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1

Analysis of extreme rainfall trend and mapping of the Wadi pluvial food in the Gaza coastal plain of Palestine

Al-Najjar Hassan, Purnama Anton, Özkan Korhan, Abualtayef Mazen

Acta Geophysica

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2022

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Vol. 70, no 5

2135--2147

EN

In the eastern Mediterranean region of the Middle East and North Africa, pluvial flooding has become a common and severe climate change consequence event that requires immediate attention. The Wadi-Gaza basin is a critical source of surface water in Palestine; nevertheless, climate change and anthropogenic processes are altering the basin’s hydrological features, resulting in a series of extreme and disastrous flooding events in the coastal plain at the basin downstream. The Mann–Kendall test, Sen’s slope estimator, and the IPTA method that was used to analyze historical rainfall in the basin from 1979 to 2013 refer to a declining trend pattern, which reduces the surge of runoff discharge. Moreover, the future projection for the total monthly rainfall under the ensemble model of CIMP5 for the RCP scenarios of 2.60, 4.50, and 8.50 demonstrate a general decreasing trend in the rainfall with a variation ranging between about − 36 and − 53%. The frequency analysis for the maximum daily rainfall using different computing approaches shows that the theoretical maximum rainfall values for the assessment of flooding events were assigned to 22, 31, 35, 45 52, 59, 66, and 77 mm for the whole basin for the return periods (T) of 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 200, and 500 years, respectively. The land cover–land use of the basin shows that 51% is barren land while the other portion is divided between urban (~16%), agricultural (~ 13%), and natural (~ 20%) lands. However, the type of soil that covers the basin is classified mainly as clay, loam, and sandy clay. According to the hydraulic analysis of downstream flooding, the volume of surge water that might reach the coastal plain in the event of water storms of 22 and 77 mm is around 6 and 118 million cubic meters, respectively. The area at risk of inundation due to foods in the Wadi-Gaza is between 3 and 17 km2 , covering around 5–29 percent of the Gaza Strip’s middle governorate area, respectively.

2

"Fencing policy" of Israel in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict

Kotasińska Anna

Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces

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2020

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Vol. 52, No. 1(195)

41--54

EN

The article deals with the issue of shaping Israel's specific fencing policy towards the Palestinians, which was manifested, among others, by the construction of the so-called security barrier and the commencement of building an underground wall preventing the population of the Gaza Strip from entering Israel. The above is a continuation of the Israeli-Palestinian dispute, which has lasted several dozen years and whose complexity makes it difficult to achieve a lasting peace.

PL

Artykuł podejmuje tematykę kształtowania przez Izrael specyficznej polityki podziałów względem Palestyńczyków, czego przejawem była między innymi budowa tzw. muru bezpieczeństwa oraz rozpoczęcie budowy podziemnego muru, uniemożliwiającego przedostawanie się ludności ze Strefy Gazy na teren Izraela. Stanowi to kontynuację trwającego już kilkadziesiąt lat sporu izraelsko-palestyńskiego, którego złożoność utrudnia osiągnięcie trwałego pokoju.

3

Działalność członków paramilitarnej organizacji Irgun Cwai Leumi w Polsce w latach 1945-1948

Flisiak D.

Kwartalnik Bellona

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2018

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Nr 3

56--66

PL

Autor omawia nieznaną szerzej działalność syjonistów-rewizjonistów, w tym paramilitarnej organizacji Irgun Cwai Leumi, w pierwszych latach powojennej Polski. Opiera się głównie na dokumentach sporządzonych przez funkcjonariuszy Ministerstwa Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego, którzy po marcu 1949 roku przesłuchiwali osoby odpowiedzialne za działalność syjonistów-rewizjonistów. Można przypuszczać, że od pierwszej połowy 1947 roku do pierwszych miesięcy 1948 roku działało kilku - kilkunastu aktywistów Irgunu. Prowadzili oni działalność propagandową oraz zapoznawali podwładnych z podstawami walki partyzanckiej.

