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1

Permian versus Jurassic geotectonic position of the Lhasa block – facts and controversies

Krobicki Michał, Golonka Jan, Starzec Krzysztof, Iwańczuk Joanna

Geotourism / Geoturystyka

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2023

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nr 1-2 (72-73)

38--38

EN

The Cimmerian Continent (or Cimmeria, Cimmerian terrane, Cimmerian blocks) was detached from eastern Gondwana in the Late Paleozoic as a sliver/ribbon of continental strip rifting elements. Recently, these elements belong to an almost continuous long belt (ca. 13,800 km) from central Italy trough Greece, Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, Tibet, SW China, Myanmar, Thailand up to Indonesia (Sumatra). The palaeogeographic position and relationship of some elements during Permian-Mesozoic times is still matter of discussion. The Qiangtang and Lhasa blocks (present-day Tibet) belong to these elements and their location in space and time and their relationship causes a lot of controversies. Their position alongside eastern Gondwana in the mid-Early Permian (ca. 290–285 Ma) are suggested both by palaeomagnetic and facies studies. Palaeomagnetic studies indicated this position one decade ago, which has been confirmed by recent studies. The Cimmerian Continent [Iran (Alborz)-Qiangtang-Baoshan-Tengchong-Sibumasu] was separated from the Gondwanian part of Pangea during mid-Early Permian time by rifting and drifting. Northwards migration of it took place during Permian-Triassic times caused wide opening of the Bangong‐Nujiang Tethyan Ocean and closing of the Paleotethys Ocean but the Lhasa block was still southern margin of the Bangong‐Nujiang Ocean. The Triassic Indosinian Orogeny has been one of the most spectacular geotectonic event reflecting collision of this continent with Indochina block and closure of the Paleotethys Ocean. The separation of the Lhasa block from Gondwana is enigmatic but most probably took place during earliest Jurassic times. This separation was followed by quick shift northward. Intensive sedimentological studies of the Late Triassic (Carnian-Norian) several flysch-type turbidites in the eastern Tethyan Himalaya (e.g. Qulonggongba, Pane Chaung, Langjiexue, Quehala, Duoburi formations/groups) indicate that their provenance was connected with Lhasa block, which has been their source area during early-stage evolution of the Neotethys. The late Early Permian rift-related basaltic magmatism in northern Baoshan (in SW China) and sourrounding regions was connected with first step of separation from Gondwana margin of this block (together with South Qiangtang and Sibumasu blocks and simultaneously with opening of the Bangong‐Nujiang Ocean before the Middle Permian) – independently of Lhasa block which was separated later, the most probably during Late Triassic or Triassic/Jurassic transition time with very wide space of the Bangong‐Nujiang Tethyan Ocean between Qiangtang and Lhasa blocks (2,600 km ±710 km – 23.4° ±6.4° during the Middle Jurassic with its maximum width in the Late Triassic). From the palaeobiogeographic point of view, the worldwide distribution of Pliensbachian-Early Toarcian large bivalves of the so-called Lithiotis-facies, dominated by Lithiotis, Cochlearites, Litioperna genera revealed by the authors’ studies, indicates very rapid expansion of such type of bivalves alongside southern margin of Neotethys, and could be good evidence of palaeogeographic position of the Lhasa block in this time. Himalayan and Tibetan (Nyalam area) occurrences of Lithiotis and/or Cochlearites bivalves could help to place the Lhasa block nearby the Gondwana during Early Jurassic times. This palaeobiogeographic research contradict another interpretation based on different fossils (Permian fusulinids and brachiopods) interpreted as subtropical fauna, which could occur in low subtropical latitudes together with other parts of the Cimmerian Continent.

2

Hydrocarbon generation modelling in the Permian and Triassic strata of the Polish Basin: implications for hydrocarbon potential assessment

Botor Dariusz

Geological Quarterly

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2023

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Vol. 67, No. 2

art. no. 20

EN

Hydrocarbon generation in the Zechstein Main Dolomite and Upper Triassic potential source rocks of the Polish Basin was investigated by 1-D thermal maturity modelling in 90 boreholes across the basin. This identified major zones potentially worthy of further exploration efforts. The maximum burial depth of the Zechstein Main Dolomite and Upper Triassic reached >5 km during the Late Cretaceous leading to maximum thermal maturity of organic matter. Hydrocarbon generation development reveals considerable differences between particular zones of the Zechstein Main Dolomite and Upper Triassic. The kerogen transformation ratio (TR) in the Zechstein Main Dolomite reached values approaching 100% along the basin axis. The TR in the Upper Triassic source rocks is generally lower than in the Zechstein Main Dolomite due to lesser burial. The Upper Triassic source rocks have the highest TR values (>50%) along the basin axis, in the area between boreholes Piła IG 1 and Piotrków Trybunalski IG 1, with the most pronounced zone in the Krośniewice Trough (i.e., between the Krośniewice IG 1 and Budziszewice IG 1 boreholes), where the TR reached >90%. The Zechstein Main Dolomite and Upper Triassic entered the oil window in the Late Triassic to Early–Middle Jurassic, respectively. Hydrocarbon generation continued until the Late Cretaceous, and was completed during tectonic inversion of the basin.

