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1

Study on the Application of Floating Beds of Macrophites (Vetiveria zizanioides and Phragmites australis), in Pilot Scale, for the Removal of Heavy Metals from Água Forte Stream (Alentejo-Portugal)

Borralho Teresa, Gago David, Almeida Adelaide

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 21, nr 3

153--163

EN

The surrounding area of the Roxo stream sub-basin (basin of the Sado River, Portugal) has completely sterile sections, jeopardizing the productivity of the agricultural activities practiced there. This may be due to the inflow of the Água Forte stream, which has characteristics of Acid Mining Drainage (AMD). The objective of this study was to test the efficiency of heavy metal removal from the Água Forte stream using the macrophyte floating bed technology (Vetiveria zizanioides and Phragmites australis) in a pilot plant, monitoring and evaluating the water quality and performance of macrophytes. Two experiments were carried out in 2019 over 6 months (January to June). Both experiments were performed in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) tanks with the nominal capacity of 1 m3 each. The tanks were filled with about 0.8 m3 of water coming from the Água Forte stream, which was renewed monthly. The floating beds consisted in a high-density polyethylene floating system and an organic plant support mat filled with a plant density of 285 plants m-2. The heavy metal removal rates obtained from the Vetiveria zizanioides and Phragmites australis floating bed were Fe = 40%; Zn = 33%; Cu = 23%; Mn = 14% and Fe = 27%; Zn = 19%; Mn = 17%; Cu = 14%; respectively. The order of heavy metals accumulation in Vetiveria zizanioides and Phragmites australis in plant biomass was Fe > Zn > Cu > Mn and Fe > Zn > Mn > Cu, respectively. The growth of Vetiveria zizanioides and Phragmites australis in leaf biomass was 7.1 ± 0.3 cm/month and 2.5 ± 0.0 cm/month and in root biomass 3.8 ± 0.1 cm/month and 4.1 ± 0.1 cm/month, respectively. The growth of macrophytes showed the ability to survive in the AMD-containing waters without severe damage in their external and anatomical morphology, although their growth suffered inhibition. The results suggest that the floating bed technology may be an environmentally sustainable alternative, allowing long-term heavy metal removal.

2

Heavy Metals Chelating Ability and Antioxidant Activity of Phragmites australis Stems Extracts

Sellal Abdelhakim, Belattar Rima, Bouzidi Abdelouahab

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2019

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Vol. 20, nr 2

116--123

EN

In this study, the ability of hexane (HSE), chloroform (CSE), ethyl acetate (EASE) and methanolic (MSE) stems extracts from Phragmites australis or EDTA (as standard) to chelate iron using ferrozine method or zinc and copper using the murexide method is carried out in vitro. When the increased volumes of the HSE studied were taken from a stock solution of a fixed concentration 1 mg/ml at 25–175 μl for the iron and zinc chelating assay, 1–7 mg/ml for the copper chelating assay gave a significant (p≤ 0.01) activity. The obtained results showed that the HSE have the highest capacity to chelate ferrous ions below the EDTA (standard chelator) with absorbance arrive to the lesser extent 0.24±0.005, 0.04±0.013 which expresses 86% and 97% (compared to the control) of inhibition, respectively. For the murexide chelation, the results obtained also showed that the HSE and EDTA have a good (p≤ 0.01) chelating dose dependent effect towards zinc and copper ions with increased absorbance 0.45±0.02 and 0.42±0.02 with 54% and 56% of inhibition, respectively, for the zinc chelation and 0.66±0.03, 0.13±0.005 represent 44% and 88% for copper chelation. In contrast to the antioxidant capacity, the extract of hexane, ethyl acetate, chloroform and methanol from leaves, stems and roots of the Phragmites australis plant have a very low scavenger effect to the radical DPPH where the maximum inhibition is approximately 13.79%, obtained with the maximum volume. Finally, the HPLC analysis of effective extract (HSE) confirmed the presence of oxalic, citric, malic, succinic, fumaric, formic, acetic, propionic and butyric or iso butyric acid.

