). The Pińczów limestones have been commonly used for construction and sculpture since the Early Middle Ages, particularly intense during the Renaissance and Baroque periods as well as in the mid-20th century. Also the tradition of gypsum usage dates back to the beginning of the Polish State, which is proved by Early Medieval monuments in Wioelica. Although the sulphur extraction in the Czarkowy mine took place only during the 19th century, this mine was famous as the only one in the Russian Empire. In turn, the discovery of oil near the village of Wójcza in the second half of the 19th centur, caused geological discussion on the sources of this product in the Fore-Carpathian Depression. However, the most interesting is the salt prospection in the 18th and 19th centuries. Owing to the lack of salt in the region, the survey was not successful, but contributed to the comprehensive geological recognition of the region as well as provided springs of mineral water which are still used or has stimulated growth of unique halophilic plant communities.

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Celestite in the weathering crust on limestone exposed to an urban atmosphere in Cracow (Poland)

Wilczyńska-Michalik Wanda, Michalik Marek

Mineralogia

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2006

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Vol. 37, iss. 2

133--142

EN

Celestite containing very low amounts of barium occurs in weathering reaction zones developed on the Pińczów limestone exposed to the polluted atmosphere of Cracow. The mineral occurs both in limestone pore spaces filled with gypsum and in black gypsum crust. The Pińczów limestone contains ca 500 ppm strontium which was released during the reaction with atmospheric pollutants. The nucleation and growth of celestite, requiring significant concentration of components in evaporating solutions, is associated with gypsum crystallization.

PL

Celestyn z niewielką zawartością baru występuje w strefach reakcji rozwiniętych na wapieniu pińczowskim wystawionym na działanie zanieczyszczonej atmosfery w Krakowie. Minerał ten występuje zarówno w porach wypełnionych gipsem, jak i w czarnych naskorupieniach gipsowych. Wapień pińczowski zawiera około 500 ppm strontu, który jest uwalniany podczas reakcji z zanieczyszczeniami atmosfery. Zarodkowanie i wzrost celestynu wymagające znacznej koncentracji składników podczas parowania roztworów są związane z krystalizacją gipsu.