3

Footprints of the earliest reptiles : Notalacerta missouriensis : Ichnotaxonomy, potential trackmakers, biostratigraphy, palaeobiogeography and palaeoecology

Marchetti Lorenzo, Voigt Sebastian, Lucas Spencer G., Stimson Matthew R., King Olivia A., Calder John H.

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

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2020

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Vol. 90, No. 3

271--290

EN

The origin of reptiles in the tetrapod footprint record has always been a debated topic, despite the great potential of fossiliferous ichnosites to shed much light on reptile origins when compared to the much less extensive skeletal record. This is in part due to an unclear ichnotaxonomy of the earliest tracks attributed to reptiles that has resulted in unreliable trackmaker attributions. We comprehensively revise the earliest supposed reptile ichnotaxon, Notalacerta missouriensis, based on a neotype and a selection of well-preserved material from the type locality and other sites. A synapomorphy-based track-trackmaker attribution suggests eureptiles and, more specifically, ́protorothyridids ́ such as Paleothyris as the most probable trackmakers. A revision of the entire Pennsylvanian-Cisuralian record of this ichnotaxon unveils an unexpected abundance and a wide palaeogeographical distribution. The earliest unequivocal occurrence of Notalacerta is in the middle Bashkirian (early Langsettian) at the UNESCO World Heritage Site, Joggins Fossil Cliffs (Joggins, Nova Scotia, Canada). This occurrence also coincides with the earliest occurrence of reptile body fossils (Hylonomus lyelli), which are found at the same site. Notalacerta is abundant and widely distributed during the Bashkirian, mostly in sediments deposited in tidal palaeoenvironments, and less common in the Moscovian and Kasimovian. During the Gzhelian and Asselian, Notalacerta occurrences are unknown, but it occurs again during the Sakmarian and is widespread but not abundant during the Artinskian, mostly in fully continental palaeoenvironments.

4

Zechstein marine deposits in the Wleń Graben (North Sudetic Synclinorium, SW Poland) : new insights into the palaeogeography of the southern part of the Polish Zechstein Basin

Kowalski A., Durkowski K., Raczyński P.

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

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2018

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Vol. 88, No. 4

321--339

EN

This paper presents the results of sedimentological studies of Zechstein marine deposits occurring in the Wleń Graben, a tectonic unit located in the southeastern part of the North Sudetic Synclinorium (NSS; Western Sudetes, SW Poland). Owing to poor exposure, small thickness, and lack of palaeontological data, the stratigraphy and age of these rocks were determined solely on the basis of analogies with adjacent areas. New findings described here, including faunal remains (remains of bivalves, including Liebea sp.), geopetal structures, clastic fills of halite crystals, moulds and bioturbation, shed new light on the environmental interpretations of the Zechstein in this part of the NSS. It should be assumed that at least two types of deposit may be assigned to the marine Zechstein in the Wleń Graben area, namely sparitic and microsparitic dolomite (PZ3) and the overlying deposits of the heterolithic series (PZt). These deposits were formed during the late Zechstein transgression, when the study area was in the marginal southwesternmost part of a newly formed shallow-marine bay of the Polish Zechstein Basin. In the central part of the present-day Wleń Graben, a shallow-marine bay (lagoon?) was dominated by carbonate sedimentation. A north-dipping mud plain, periodically flooded by a shallow sea, occurred in the southern part of the area. The paper summarises the present state of research on Permian deposits in the Wleń Graben, the first comprehensive lithostratigraphic scheme is suggested, and a new concept of the palaeogeographic evolution of the area in the Early and Late Permian is proposed.

5

First report on swimming trace fossils of fish from the Upper Permian and Lower Triassic of the Dolomites (Italy)

Ronchi A., Santi G., Marchetti L., Bernardi M., Gianolla P.