EN

This article concerns broadly unknown issues related to the activity of Zionist-revisionists, including their paramilitary organization Irgun Cwai Leumi in the first years of post-war Poland. In the work, materials were used mainly for the preservation of officers of the Ministry of Public Security, who, after March 1949, interrogated persons who were responsible for the activities of Zionist-revisionists. It can be assumed that from the first to the end of 1947 until the first months of 1948, several Irgun activists were active. Their work consisted mainly in conducting propaganda activities and transferring to the subordinates the basis of.

4

Relacje międzykulturowe w Palestynie w świetle konfliktów na Bliskim Wschodzie

Absi J.

Przegląd Nauk o Obronności

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2016

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R. 1, Nr 1/2

177--186

PL

Palestyna była i nadal jest krajem związanym z najważniejszymi wydarzeniami w historii świata. Miała wpływ i ulegała wpływom najważniejszych cywilizacji w historii ludzkości, począwszy od cywilizacji starożytnego Egiptu, poprzez cywilizację babilońską, asyryjską, grecką, perską, rzymską, bizantyjską aż po dzisiejszą arabską cywilizację chrześcijańską i muzułmańską oraz żydowski Izrael. Na terenach Palestyny mieszkały przez tysiąclecia różne ludy reprezentujące różne kultury, czego owocem jest jej bogata spuścizna kulturowa. Ludy te szanowały i akceptowały wzajemnie swoją kulturę, lecz ostatnie wydarzenia na Bliskim Wschodzie miały na to negatywny wpływ i z kolebki kultur Palestyna stała się pretekstem dla innych państw do realizacji swoich partykularnych celów w tym regionie, a dla terrorystów do ataku na Zachód, co niestety przyczyniło się do wzajemnego oddalenia się kultur nie tylko w Palestynie, lecz także na całym świecie.

EN

Palestine was and still is a country associated with the most important events in the history of the world. It had an influence and underwent the influences of the most important civilizations in the history of the mankind since the civilization of Ancient Egyptians, through the Babylonians, Assyrians, Greeks, Persians, Romans, Byzantines civilizations until today’s Arab Christians and Muslims and Jewish Israel civilization. On the territory of Palestine they lived for millennia, different peoples representing different cultures, the result of which is a rich cultural heritage. These peoples respected and accepted each other’s culture, but recent events in the Middle East had a negative impact on tolerance and culture of this country, and from the cradle of cultures Palestine has changed to an excuse for other countries to achieve their particular goals in the region, and for terrorists to attack the West, which unfortunately contributed not only to the mutual distance of cultures in Palestine, but also throughout the world.

5

Konflikt izraelsko-palestynski w latach 2004-2007

Niedziela S.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2008

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nr 1(70)

245-264

EN

The aim of the article is to present Izraeli-Palestinian relations after the death of Palestinian Autonomy’s President, Yasser Arafat (11.11.2004) and draw attention to the escalation of the Middle East conflict. Although some circumstances appeared suggesting a break-through and progress in Arab - Jewish relations, i.e. Israel’s withdrawal from the Gaza Strip in 2005 and negotiations in Annapolis in 2007, they did not lead to permanent agreements and resolving the conflict. The Jews left the territory in order to strengthen their positions on the West Bank and continue building the so called “Sharon Wall” exceeding the border established on 5.06.1967 and surrounding eastern Jerusalem. The process of the Autonomy’s political and ideological polarisation and the sides’ of the conflict focusing on one of the groups: Fatah or Hamas have proved unfavourable for the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Such a situation apparently satisfied the Israeli government which supporting Mahmud Abbas seems to deliberately heat the dispute. The Israeli politicians’ tactics in the light of necessary peace to be introduced in the Middle East appears to be a short-sighted idea. Additionally, the Jewish society’s political split into the faction of “land for peace” supporters and the camp defending Israel’s rights to Gaza and the West Bank (Cisjordan) cannot be avoided. The scenarios of the situation development in 2008 do not look optimistic.