3

Macroinvertebrate communities on various microhabitats of a saline coal mine settling pond

Sowa A., Krodkiewska M., Halabowski D.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2018

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Vol. 47, No. 1

50--59

EN

To date, no studies have been conducted on macroinvertebrate communities in coal mine settling ponds used for temporary retention of saline mine waters. The objective of the research was to evaluate which habitat – Ruppia maritima, Phragmites australis or sediments without macrophytes – is the most favorable for the abundance and biomass of macroinvertebrate communities. The study was carried out in a hyposaline settling pond located in a mining and urban area in southern Poland. At this time, it is the only inland locality of R. maritima in Poland. In the studied coal mine settling pond, the non-native, euryhaline amphipod Gammarus tigrinus dominated in the communities on all the habitats. The abundance of other taxa was small and similar on each type of substrate; only Corixidae were much more abundant on the widgeongrass beds. The highest abundance and biomass of macroinvertebrates was recorded at the sites with R. maritima. Our study highlights the importance of coal mine settling ponds as a substitute habitat for salt-tolerant invertebrates.

4

Does the genetic variability of Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud determine the spatial distribution of the species?

Świerk D., Krzyżaniak M., Kosiada T., Urbański P., Behnke-Borowczyk J.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2018

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Vol. 47, No. 4

405--414

EN

This paper is an attempt to answer the question whether common reed specimens growing in a particular habitat are genetically related. We have tried to identify groups of plants homogeneous in terms of habitat requirements and genetic similarity. Our objective was also to answer the question whether habitat conditions can affect the morphological characteristics of plants. Plants and bottom sediments were collected from 40 sites in central Poland, which differ in soil moisture and the degree of urbanization. Our research and analysis confirm the hypothesis to a certain extent. During the study, we identified three groups of plants homogeneous in terms of habitat and genetic factors (CVA model), which constitute 20% of all examined plants. In our opinion, further research is required on a larger population of P. australis in a larger area. The research revealed that plants growing in moist and wet areas were characterized by higher content of chlorophyll in leaves, longer stems as well as thicker and wider laminae. The common reed plants preferred anthropogenic substrates, which did not contain many nutrients, but were abundant in calcium. Our study confirmed the high tolerance of P. australis to soil salinity.

5

Influence of reed Phragmites australis on an efficiency of oil-derivatives removal

Bergier T., Włodyka-Bergier A.

Proceedings of ECOpole

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2016

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Vol. 10, No. 1

19--25

EN

Constructed wetlands are the effective mean of stormwater management, also in a case of runoff from highways, parking lots and other surfaces contaminated with oil-derivatives, which are potential risk for environment, human health and biological wastewater treatment units. The mechanisms of oil-derivatives removal on wetland beds are complex and not fully understood, however the most important role seem to be played by adsorption on mineral filling, the activities of microorganisms and higher plants. The goal of the presented research is to evaluate the role of macrophytes in oil-derivatives removal processes, as well as to assess the plants’ resistance to the high concentrations of these pollutants. The research was conducted as pot experiments, with the usage of reed Phragmites australis and model solutions, simulating runoff from surfaces contaminated with oil-derivatives, in three concentrations (0.01, 0.02 and 0.05% of diesel fuel) and three detection times (24, 48 and 96 h). Both in raw and treated solutions, following parameters were measured: pH, conductivity, the sum of aliphatic hydrocarbons C7-C40 and their individual concentration. The research results were used to define the removal efficiency of the studied contaminates, especially oil-derivatives, on constructed wetlands beds, as well as to assess the macrophytes’ influence on these processes. The state and conditions of plants were also observed to assess their reaction on the examined concentrations of oil substances.