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

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2018

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Vol. 88, No. 2

111--125

EN

In the Upper Permian continental to marginal-marine succession of the Southern Alps (Dolomites, north Italy), the ichnological record consists of diverse vertebrate footprints and non-diverse invertebrate trace fossils, mainly occurring in the “Bletterbach ichnoassociation” of the Val Gardena Sandstone Formation. After the Permian-Triassic Boundary event, vertebrate ichnoassociations are scarce until the Middle Triassic (Anisian), whereas the uppermost Permian-Lower Triassic Werfen Formation preserves a rich invertebrate trace-fossil record. To date, fish body and trace fossils (Undichna) are very rare in the pre- and post-extinction deposits of the Dolomites; only Undichna gosiutensis Gibert, 2001 was identified in the “Voltago Conglomerate” (Middle Anisian), whereas some unidentified fossil fish casts were found in the Permian Val Gardena Sandstone and some fish remains in the overlying Werfen Formation. Recently, for the first time, fish trails have been discovered in the Val Gardena Sandstone (Lopingian) and in the Werfen Formation (Campil member, Early Triassic, Smithian). Val Gardena Sandstone yielded Undichna cf. quina Trewin, 2000 and U. bina Anderson, 1976 and these represent the oldest fish trails found in the Southern Alps so far. Conversely, the specimens found in the Werfen Formation can be assigned to Undichna cf. britannica Higgs, 1988. They represent the oldest Mesozoic record of fish trace fossils in northern Italy and one of the few records of Undichna from marine environments. These trace fossils are consistent with the fossil association found in the two formations and reflect fish swimming activity in different environments: in very shallow, calm, brackish distal-floodplain to marginal-marine environments in the Late Permian, in association with abundant and diverse tetrapod tracks, and non-diverse invertebrate trace fossils, and in inter- to subtidal calm, shallow, marine environments in the Early Triassic, together with abundant, but not diverse invertebrate trace fossils.

6

Paleogleby w zapisie sedymentacyjnym formacji z Siodeł w Górach Świętokrzyskich (perm górny–trias dolny)

Trela W., Fijałkowska-Mader A.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2017

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Vol. 65, nr 4

227--233

EN

The uppermost Permian in the NWHoly Cross Mountains is represented by red mudstones with sandstone and conglomerate interbeds, forming the PZt cyclothem (dated by miospores of the Lueckisporites virkkiae Bc Zone), which grade upwards into the Siodta Formation. This succession is overlain by sandstones and mudstones of the Jaworzna Formation yielding the lowermost Triassic spore-pollen assemblage of the Lundbladispora obsoleta- Protohaploxypinus pantii Zone. Mudstones of the Siodta Formation reveal mottling structure with numerous root traces, rhizobreciation, as well as nodular and bedded calcretes. The root -Mader structures are represented by calcite tubules and root moulds, the latter filled with dark red calcareous mudstones. The presence of root traces in the Siodta Formation clearly indicates an increase of substrate moisture in contrast to the underlying PZt cyclothem. The mottled red mudstones were deposited in the playa-lacustrine depositional system and lost their primary structure due to rooting and other pedogenic processes. Carbonate nodules and thin indurated calcretes are related to periods of lower sediment accumulation rate or even non-deposition periods favouring development of continental carbonates. A relatively rapid switch to the alluvial depositional system represented by the Jaworzna Formation appears to be coeval to the increased sediment flux in terrestrial setting, postulated by Newell et al. (2010) at the Permo-Triassic boundary, driven by a devegetation event of upland catchments.

7

Potencjał zasobowy soli kamiennej i soli potasowo-magnezowych obszaru przedsudeckiego

Czapowski G.

Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

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2017

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nr 469

105--127

PL

Intensywne badania geologiczne, prowadzone od połowy ub. wieku na omawianym obszarze przedsudeckim, umożliwiły rozpoznanie wystąpień późnopermskich (cechsztyn) soli kamiennych i potasowo-magnezowych. Zaowocowało to udokumentowaniem 2 złóż soli kamiennej: Sieroszowice i Bądzów o zasobach bilansowych wynoszących 4,09 mld Mg, w tym 0,49 mld Mg zasobów przemysłowych. Zasoby szacunkowe (prognostyczne) soli kamiennej, jako kopaliny towarzyszącej w 6 złożach rud miedzi, oceniono na ok. 45,19 mld Mg. Celem wskazania na obszarze przedsudeckim występowania obszarów perspektywicznych wystąpień cechsztyńskiej soli kamiennej i soli potasowo-magnezowych oraz oszacowania ich zasobów przewidywanych (prognostycznych + perspektywicznych) opracowano łącznie 34 arkuszy map w skali 1:200 000. Przygotowano 28 map dla 4 pokładów soli kamiennej, odpowiadających 4 cyklotemom cechsztynu (od PZ1 do PZ4) i 6 map dla 2 serii potasonośnych, związanych z cyklotemami PZ2 i PZ3. Przewidywane zasoby soli kamiennej, oszacowane dla 42 obszarów perspektywicznych, wynoszą ponad 1 bln Mg, a ich powierzchnia to ponad 18,5 tys. km2. Ostateczna wielkość zasobów przewidywanych, pomniejszona o zasoby wspomnianych 6 złóż miedzi, wynosi ponad 995,7 mld Mg. Doliczając udokumentowane zasoby 2 złóż soli kamiennej, łączne zasoby soli kamiennej na obszarze przedsudeckim do głębokości 2 km można szacować na blisko 1000 mld Mg. Przewidywane zasoby soli potasowo-magnezowych, oszacowane dla 9 obszarów perspektywicznych, wynoszą blisko 3,3 mld Mg, a ich powierzchnia to ponad 456 km2. Wiele wskazanych obszarów perspektywicznych wystąpień soli kamiennej ze względu na dużą miąższość pokładu soli może być rozważane nie tylko jako miejsce wydobycia soli (kopalnia podziemna i ługownicza), ale także jako miejsca budowy kawernowych magazynów węglowodorów (gazu ziemnego i ropy) czy wodoru, bądź składowisk odpadów. Niektóre spośród wskazanych wystąpień soli potasowych i potasowo-magnezowych mogą być również zagospodarowane górniczo, jednak dopiero po ich dokładnym geologicznym rozpoznaniu i określeniu zasobów.

