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Chinese FDI in Poland and the Czech republic – inflows, determinants and challenges

Łukaniszyn-Domaszewska Katarzyna, Mazur-Włodarczyk Katarzyna, Karaś Elżbieta

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

2023

z. 170

283--300

Purpose: The objective of this paper is to present Chinese investment flows and the nature of participation, to analyze the differences between host countries, and to identify the determinants of Chinese FDI in Poland and the Czech Republic. Design/methodology/approach: Comparison of the specifics of Chinese direct investments in Poland and the Czech Republic. Findings: The nature of Chinese investment in Europe is changing. After years of being dominated by mergers and acquisitions, Chinese investment in Europe is now more focused on greenfield projects. In 2021, greenfield investments reached €3.3 billion, the highest ever recorded, and accounted for nearly one- third of all Chinese FDI. More recently, the volume of Chinese FDI in Europe has reached the level of European FDI in China (now constrained by restrictions and risks). It matched the level of FDI by Chinese companies in the United States before declining over the past two years, generally due to Covid-19 and the war in Ukraine. Chinese economic presence in Europe can be divided into three areas based on size, destination, and type of acquisition: The core of Europe is formed by the three major target countries (Germany, UK, France), where more capital-intensive investments are made, followed by other Western European countries (EU-15). The new member states (NMS), which joined the EU in 2004, 2007 and 2013, as well as the Western Balkan countries in the process of accession, are associated with China in the 16+1 format (with the exception of Kosovo) and form another gateway to Europe. Due to fewer market opportunities, they receive less direct investment, but China is building infrastructure (ports, highways, railroads) - segments of the Silk Road that will bring Chinese products to mature EU markets (Richtet, 2019). It is unlikely that Chinese investment in Europe will recover in 2023. The Chinese government is expected to maintain strict capital controls, financial retrenchment, and Covid-19 restrictions. The war in Ukraine and the expansion of regulations to monitor and control Chinese investments in the EU and the UK will cause additional difficulties. Originality/value: The article could be an attempt to answer the question of combining macroeconomic and institutional factors to better understand the internationalization of firms (Dunning, Lundan, 2008). There is no doubt, that the Covid-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine made it necessary to deepen the study of the phenomenon of FDI, its inflows, determinants, and related challenges in a turbulent world.

Vertical gardens as a means of dealing with air pollution in China. A case of Nanjing

Pączek A.

Topiarius. Studia krajobrazowe

2017

Nr 4

11--25

The air pollution in China has grown to be the country's most important socio-economical issue. In order to deal with this crisis the government prioritised the implementation of projects that aim to reduce and błock the further growth ofthe phenomena. One of thern is the return to traditional chinese garden design which is the epitome ofthe country's culture. This paper, with the case of Nanjing Yertical Foreat as an example, outlines the use of vertical gardens as a means of reduction of air pollution in the agę of deepening urbanisation and increase in population density, that also results in construction land availability crisis. Additionally, the author would like to discuss the local property law that influences the land management in People's Republic of China and successful pitching of similar garden investments.

Zanieczyszczenie powietrza w Chinach urosło do rangi największego problemu społeczno-ekonomicznego tego kraju. W obliczu tego kryzysu, rząd położył nacisk na realizację projektów, mających na celu redukcji; lego zjawiska oraz zatrzymanie jego rozwoju. Jednym z nich jest powrót do tradycyjnej chińskiej sztuki ogrodowej, która stanowi jeden z najważniejszych elementów kultury Państwa Środka. Ten artykuł, na przykładzie realizacji Nanjing Yertical Forest, omawia wykorzystanie pionowego ogrodu jako środka redukcji zanieczyszczenia powietrza w obliczu pogłębiającej się urbanizacji i gęstości zaludnienia, których skutkiem jest również kryzys dostępności działek budowlanych. Autorka pragnie także zwrócić uwagę na zagadnienia miejscowego prawa własności, które ma wpływ na rozporządzanie terenem w Chińskiej Republice Ludowej i los podobnych inwestycji ogrodowych.