PL

Oczyszczalnie hydrofitowe są efektywnym sposobem zagospodarowania wód deszczowych, w tym również spływów powierzchniowych z dróg, parkingów i innych powierzchni zanieczyszczonych związkami ropopochodnymi, które stanowią zagrożenie dla środowiska naturalnego, zdrowia ludzi, a także systemów biologicznego oczyszczania ścieków. Mechanizmy usuwania związków ropopochodnych przez złoża hydrofitowe są złożone i nie w pełni poznane, jednak najważniejszą rolę wydaje się pełnić adsorpcja na wypełnieniu mineralnym złoża, działanie mikroorganizmów w nim bytujących oraz aktywność roślin wyższych. Celem prezentowanych badań jest określenie wpływu roślinności na skuteczność usuwania zanieczyszczeń ropopochodnych, a także ocena odporności roślin na wysokie stężenia tych związków. Badania przeprowadzono w formie doświadczeń wazonowych z wykorzystaniem trzciny pospolitej (Phragmites australis) oraz ścieków modelowych, symulujących spływy powierzchniowe z powierzchni zanieczyszczonych ropopochodnymi, o trzech stężeniach (0,01, 0,02 i 0,05% oleju napędowego), dla trzech czasów retencji ścieków (24, 48 i 96 h). W ściekach surowych oraz w ściekach po odpowiednim czasie zatrzymania oznaczano następujące parametry: odczyn pH, przewodność elektryczną właściwą, sumę węglowodorów alifatycznych C7-C40 oraz stężenia pojedynczych węglowodorów z tej grupy. Wyniki tych badań posłużyły do określenia efektywności usuwania badanych zanieczyszczeń, w szczególności ropopochodnych, przez złoża hydrofitowe i do określenia wpływu roślinności w tym zakresie. Poza tym prowadzono obserwacje stanu i kondycji roślin, co pozwoliło określić ich odporność na badane stężenia związków ropopochodnych.

6

The Response of Wetland Plant Communities to Disturbance : Alleviation through Symmetric Disturbance and Facilitation

Xu F., Li M., Zhou D., Liu X., Wang R., Guo W.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2016

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Vol. 64, nr 3

327--338

EN

The study pays attention to disturbances in early successional communities of wetland vegetation. We conducted artificial disturbances in a community of Suaeda salsa and Phragmites australis in the Yellow River Delta (China). Eight types of disturbances combining mowing treatments with species treatments were applied. Removal of the standing litters of P. australis or not was defined as mowing treatments, and removal of two species solo or both was defined as species treatments. We sampled 80 quadrats from the treatments plots at different intervals after the disturbance to investigate plant height, abundance, aboveground biomass, the distance between plants to reflect the effect of disturbance on composition, structure, productivity, and function of the plant communities. The strategies of seedling emergence and height growth differed as the canopy changed. Biomass contribution of different species, combined with disturbance intensity, was the main factors that affected the productivity. Homogeneity of disturbance was better for maintaining the functions of plant community in compared with the competitiveness (C), stress-tolerance (S) and ruderality (C-S-R) signatures with the control. Facilitations were reflected by the stagger arrangements in relative growth rates of the two species and in plant-plant interactions calculated by a modified function of competition. Adapting to symmetric disturbance and developing facilitative interactions are important requirements for early succession terrestrial vegetation to establish and stabilize in the seriously saline environments of wetlands.

7

The Ability of Leaves and Rhizomes of Aquatic Plants to Accumulate Macro- and Micronutrients

Parzych A. E., Cymer M., Jonczak J., Szymczyk S.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2015