EN

Intensive geological prospection in the Fore-Sudetic area in the second half of the 20th century enabled to recognize occurrences of late Permian (Zechstein) rock and potash salts and to contour two rock salt deposits: Sieroszowice and Bądzów (with the registered anticipated economic resources of 4.09 billion Mg and economic resources of 0.49 billion Mg), as well as to estimate the prognostic rock salt resources in six copper deposits at ca. 45.19 billion Mg. To contour the prospective areas of Zechstein rock and potash salts occurrences in the Fore-Sudetic area and to estimate their predicted (prognostic and prospective) resources, 34 map sheets at scale of 1:200,000 have been compiled. Twenty-eight map sheets have been constructed for four rock salt seams, representing the four Zechstein cyclothems (PZ1 to PZ4), and six map sheets for two potash-bearing series of the PZ2 and PZ3 cyclothems. The predicted rock salt resources, estimated for 42 prospective areas, are more than 1x1012 Mg, covering the total acrea of over 18.5 thousands km2. The final amount of these resources, reduced by the amount of resources of the above-mentioned six copper deposits, is over 995.7 billion Mg. Including the documented resources of two salt deposits, the total amount of Zechstein rock salt, in the study area down to a depth of 2 km is estimated at ca. 1000 billion Mg. The predicted resources of Zechstein potash salts in nine prospective areas were estimated at ca. 3.3 billion Mg with the total area of over 456 km2. Many prospective areas with significant thicknesses of rock salt seams could be managed both for salt production (underground and leaching mines) and as cavern storages (for hydrocarbons or hydrogen) and waste disposals. Only some of the indicated areas of potash salts could be considered for future mining, however, after their detailed geological surveying and resource calculation.

8

The sulphur and oxygen isotopic composition of anhydrite from the Upper Pechora Basin (Russia) : new data in the context of the evolution of the sulphur isotopic record of Permian evaporites

Galamay A. R., Meng F., Bukowski K., Ni P., Shanina S. N., Ignatovich O. O.

Geological Quarterly

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2016

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Vol. 60, No. 4

990--999

EN

This study describes a new determination of the S and O isotope composition of Lower Permian (Kungurian) anhydrites from the Upper Pechora Basin, Cis-Ural region, Russia. δ34S values in sulphate facies vary from +13.7 to +15.1‰; and δ18O values range from +9.3 to +10.4‰. The values of d34S and d18O of anhydrite from halite facies varies from +12.6 to +15.0‰ and +7.5 to +10.9‰ respectively. The quantitative ratio of pyrite content from the water-insoluble residue (silty-sand fraction) is characterized by extremely low (<<1%) to high (4–5%) steep gradation values. The increased presence of pyrite indicates the influence of bacterial sulphate reduction. The sulphate reduction process was more intense, especially when evaporites were formed in mud. The narrow fluctuation range of sulphur and oxygen isotopes values of the measured anhydrite indicates low levels of fractionation. It was established that during the Permian, evolutionary changes in the content of sulphate ions in sea water correlate with the sulphur isotopic composition of marine evaporites

9

Inkluzje węglowodorowe w cementach skał osadowych i minerałach żyłowych – charakterystyka i znaczenie

Jarmołowicz-Szulc K.

Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

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2016

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nr 466

87--101

PL

Na podstawie badań przeprowadzonych w obrębie trzech obszarów w Polsce przedstawiono charakterystykę i efekty analiz mikrotermometrycznych inkluzji, występujących w spoiwach i minerałach skał osadowych różnego wieku (od kambru przez perm po paleogen) oraz wypełnionych węglowodorami (HCFI). Inkluzje mają charakter pierwotny i wtórny. Są na ogół jedno- lub dwufazowe. Charakteryzuje je fluorescencja w barwach biało-niebieskich (ropa naftowa) lub niebieskawej (metan), niekiedy żółtej lub czerwonej. Na podstawie barwy świecenia wstępnie oszacowano charakter węglowodorów, które wypełniają te inkluzje i krążą w skałach z tego regionu. Temperatura homogenizacji, która stanowi przybliżenie temperatury zamknięcia fluidu w minerale, wykazuje zmienność związaną z historią geologiczną badanych obszarów. Inkluzje węglowodorów współwystępują w badanych rejonach z inkluzjami solankowymi. Połączenie wyników analiz mikrotermometrycznych inkluzji węglowodorowych z rezultatami badań inkluzji wodnych pozwoliło na szerszą interpretację wyników wszystkich oznaczeń w poszczególnych rejonach. Obecność węglowodorów w inkluzjach świadczy o ich występowaniu i/lub migracji w skałach badanych regionów.

EN

Characteristics and results of microthermometric studies of fluid inclusions which occur in the cements of sedimentary rocks of various ages (from Cambrian through Permian to Paleogene) and filled with hydrocarbons (HCFI) are presented. The inclusions are primary and secondary in origin. They display one or two phases and fluorescence in white-blue (oil) or dull blue (methane) colours, sometimes yellow or red. Based on the fluorescence colour in the ultraviolet light a character of hydrocarbons that fill these inclusions and migrate in the rocks of the region can be estimated. The inclusions are filled with palaeofluids of different compositions. The homogenization temperatures, which correspond to the minimum estimation of the trapping temperatures in minerals, show variability with respect to the geological history of the study area. The hydrocarbon inclusions are often accompanied by brine inclusions. Wider interpretation of all microthermometric analyses was enabled due to the combination of studies on hydrocarbon and aqueous inclusions. The presence of hydrocarbons in inclusions is a proof of their occurrence and/or migration in the rocks of the regions studied.

10

What do the K-Ar ages of illite tell us about the diagenesis of Rotliegend sandstones of the Fore-Sudetic Monocline, SW Poland?

Biernacka J.

Geological Quarterly

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2015

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Vol. 59, No. 2

257--270

EN

The all available K-Ar data of authigenic illite from Rotliegend aeolian sandstones of the Fore-Sudetic Monocline, including the results from six samples examined in the present study, are reviewed in terms of their geological meaning, relation to diagenetic processes occurring in the sandstones, and implications for a petroleum system. The majority of ages fall in the range between 195 and 150 Ma, i.e. they correspond to Jurassic times. The results may be grouped in several time intervals, which are almost identical to those identified for Rotliegend sandstones of central and western Europe, and which are interpreted as pulses of intensive illite growth. The K-Ar data corroborate the long-held assumption that throughout the entire Southern Permian Basin Jurassic illite growth was triggered by the same, large-scale underlying processes, which manifested themselves in enhanced heat flow. These processes may also have caused the expulsion of hydrocarbons from source rocks.

11

Analiza inkluzji fluidalnych w minerałach w skałach osadowych Polski - przegląd ogólny i uwagi

Jarmołowicz-Szulc K.

Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

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2015

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nr 464

25--41

PL

Przedstawiono charakterystykę i wyniki mikrotermometrycznych badań inkluzji fluidalnych występujących w spoiwie skał osadowych wieku od kambru po perm oraz od jury po paleogen i miocen. Inkluzje mają charakter pierwotny i wtórny; na ogół są jedno- lub dwu-, rzadziej trójfazowe. Wypełniają je paleofluidy o zróżnicowanym składzie i różnej gęstości. Temperatura homogenizacji, która stanowi przybliżenie temperatury zamknięcia fluidu w minerale, wykazuje zmienność związaną z rodzajem spoiwa i z historią geologiczną badanego obszaru. Zasolenie fluidów również jest zmienne i zależy od rodzaju spoiwa i od lokalizacji. Połączenie analiz inkluzji np. z badaniami izotopowymi pozwala na szerszą interpretację wyników oznaczeń mikrotermometrycznych.

EN

Characteristics and results of microthermometric studies of fluid inclusions which occur in the cements of sedimentary rocks of the age oscillating form Cambrian to Permian and from Jurassic to Paleogene and Miocene are presented. The inclusions studied are primary and secondary in origin. They display one, two or, less frequently, three phases. The inclusions are filled by the paleofluids of variable compositions and densities. The homogenization temperature, which corresponds to the minimum estimation of the trapping temperature, shows variability in respect to the cement type and geological history of the study area. Salinities of fluids are also variable in respect to the cement type and locality. Wider interpretation of the microthermometric analyses is enabled when they are combined, e.g., with the isotopic studies.