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Vol. 16, nr 3

198--205

EN

The samples of macrophytes and bottom sediments originated from the littoral zone of the Słupia River were collected in summer 2013. The aim of this study was to compare the properties of the accumulation of leaves and rhizomes of Glyceria maxima, Phragmites australis, Typha latifolia and Phalaris arundinacea for macro- and micronutrients. The largest quantities of macroelements were found in the leaves of the examined species, and microelements dominated the rhizomes of most examined macrophytes except for Mn in P.australis and T.latifolia. The obtained results show that N and K dominated in the leaves of P.arundinacea, P and Mg in the leaves of P.australis, and Ca in the leaves of G.maxima. The largest quantities of N, P and K were cumulated in the rhizomes of P.arundinacea, while Mg and Ca in the rhizome of T.latifolia. The leaves of aquatic plants accumulated from 1354.9 mmolc·kg-1 (T.latifolia) to 1844.0 mmolc·kg-1 (P.arundinacea), and rhizomes from 985.8 mmolc·kg-1 (G.maxima) to 1335.2 mmolc·kg-1 (P.arundinacea) of all the analyzed components. In these species of macrophytes lower accumulated value of the sum of macro- and microelements were found in the rhizomes. The share of nitrogen was 42.4–59.8% of this amount, phosphorus 4.3–8.6%, potassium 22.8–35.1%, calcium from 2,6% to 12.4%, magnesium 3.0–7.5%, and heavy metals were from 0.6% (G.maxima) to 1.2% (T.latifolia) in leaves and from 2.2% (T.latifolia) to 8.7% (G.maxima) in rhizomes.

8

A review of the possibilities of employing macrophytes in constructed wetlands

Golianek A., Mazurkiewicz-Zapałowicz K., Wolska M.

Instal

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2015

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nr 5

65--68

EN

Constructed wetlands are artificial objects which stimulate and intensify processes of natural wetland ecosystems. They are mainly used for urban wastewater purification and are based on the concepts of bioremediation and fitoremediation. Many diverse biochemical and physicochemical processes taking place within them provide a succesfull removal of various types of pollution from the sewage. The plant most commonly used in polish constructed wetlands is common reed (Phragmites australis). Constructed wetlands are characterised not only by low construction costs but also by profitable exploitation costs. Their annual effciency is very often satisfactory (especially for small communities).

PL

Oczyszczalnie hydrofitowe są sztucznie tworzonymi obiektami symulującymi i intensyfikującymi warunki naturalnych ekosystemów bagiennych. Te systemy są stosowane przede wszystkim do oczyszczania ścieków komunalnych. Oczyszczalnie można skategoryzować z względu na roślinność dominujacą, którą zostały obsadzone oraz według sposobu przepływu ścieków. Na świecie są stosowane na szerszą skalę od około 50 lat. Bazują na koncepcji bioremediacji i fitoremediacji, czyli usuwaniu i detoksykacji zanieczyszczeń z gleby, wody i powietrza na drodze działalności mikroorganizmów i roślin. Mnogość zachodzących w nich procesów bio – i fizykochemicznych zapewnia skuteczne oczyszczanie ścieków z różnego rodzaju zanieczyszczeń. W Polsce systemy hydrofitowe sa najczęściej obsadzane trzciną pospolitą (Phragmites australis L.). Te oczyszczalnie charakteryzują się nie tylko niskimi kosztami budowy, ale i eksploatacji. Ich wydajność w cyklu rocznym jest bardzo często satysfakcjonująca (szczególnie dla małych społeczności). Wpisujac się w ekotechnologię, tak ważną dla coraz większej części społeczeństwa, stanowią ciekawą alternatywę dla oczyszczalni konwencjonalnych.

9

Composition and distribution of epiphytic midges (Diptera: Chironomidae) in relation to emergent macrophytes cover in shallow lakes

Tarkowska-Kukuryk M.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2011

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Vol. 59, nr 1

141-151

EN

The influence of emergent macrophytes (dominated by Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.) on the species composition, richness and abundance of epiphytic midges (Diptera: Chironomidae) was studied in five shallow lakes of eastern Poland during three seasons (May, July and October) of 2001. The lakes represented three states: clear (macrophyte dominated), intermediate (phytoplankton-macrophyte dominated) and turbid (phytoplankton dominated). The trophic status of lake strongly affected the assemblages of chironomids living on the surfaces of common reed. Habitat conditions regulated mostly densities and relative abundance of midge taxa and did not have any significant influence on the number of taxa. The Canonical Correspondence Analysis of epiphytic fauna showed the significance of 5 environmental variables: Secchi disc visibility, dissolved oxygen, reed density, concentration of total phosphorous and epiphytic chlorophyll-a. The analysis separated epiphytic midges into two groups. The first group included taxa limited by low oxygen content and water transparency and corresponds with clear state habitats. To the second group belong taxa typical of eutrophic waters with densities determined by the concentrations of total phosphorous and chlorophyll-a, common in lakes of intermediate state and in particular of turbid state.