12

The Permian and Triassic in the Albanian Alps

Gaetani M., Meço S., Rettori R., Henderson C. M., Tulone A.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2015

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Vol. 65, no. 3

271--295

EN

The sedimentary succession of the Permian to Middle Triassic of the Albanian Alps is described, as part of the eastern Adria passive margin towards the Tethys. A carbonate ramp deepening towards NE in present day coordinates developed during the Middle Permian and was affected by block faulting with the deposition of carbonate breccia. The Early Triassic was characterized by intense terrigenous deposition with several cobble conglomerate units up to 80 m-thick, and by oolitic carbonate shoals. The fine clastic deposition ended gradually during the earliest Anisian and a wide calcarenitic ramp occupied the area, with small local carbonate mounds. Basinward, the red nodular limestone of the Han Bulog Formation was interbedded with calcarenitic material exported from the ramp. Drowning to more open conditions occurred towards the end of the Pelsonian. Subsequently, cherty limestone and tuffitic layers spread over the entire area. Towards the end of the Ladinian, with the end of the volcanic activity, red pelagic limestone was deposited locally for a short period. By the latest Ladinian most of the area returned to shallow-water conditions, with a peritidal carbonate platform. In the Theth area, in contrast, a basin with black organic-rich dolostone and limestone developed which seems to be unique in that part of the Adria passive margin. The occurrence of cobble conglomerate units in the Lower Triassic testifies to very active block faulting and high accommodation, not yet described for the area.

13

Silicide spherules from Permian sediments of the Fore-Sudetic Monocline (SW Poland)

Muszer A.

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

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2014

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Vol. 50, iss. 1

107--118

EN

The presence of Fe-silicides, extremely rare mineral phases were documented in the Permian Cu-bearing ore formation in the Fore-Sudetic Monocline (Polkowice-Sieroszowice and Rudna mines, SW Poland). It is a first report of their occurrence within rocks of Late Palaeozoic age. The Fe-Si alloys forme spherules of various structure and chemical composition. The silicide spherules were found in the flotation concentrates prepared from the copper ore. Their composition varies from FeSi (fersilicite) to Fe2Si3 or Fe4Si9. A dominant constituent is Fe5Si3 (xifengite) with admixtures of P, Ti, Cr and Mn. Native Si and Ti were detected in the marginal part of spherules. The current knowledge do not permit to determine unequivocally whether the Fe-silicide spherules formed as a result of Permian cosmic dust or constitute terrestrial magmatic material of ultramafic character transported into a sedimentary basin from the adjacent terrain.

14

Anhydrite and gypsum in the Devonian and Permian evaporite lithofacies of Belarus : a review

Makhnach A., Shimanovich V., Streltsova G., Mikhajlov N.

Geological Quarterly

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2014

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Vol. 58, No. 3

577–590

EN

Anhydrite is widespread in the Prypiać Trough in the form of beds and nodules in the Subsaliferous Terrigenous and Carbonate formations (Eifelian and Frasnian), the Lower Saliferous Formation (Frasnian), the Intersaliferous and Upper Saliferous formations (Famennian). It is also present in the Asselian and Sakmarian (Lower Permian) deposits of the trough. The anhydrite is grey, blue, pink and orange. It has massive and, more rarely, horizontal bedding, and a fine- and micro-crystalline structure. Gypsum extends widely across the Orša Depression, Žlobin and Latvijas Saddles and partly in the Belarusian Anteclise, where it lies within the Eifelian deposits. It is also found in the Frasnian strata of the North-Prypiać Shoulder. As a component of facial analogue of the Upper Saliferous Formation gypsum forms the Bryniou deposit in the west of the Prypiać Trough. This mineral is also observed in the Oversaliferous Formation (Famennian) and in the Asselian and Sakmarian strata of the trough. There are spar, saccharoidal, alabastrine and selenitic varieties of gypsum. A medium to coarse crystalline structure is typical. The gypsum is grey, pink, yellow or orange.

15

A Permian andesitic tuff ring at Rožmitál (the Intra-Sudetic Basin, Czech Republic) : evolution from explosive to effusive and high-level intrusive activity

Awdankiewicz M., Awdankiewicz H., Rapprich V., Stárková M.

Geological Quarterly

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2014

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Vol. 58, No. 4

759–-778

EN

Mafic, monogenetic volcanism is increasingly recognized as a common manifestation of post-collisional volcanism in late Variscan, Permo-Carboniferous intramontane basins of Central Europe. Although identification of individual eruptive centres is not easy in these ancient successions, the Permian Rožmitál andesites in the Intra-Sudetic Basin (NE Bohemian Massif) provide an exceptionally detailed record of explosive, effusive and high-level intrusive activity. Based on field study and petrographic and geochemical data on pyroclastic and coherent rocks, the Rožmitál succession is interpreted as the proximal part of a tuff ring several hundred metres in diameter. Initial accumulation of pyroclastic fall and surge deposits occurred during phreatomagmatic eruptions, with transitions towards Strombolian eruptions. Gullies filled with reworked tephra document periods of erosion and redeposition. Andesitic blocky lavas capped the volcaniclastic succession. Invasion of lavas into unconsolidated sediments and emplacement of shallow-level intrusions in near-vent sections resulted in the formation of jigsaw- and randomly-textured peperites. Most geochemical differences between coherent andesites and pyroclastic rocks can be linked to incorporation of quartz-rich sediments during the explosive eruptive processes and to later cementation of the volcaniclastic deposits by dolomite. The Rožmitál tuff ring could have been one of several phreatomagmatic centres in a monogenetic volcanic field located on an alluvial plain.

16

Perm i trias przedgórza Karpat polskich

Moryc W

Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

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2014

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nr 457

43--67

PL

W artykule przedstawiono rozwój geologiczny utworów permu i triasu, budowę geologiczną ich podłoża oraz analizę geologiczną przedgórnojurajskiej powierzchni erozyjnej. Badaniami objęto cały obszar występowania utworów permu i triasu na przedgórzu Karpat polskich, od Suchej Beskidzkiej na zachodzie, Buska–Pacanowa na północy, do rejonu Rzeszowa na wschodzie. Określono szczegółowo obszary występowania utworów permu dolnego i górnego, pstrego piaskowca, wapienia muszlowego oraz kajpru dolnego i środkowego. Przedstawiono litologię i litostratygrafię opisanych kompleksów oraz ich zasięgi i rozprzestrzenienie na obszarze przedgórza Karpat, w powiązaniu z procesami tektoniczno-erozyjnymi.

EN

The paper presents the development of Permian and Triassic deposits, geological structure of their basement as well as geological analysis of the pre-Upper Jurassic erosional surface. The study delas with Permian and Triassic deposits of the Polish Carpathian Foreland, from Sucha Beskidzka in the west and Busko-Pacanów in the north, to the Rzeszów region in the east. Special attention was paid to the areas of occurrence of Lower and Upper Permian, Buntsandstein, Muschelkalk as well as Lower and Middle Keuper deposits. The lithology and lithostratigraphy of the discussed complexes and their extents and distribution in the Carpathian Foreland, in connection with tectonic-erosional processes, are discussed.

17

The occurrence and characteristics of reservoir waters from the Silesian segment of the Rotliegend Basin (SW Poland)

Machowski W., Papiernik B., Machowski G.

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

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2014

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Vol. 84, No. 2

167--180

EN

The paper considers the potential for new discoveries of gas accumulations in the Rotliegend Basin on the basis of the analysis of reservoir and hydrochemical tests and the results of reservoir simulations. Several reservoir simulations carried out in the study area (history of production and history matching) demonstrate the regional migration of reservoir waters. The integration of the simulations with mathematical calculations (in consistency with Hubbert’s theory) and with hydrochemical results permits recognition of the regional hydrody- namics and the potential localization of gas fields. In an analysis of the current hydrodynamic and hydrochemical conditions of reservoir waters in the Rotliegend (Lower Permian) strata, attention was focused on part of the sedi- mentary Rotliegend Basin, located south of the Wolsztyn-Pogorzela High, utilizing materials available from drilling and noting the differences between this area and the northern sub-basin. The current hydrogeological conditions and the dynamics of fluid transfer in the Rotliegend Basin are an effect of structural rearrangement during the Laramide orogeny. The basin hypsometry, resulting from the Laramide movements, became the decisive factor that controlled the filtration of groundwater. The recent hydrodynamic characteristics of migrating reservoir waters are reflected in the P-T (fluid pressure and temperature gradient) distribution pattern. Hence, the analysis of this distribution may reveal reactions that have taken place over time. It must be emphasized that clusters of gas fields are located in the zones occupied by stagnant groundwater (rNa/rCl<0.75) under hydrostatic (or slightly higher) pressure.

18

Zapis lądowych etapów historii geologicznej Gór Świętokrzyskich w osadach i formach krasowych – wybrane przykłady

Urban J.

Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

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2013

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nr 454

77--101

PL

Artykuł prezentuje trzy przykłady interpretacji zdarzeń geologicznych oraz warunków paleogeograficznych i paleośrodowiskowych dokonanych na podstawie badań form krasowych w skałach węglanowych dewonu Gór Świętokrzyskich. Pierwszy relacjonowany kierunek badań dotyczy kopalnych form krasowych w dwu stanowiskach Wietrznia oraz Jaworznia i dokumentuje późnopermską ewolucję rzeźby i jej tektoniczne odmłodzenie na początku triasu. Następne interpretacje dotyczą form krasu kenozoicznego. Analiza przestrzennego rozwoju podziemnych systemów krasowych umożliwiła określenie poziomów stabilizacji bazy erozyjnej w neogenie. Najwyższy poziom krasowy (Łagów) był zapewne związany z poziomem neogeńskiego zbiornika morskiego w zapadlisku przedkarpackim. Z kolei badania osadów piaszczystych w wypełnieniach form krasowych, w tym przede wszystkim analiza obtoczenia i kształtu ziarn pozwoliły na wyróżnienie pięciu typów ziarn piasków o różnym pochodzeniu, w tym pochodzących z lokalnych zwietrzelin różnych skał oraz ziarn pirogenicznych. Analiza ta stała się podstawą do określenia zasięgu pokrywy dolnotriasowej, oceny rozwoju krasu w czwartorzędzie, a także do sformułowania sugestii dotyczących paleośrodowiska neogenu.