10

Morphological and biochemical variation among common reed (Phragmites australis) populations in northwest Poland

Drapikowska M., Krzakowa M.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2009

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Vol. 38, No.2

29-38

EN

Plant material from 42 common reed populations originating from various lakes and ponds in northwest Poland were investigated with respect to eight panicle traits and three peroxidase loci that were detected with electrophoresis. Genetic differences between populations were estimated based on allozyme frequencies. Electrophoretic data indicated that some populations contain an excess of heterozygotes, pointing to extensive gene flow, which is typical of panmictic, openpollinated populations.

11

The expansion of common reed (Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex. Steud.) in the anastomosing river valley after cessation of agriculture use (Narew River Valley, NE Poland)

Próchnicki P.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2005

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Vol. 53, nr 3

353-364

EN

Results of the survey into expansive growth of the common reed (Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.) carried out in the upper Narew River valley (NE Poland) within the whole area of Narew National Park (6810 ha) (NNP) are presented in the paper. The Narew River is an anastomosing river in the part subjected to the analysis and an open swampy bog ecosystem has formed within its valley. Sedge communities and to a lesser degree meadow communities are typical plant communities in the study area. Till the end of the 1970's, the area was agriculturally used. Since the beginning of the 1980's when grassland mowing was discontinued, expansion of reed communities has been recorded. The analysis of reed expansion has been based upon data on its range originating from interpretation of aerial NIR photos made in 1987 and 1997. The field survey and analysis of the air photos have shown that the reed expansion rate differs depending on the location in the study area. Assessment showed that in 1987 the total area of the common reed stands equalled 1214.75 ha (18% of the NNP area), and in 1997 - 2300.6 ha (34%). Due to considerable homogeneity of habitat features within the valley and habitat requirements of reed, a basic hypothesis has been put forward that the rate of reed expansion in terms of the increase of reed community area is related to bankline density and length. The material obtained and statistical analysis have confirmed that assumption. Besides, it was mentioned that cessation of mowing sedge grasslands along with a change in character of spring surface flooding also contributed to reed expansion.

12

Performance of subsurface vertical flow constructed wetlands receiving municipal wastewater

Kowalik P., Mierzejewski M., Randerson P. F., Williams H. G.

Archives of Hydro-Engineering and Environmental Mechanics

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2004

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Vol. 51, nr 4

349-370

EN

The efficiency of pollution removal from municipal sewage in two vertical flow constructed wetlands consisting of gravel filters with a surface area of 4 × 5 m, depth 60 cm, planted with reed (Phragmites) was assessed over a period of about two years. The flow of wastewater was 50 mm per day. Wastewater underwent only primary treatment before application to reed bed B, but reed bed A was supplied with wastewater after mechanical and biological treatment. Measurements were taken of sewage supply and discharge, precipitation and wastewater temperatures. The main indicator of efficiency was the elimination of suspended solids, BOD5, nitrogen and phosphorus from the wastewater during treatment. The elimination of the pollution load was 2-25g O2 per square meter per day for the BOD5 and 0-3.5 g per square meter per day for so-called "total nitrogen". Rates of pollution removal were between 2 and 4 times as high in bed B (after primary treatment) as in bed A (after biological treatment), but the loading rate of bed B was also substantially higher. The rate of BOD5 removal and the coefficient k for BOD5 were greatly dependent on temperature for reed bed B (primary treatment); less so for bed A (biological treatment). The difference between summer and winter temperatures indicates that the surface area of constructed wetland B with wastewater after mechanical treatment should be about 3 times greater during winter, to obtain the summer rate of BOD5 pollution removal in the climatic conditions of Northern Poland (54oN).