EN

The paper presents three examples of interpretations of geological events and paleogeographic and paleoenvironmental conditions made on the basis of studies of karst forms in Devonian carbonate rocks of the Świętokrzyskie (Holy Cross) Mountains, central Poland. The first study concerns paleokarst forms in two sites: Wietrznia and Jaworznia which record the Late Permian relief evolution and its tectonic rejuvenation at the beginning of the Triassic period. The next two interpretations concern the Cenozoic karst forms. Analysis of spatial development of subsurface karst systems made possible to determine of erosional base stabilization levels during the Neogene. The highest karst horizon (Łagów) was most probably related to the level of one of the transgressions in the Fore-Carpathian marine basin. In turn, the study of sand sediments filling karst forms, particularly analysis of roundness and shape of sand grains enables to distinguish five types of sand grains of different genesis, among which are grains originated from various local weathered rocks as well as pyrogenic particles. On the basis of this analysis the extent of Lower Triassic cover was determined and karst development during the Quaternary period was assessed, as well as some suggestions on the Neogene paleoenvironment were formulated.

19

Palinostratygrafia, paleoekologia i paleoklimat późnego permu i triasu niecki Nidy

Fijałkowska-Mader A.

Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

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2013

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nr 454

15--70

PL

Praca stanowi pierwsze kompleksowe opracowanie biostratygrafii utworów permu górnego i triasu niecki Nidy. Wyróżniono dziesięć poziomów palinologicznych. Wyniki badań mikroflorystycznych potwierdziły problematyczną dotychczas obecność utworów późnego anizyku i wczesnego ladynu. Pozwoliły także na sprecyzowanie granic między indem i olenkiem oraz norykiem i retykiem. Wyniki zastosowanych w badaniach palinologicznych analiz paleośrodowiskowej i paleoklimatycznej wykazały dominację form sucholubnych w zespołach miosporowych. Wskazują również na przewagę klimatu suchego w późnym permie i triasie na badanym obszarze. Zwiększoną ilość mikroflory wilgotnolubnej obserwuje się w olenku, ladynie, noryku i retyku. Przeważająca w późnym permie i triasie kontynentalna sedymentacja w środowiskach rzecznych, jeziornych, playi i sebki była przerywana przez transgresje morskie, które miały miejsce w późnym wuchiapingu, wczesnym indzie, anizyku i ladynie.

EN

Ten miospore zones are identified in the Upper Permian and Triassic succession of the Nida Basin. This is the first complete biostratigraphical study of these sediments. The palynological investigation confirmed the presence of the late Anisian and early Ladinian. In addition, they allowed determining more precisely the boundaries between Induan and Olenekian as well as Norian and Rhaetian. Xeromorphic elements dominate the Upper Permian and Triassic palynomorph spectra from the Nida Basin and reflect a mainly dry palaeoclimate. Significant numbers of hygromorphic elements indicating temporarily humid phases, occur in the Olenekian, Ladinian, Norian and Rhaetian. Continental sedimentation in fluvial, lacustrine, coastal, playa and sabkha environments prevailed during most of the Late Permian and Triassic but was interrupted by marine transgressions in the late Wuchiapingian, early Induan, Anisian as well as Ladinian.

20

Application of 2-D forward seismic modelling for impro- ved imaging of sub-salt Rotliegend strata in Polish Basin

Marzec P., Niepsuj M., Słonka Ł., Pietsch K.

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

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2013

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Vol. 83, No. 1

65--80

EN

Forward seismic modelling can aid seismic studies of the pre-Zechstein strata in areas of developed salt tectonics, such as the Obrzycko–Szamotuły region, NW Polish Basin. The results not only can be used for seismic interpretation, but also can support the planning of survey methodology and the workflow of seismic data processing. This paper presents the results of modelling that was carried out, before the acquisition of the regional-scale, seismic line Obrzycko-1–Zabartowo-1–Zabartowo-2 (Górecki, 2010). An interpreted, seismic transect was used to build a basic, seismic-geological model. The modelling was based on seismic ray theory. The zero-offset mo- delling (theoretical wave field) for different geometries of salt structures showed that an increase in salt thickness resulted in a pull-up of reflection events, related to the sub-salt horizons. The incorporation of faults and salt overhangs into a model significantly complicated the seismic wave field. The results of offset modelling, pre- sented in this paper as seismic ray tracing and common-shot gathers, proved that (1) the seismic response of the Rotliegend (Permian) formations can be recorded, despite the presence of the overlying salt pillows and diapirs, if offsets several kilometres long are used, and (2) the complex configuration of seismic reflectors (diapirs with salt overhangs, faults) gives rise to complicated, seismic ray paths that may cause difficulties in common-depth-point stacking and therefore decrease the quality of the seismic records.